Abstract:This paper attempts to analyze the process by which early Catholicism in Joseon was repressed and persecuted through a primarily legal perspective. In doing so, I will try to lay out exactly how the Joseon government chose to legally handle the problem of Catholicism and seek to show how this legal treatment changed over time and reveal the reasons for this shift in law application. Here I will focus on the period between 1784 and 1801, which spans the time between the first Catholic baptism of a Korean and the major persecution campaign which occurred in 1801. While previous research has partially examined the repression and persecution of early Catholicism from a legal perspective before, this paper seeks to analyze the legal treatment of early Catholicism as a whole and cast light on its historical developments. Importantly, I will refer not only to the specific laws applied against Catholics but also incorporate the royal commands, which could exist separate from the legal code, into my analysis. In doing so, I will try to demonstrate that the importance of the king's judicial agency in treating criminal cases in Joseon was paramount. By the end, I hope to have shown precisely how and why the legal handling of Catholicism grew progressively harsher.
{"title":"The Joseon Government's Changing Perception of Early Catholicism Examined through Law Application","authors":"Byungsul Jung, W. Collibee","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper attempts to analyze the process by which early Catholicism in Joseon was repressed and persecuted through a primarily legal perspective. In doing so, I will try to lay out exactly how the Joseon government chose to legally handle the problem of Catholicism and seek to show how this legal treatment changed over time and reveal the reasons for this shift in law application. Here I will focus on the period between 1784 and 1801, which spans the time between the first Catholic baptism of a Korean and the major persecution campaign which occurred in 1801. While previous research has partially examined the repression and persecution of early Catholicism from a legal perspective before, this paper seeks to analyze the legal treatment of early Catholicism as a whole and cast light on its historical developments. Importantly, I will refer not only to the specific laws applied against Catholics but also incorporate the royal commands, which could exist separate from the legal code, into my analysis. In doing so, I will try to demonstrate that the importance of the king's judicial agency in treating criminal cases in Joseon was paramount. By the end, I hope to have shown precisely how and why the legal handling of Catholicism grew progressively harsher.","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49393688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This paper seeks to study illustrations in the Sinjajeon 新字典 (1915), the "New Dictionary of Chinese Characters" created by the Joseon Gwangmunhoe 朝鮮光文會, which compiled and distributed Korean classics as part of an effort to promote knowledge of them. The illustrations were based on various sources, including ceremonial books, and reflect the academic culture in Korea of ritual thought (yehak 禮學), Jongmyo Royal Ancestral Rites (Jongmyo jerye 宗廟祭禮), Ritual Music for the Royal Ancestral Shrine (Jongmyo jeryeak 宗廟祭禮樂), and Ritual Music for the Confucian Shrine (Munmyo jeryeak 文廟祭禮樂). The illustrations in the Sinjajeon were intended to be innovative and modern, with some included in the actual text, a new method not found in Korean dictionaries at the time. The Sinjajeon thus made possible the development of modern dictionaries and their illustrations. The Sinjajeon illustrations are also useful as visual materials for understanding Sino-Korean characters. For this purpose, I focus on illustrations in the Sinjajeon to investigate which headwords were illustrated, and what this tells us about the historical context in which the dictionary was made.
{"title":"A Study on the Illustrations of the Sinjajeon: An Important Stepping Stone for the Modern Korean Dictionary","authors":"D. Park","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This paper seeks to study illustrations in the Sinjajeon 新字典 (1915), the \"New Dictionary of Chinese Characters\" created by the Joseon Gwangmunhoe 朝鮮光文會, which compiled and distributed Korean classics as part of an effort to promote knowledge of them. The illustrations were based on various sources, including ceremonial books, and reflect the academic culture in Korea of ritual thought (yehak 禮學), Jongmyo Royal Ancestral Rites (Jongmyo jerye 宗廟祭禮), Ritual Music for the Royal Ancestral Shrine (Jongmyo jeryeak 宗廟祭禮樂), and Ritual Music for the Confucian Shrine (Munmyo jeryeak 文廟祭禮樂). The illustrations in the Sinjajeon were intended to be innovative and modern, with some included in the actual text, a new method not found in Korean dictionaries at the time. The Sinjajeon thus made possible the development of modern dictionaries and their illustrations. The Sinjajeon illustrations are also useful as visual materials for understanding Sino-Korean characters. For this purpose, I focus on illustrations in the Sinjajeon to investigate which headwords were illustrated, and what this tells us about the historical context in which the dictionary was made.","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47548761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Despite the vital role played by ethnic churches in the retention of ethnic culture and a sense of identity, a significant proportion of second-generation Korean Brazilians drift away from their churches. This "silent exodus" from Korean religious organizations in São Paulo raises the question of how Korean Brazilians maintain a sense of belonging and community after their departure. Based on ethnographic research conducted in São Paulo, this study aims to explore the diverse types of experiences of second-generation Korean Brazilians who have become disaffiliated with their ethnic churches in comparison to those who have not. Young Korean Brazilians—whether churchgoers or not—tend to be highly involved in a social life with coethnics, illustrating that not taking part in ethnic churches does not seem to be major factor in their forging of a sense of belonging, community, and identity. The findings further suggest that, influenced by various factors—such as this group's hybridized sense of culture, its socioeconomic status, and the high presence of a well-established Japanese community—this particular phenomenon should be interpreted in light of the position Korean Brazilians occupy within an ethnically complex and socially and economically stratified Brazilian society.
{"title":"The Alienation of Second-generation Korean Brazilians from Ethnic Churches in São Paulo","authors":"Jihye Kim","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Despite the vital role played by ethnic churches in the retention of ethnic culture and a sense of identity, a significant proportion of second-generation Korean Brazilians drift away from their churches. This \"silent exodus\" from Korean religious organizations in São Paulo raises the question of how Korean Brazilians maintain a sense of belonging and community after their departure. Based on ethnographic research conducted in São Paulo, this study aims to explore the diverse types of experiences of second-generation Korean Brazilians who have become disaffiliated with their ethnic churches in comparison to those who have not. Young Korean Brazilians—whether churchgoers or not—tend to be highly involved in a social life with coethnics, illustrating that not taking part in ethnic churches does not seem to be major factor in their forging of a sense of belonging, community, and identity. The findings further suggest that, influenced by various factors—such as this group's hybridized sense of culture, its socioeconomic status, and the high presence of a well-established Japanese community—this particular phenomenon should be interpreted in light of the position Korean Brazilians occupy within an ethnically complex and socially and economically stratified Brazilian society.","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48755647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Hongshan is the name of a material culture straddling Inner Mongolia and the Liaoning provinces—the Liaoxi region—China, dating ca. 4500–3000 BCE. Known for enigmatically carved jades, Hongshan rose to popular prominence in the 1980s following the discovery of two significant ritual sites. Since then, some Chinese archaeologists have proposed Liaoxi as a source of either regional or greater Central Plain civilization. Heralding public knowledge in South Korea, meanwhile, Korean scholars active on the "inner fringe" of professional scholarship sought to contest Hongshan's "Chinese" identification, instead asserting it to be the origin of a civilization directly ancestral to the early polities of Korean history. Leading the popular discourse, they incorporated Hongshan into preexisting paradigms asserting continental origins of the Korean people and connected to aggrandizing schemes of Old Chosŏn (trad. 2333–108 BCE). From the latter half of the 2000s and against the context of national-level history disputes with China, a second generation of inner-fringe and unequivocal pseudohistorians has promoted Hongshan, establishing it as a seemingly core topic of "Korean" prehistory. Their emergence signals the "Hongshan turn" in Korean pseudohistory, a turn that has been further bolstered through Hongshan's incorporation into South Korean new religions. This article narrates the recent trajectory of the Hongshan discourse, critically analyzing its functions and framing.
{"title":"Claiming the Lineage of Northeast Asian Civilization: The Discovery of Hongshan and the \"Hongshan Turn\" in Popular Korean Pseudohistory","authors":"A. Logie","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Hongshan is the name of a material culture straddling Inner Mongolia and the Liaoning provinces—the Liaoxi region—China, dating ca. 4500–3000 BCE. Known for enigmatically carved jades, Hongshan rose to popular prominence in the 1980s following the discovery of two significant ritual sites. Since then, some Chinese archaeologists have proposed Liaoxi as a source of either regional or greater Central Plain civilization. Heralding public knowledge in South Korea, meanwhile, Korean scholars active on the \"inner fringe\" of professional scholarship sought to contest Hongshan's \"Chinese\" identification, instead asserting it to be the origin of a civilization directly ancestral to the early polities of Korean history. Leading the popular discourse, they incorporated Hongshan into preexisting paradigms asserting continental origins of the Korean people and connected to aggrandizing schemes of Old Chosŏn (trad. 2333–108 BCE). From the latter half of the 2000s and against the context of national-level history disputes with China, a second generation of inner-fringe and unequivocal pseudohistorians has promoted Hongshan, establishing it as a seemingly core topic of \"Korean\" prehistory. Their emergence signals the \"Hongshan turn\" in Korean pseudohistory, a turn that has been further bolstered through Hongshan's incorporation into South Korean new religions. This article narrates the recent trajectory of the Hongshan discourse, critically analyzing its functions and framing.","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43417552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article presents a systematic study of deposits of precious goods recovered from temple sites from the Unified Silla and Koryŏ periods. These deposits typically consist of metal objects that had been stored in the temple but were placed in big iron cauldrons or bells and buried for safekeeping during times of war or chaos. Unlike the chindan’gu or ritual implements to pacify the earth spirits, which were buried before the building was constructed, “deliberately deposited artifacts” (t’oejang yumul) refers to objects buried during an emergency. After burial, because of the temple’s destruction or other factors, they could not be recovered and restored to the temple; most have thus been recovered recently during archeological excavations. This article investigates artifacts recovered from twelve different sites. Following a careful comparison of the metal objects, it was ascertained that during the mid-Koryŏ period, the previous system wherein three ritual objects were employed (one incense burner, one candle holder, and one vase) shifted to a system influenced by the Southern Song (one incense burner, two candle holders, and two vases). This system with five ritual implements became more prevalent during the period of Mongol dominion, spreading to temples across the country. It is surmised that the objects recovered from such deposits did not only derive from the golden hall, the main shrine of the temple, but were used in various buildings in the temple precinct, and can serve as an index for the size of the temple in which they were found.
{"title":"An Analysis of Deliberately Deposited Artifacts (T’oejang yumul) Discovered in Unified Silla and Koryŏ-era Temple Sites","authors":"S. Cha, K. Sun, D. Pieper","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article presents a systematic study of deposits of precious goods recovered from temple sites from the Unified Silla and Koryŏ periods. These deposits typically consist of metal objects that had been stored in the temple but were placed in big iron cauldrons or bells and buried for safekeeping during times of war or chaos. Unlike the chindan’gu or ritual implements to pacify the earth spirits, which were buried before the building was constructed, “deliberately deposited artifacts” (t’oejang yumul) refers to objects buried during an emergency. After burial, because of the temple’s destruction or other factors, they could not be recovered and restored to the temple; most have thus been recovered recently during archeological excavations. This article investigates artifacts recovered from twelve different sites. Following a careful comparison of the metal objects, it was ascertained that during the mid-Koryŏ period, the previous system wherein three ritual objects were employed (one incense burner, one candle holder, and one vase) shifted to a system influenced by the Southern Song (one incense burner, two candle holders, and two vases). This system with five ritual implements became more prevalent during the period of Mongol dominion, spreading to temples across the country. It is surmised that the objects recovered from such deposits did not only derive from the golden hall, the main shrine of the temple, but were used in various buildings in the temple precinct, and can serve as an index for the size of the temple in which they were found.","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44238141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:According to the conventional understanding, by the 1980s North Korean ideology had little to do with Marxism-Leninism, not to mention Marxist-Leninist materialism. Scholars typically highlight the ideology’s uniqueness and liken its philosophical worldview to an idealism. From the perspective of intellectual history, the resultant image resembles a disconnect between North Korean ideology and intellectual developments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. This study aims to begin a process of reconnecting these locales into a global intellectual history by demonstrating the deep-seated Marxist-Leninist materialism inherent in North Korean ideology. Through a careful examination of political dictionaries, theoretical journals, and archival documents, this study offers the following reevaluation of North Korean ideology: Even in the 1980s, at the height of North Korean ideology’s particularity during the Cold War, Marxist-Leninist materialism remained a fundamental component, crucial to the rationalization of human willpower and North Korea’s leadership conception.
{"title":"Beyond the Myth of Idealism: North Korea’s Marxist-Leninist Materialism and Its Place in the Global Intellectual History of the Cold War","authors":"T. Stock","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:According to the conventional understanding, by the 1980s North Korean ideology had little to do with Marxism-Leninism, not to mention Marxist-Leninist materialism. Scholars typically highlight the ideology’s uniqueness and liken its philosophical worldview to an idealism. From the perspective of intellectual history, the resultant image resembles a disconnect between North Korean ideology and intellectual developments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. This study aims to begin a process of reconnecting these locales into a global intellectual history by demonstrating the deep-seated Marxist-Leninist materialism inherent in North Korean ideology. Through a careful examination of political dictionaries, theoretical journals, and archival documents, this study offers the following reevaluation of North Korean ideology: Even in the 1980s, at the height of North Korean ideology’s particularity during the Cold War, Marxist-Leninist materialism remained a fundamental component, crucial to the rationalization of human willpower and North Korea’s leadership conception.","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66325186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:This article aims to uncover the correlation of ritual, space, and materiality by examining textual sources regarding Chinese and Korean Buddhist ceremonies since their transmission from India, looking at them as a space for ritual performance by focusing on the hand-held incense burner as a liturgical instrument. Hand-held censers were in use throughout the periods from the Three Kingdoms to Koryŏ, as attested to by both textual evidence and excavated artifacts. Since the early Chosŏn period, however, they were replaced by incense bowls or stationary censers. The absence of hand-held censers in Buddhist ritual scenes coincided with the transformation of the architectural structure and floor style of Buddhist halls. Prior to the Chosŏn period, hand-held censers were used for circumambulation, performed in the monastic courtyard or inside the sanctum during such rituals as dharma assemblies, purification ceremonies, or devotional practices. Yet the consolidation of different monastic orders, which the Chosŏn royal court implemented to suppress the Buddhist religion, precipitated changes in the ritual system of Korean Buddhism. The change of ritual practice naturally led to the change of ritual space. The altar was pushed to the rear of the hall; and wooden panels, instead of tiles, were laid. Such spatial rearrangement further allowed for placing the main icon at the center of the hall. These changes transpired as Buddhist ritual practice came to center on obeisance and invocation that called for a wide-open space in front of the main icon. This refocusing of Buddhist devotional practice from circumambulation to obeisance, I argue, served as the impetus for discontinuing the production of hand-held censers. In other words, the portability of hand-held censers was no longer necessary, and the sensuousness of scent and smoke could be achieved by stationary incense burners. This paper concludes that the changes in these three respects, that is, the architectural structure of the Buddhist sanctum, Buddhist ritual practice, and liturgical instruments— represented by the hand-held censer—were organically interlocked.
{"title":"Koryŏ Buddhist Ritual through the Lens of Materiality: Focusing on the Hand-held Censer","authors":"Sung-soon Kim","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article aims to uncover the correlation of ritual, space, and materiality by examining textual sources regarding Chinese and Korean Buddhist ceremonies since their transmission from India, looking at them as a space for ritual performance by focusing on the hand-held incense burner as a liturgical instrument. Hand-held censers were in use throughout the periods from the Three Kingdoms to Koryŏ, as attested to by both textual evidence and excavated artifacts. Since the early Chosŏn period, however, they were replaced by incense bowls or stationary censers. The absence of hand-held censers in Buddhist ritual scenes coincided with the transformation of the architectural structure and floor style of Buddhist halls. Prior to the Chosŏn period, hand-held censers were used for circumambulation, performed in the monastic courtyard or inside the sanctum during such rituals as dharma assemblies, purification ceremonies, or devotional practices. Yet the consolidation of different monastic orders, which the Chosŏn royal court implemented to suppress the Buddhist religion, precipitated changes in the ritual system of Korean Buddhism. The change of ritual practice naturally led to the change of ritual space. The altar was pushed to the rear of the hall; and wooden panels, instead of tiles, were laid. Such spatial rearrangement further allowed for placing the main icon at the center of the hall. These changes transpired as Buddhist ritual practice came to center on obeisance and invocation that called for a wide-open space in front of the main icon. This refocusing of Buddhist devotional practice from circumambulation to obeisance, I argue, served as the impetus for discontinuing the production of hand-held censers. In other words, the portability of hand-held censers was no longer necessary, and the sensuousness of scent and smoke could be achieved by stationary incense burners. This paper concludes that the changes in these three respects, that is, the architectural structure of the Buddhist sanctum, Buddhist ritual practice, and liturgical instruments— represented by the hand-held censer—were organically interlocked.","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43179932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Guest Editor’s Introduction","authors":"S. Vermeersch","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45914999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The Nupango is a catalogue of the printing blocks (chaekpan) that were stored in the capital and eight provinces of Joseon compiled by Kyujanggak scholars in 1796 by order of King Jeongjo. The number of printing blocks listed in the Nupango is 616. Compilers arranged the books in the order of royal writings (eochanseo 御撰書) or writings commissioned by the king (eojeongseo 御定書) followed by books in the traditional East Asian classification system: classics, histories, philosophical works, and collections (gyeong 經, sa 史, ja 子, jip 集). They also recorded the author, content, storage area of the printing blocks, and number of papers used for printing each book. Through the Nupango, the government learned accurate information about printing blocks throughout the country. Furthermore, it was able to faithfully understand the circumstances of various actors involved in the production and distribution of knowledge. By decisively establishing a hierarchy of knowledge, it was possible to realize the “grand righteousness of honoring the worthy” (jonjon ui daeui). Jeongjo’s government aimed to showcase the publication of documents as a royally controlled operation. At the same time, it kept a watchful eye on all kinds of academic activities taking place in the private sphere, thereby securing the academic authority necessary for governing Joseon. The compilation of the Nupango provides an important point of view for understanding the relationship between the centralization of power and compilation of knowledge during Jeongjo’s reign. It will also be helpful in understanding the changes in Joseon society during the nineteenth century after Jeongjo’s death.
{"title":"Power and the Compilation of Knowledge: The Compilation of the Nupango during King Jeongjo’s Reign","authors":"Ho-hun Jeong","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The Nupango is a catalogue of the printing blocks (chaekpan) that were stored in the capital and eight provinces of Joseon compiled by Kyujanggak scholars in 1796 by order of King Jeongjo. The number of printing blocks listed in the Nupango is 616. Compilers arranged the books in the order of royal writings (eochanseo 御撰書) or writings commissioned by the king (eojeongseo 御定書) followed by books in the traditional East Asian classification system: classics, histories, philosophical works, and collections (gyeong 經, sa 史, ja 子, jip 集). They also recorded the author, content, storage area of the printing blocks, and number of papers used for printing each book. Through the Nupango, the government learned accurate information about printing blocks throughout the country. Furthermore, it was able to faithfully understand the circumstances of various actors involved in the production and distribution of knowledge. By decisively establishing a hierarchy of knowledge, it was possible to realize the “grand righteousness of honoring the worthy” (jonjon ui daeui). Jeongjo’s government aimed to showcase the publication of documents as a royally controlled operation. At the same time, it kept a watchful eye on all kinds of academic activities taking place in the private sphere, thereby securing the academic authority necessary for governing Joseon. The compilation of the Nupango provides an important point of view for understanding the relationship between the centralization of power and compilation of knowledge during Jeongjo’s reign. It will also be helpful in understanding the changes in Joseon society during the nineteenth century after Jeongjo’s death.","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42206040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The article examines those domestic and external factors which led to the collapse of the Romanian and Albanian Communist regimes in 1989–1990 and which enabled the DPRK to survive the shock effect of the East European transitions and the subsequent economic crisis. It compares the three countries in terms of three dimensions: socioeconomic, symbolic, and international. It concludes that North Korea’s survival resulted from the combination of multiple factors which distinguished the country from both Nicolae Ceauşescu’s Romania and Ramiz Alia’s Albania (though less so from Enver Hoxha’s Albania): the regime’s unusually repressive nature; the low cohesion of the underprivileged social groups; the leadership’s unwillingness to initiate either a political liberalization or a confrontational austerity program; the scarcity of alternative national symbols that could have been juxtaposed to the state’s own symbols; the absence of an earlier, non-Communist nation-state; China’s post-1991 support; North Korea’s strong military capabilities; the U.S. and South Korean governments’ focus on North Korea’s denuclearization, rather than democratization; and the North Korean elite’s fear of a scenario in which a transition would lead to the DPRK’s absorption into the ROK. The article also explains why Romania’s transition was more violent than Albania’s.
{"title":"Weathering the Storm, Toppled by the Storm: North Korea’s Non-transition Compared with the Transitions of Romania and Albania, 1989–1991","authors":"B. Szalontai","doi":"10.1353/seo.2020.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/seo.2020.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The article examines those domestic and external factors which led to the collapse of the Romanian and Albanian Communist regimes in 1989–1990 and which enabled the DPRK to survive the shock effect of the East European transitions and the subsequent economic crisis. It compares the three countries in terms of three dimensions: socioeconomic, symbolic, and international. It concludes that North Korea’s survival resulted from the combination of multiple factors which distinguished the country from both Nicolae Ceauşescu’s Romania and Ramiz Alia’s Albania (though less so from Enver Hoxha’s Albania): the regime’s unusually repressive nature; the low cohesion of the underprivileged social groups; the leadership’s unwillingness to initiate either a political liberalization or a confrontational austerity program; the scarcity of alternative national symbols that could have been juxtaposed to the state’s own symbols; the absence of an earlier, non-Communist nation-state; China’s post-1991 support; North Korea’s strong military capabilities; the U.S. and South Korean governments’ focus on North Korea’s denuclearization, rather than democratization; and the North Korean elite’s fear of a scenario in which a transition would lead to the DPRK’s absorption into the ROK. The article also explains why Romania’s transition was more violent than Albania’s.","PeriodicalId":41678,"journal":{"name":"Seoul Journal of Korean Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1353/seo.2020.0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49645820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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