Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-165-175
Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer
Hegel’s so-called system of philosophy is a speculative, i.e. meta-level or topical reflection on the logical roles of concepts in world-related empirical knowledge. Its main insight is that the so-called explanations in the science are a result of a world-wide work on ‘the concept’, the translatable semantics of our languages, which form a relatively a priori and generic precondition for concrete assertions and their understanding.
{"title":"Nature, spirit, and their logic. Hegel’s 'Encyclopaedia' of the theoretical sciences as universal semantics","authors":"Pirmin Stekeler-Weithofer","doi":"10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-165-175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-165-175","url":null,"abstract":"Hegel’s so-called system of philosophy is a speculative, i.e. meta-level or topical reflection on the logical roles of concepts in world-related empirical knowledge. Its main insight is that the so-called explanations in the science are a result of a world-wide work on ‘the concept’, the translatable semantics of our languages, which form a relatively a priori and generic precondition for concrete assertions and their understanding.","PeriodicalId":41795,"journal":{"name":"Filosofskii Zhurnal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-18-25
Lora T. Ryskeldiyeva
An unbiased metaphysics of consciousness allows us to put forward a thesis that consciousness is not an object, but a fundamental problem of modern philosophy and different solutions of this problem define the history of European philosophy. For Descartes, consciousness is Cogito, the personalization of substance by the mind acting in a variety of cogital, conscious acts. Kant, for whom substance is a mode of thinking the unity of experience, Cogito is not a thing (Res), but a transcendental condition for the formation of notions in the process of categorical synthesis. The resurgent phenomenology and analytical philosophy of consciousness in the 21st century aim at studying consciousness, respectively, in the transcendental-theoretical and pragmatic-naturalistic settings. Continuing the Kantian line of thinking, one can see the processuality of consciousness as data acquisition process, but the verb formed from a noun “consciousness” (for this processuality) is difficult to adequately translate into English. To achieve completeness in identifying the problem area of the philosophy of consciousness, it is necessary to take into account one more type of conscious activity referred to as “osoznanie” in Russian (“awareness”, “coming into consciousness about something”). The Russian verb formed from the noun Smysl cannot be adequately translated into English as the main language of the analytical philosophy of consciousness and this term can mean the opposite of data acquisition process and can refer us to the idea of Integrity (A.V. Smirnov). Once the most important, meaningful and existential activity of the mind is identified as the denotation of this term, the problem of Smysl acquires the potential of changing the perspective on the possibility of creating a “strong” AI.
{"title":"Consciousness, smysl and untranslatability","authors":"Lora T. Ryskeldiyeva","doi":"10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-18-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-18-25","url":null,"abstract":"An unbiased metaphysics of consciousness allows us to put forward a thesis that consciousness is not an object, but a fundamental problem of modern philosophy and different solutions of this problem define the history of European philosophy. For Descartes, consciousness is Cogito, the personalization of substance by the mind acting in a variety of cogital, conscious acts. Kant, for whom substance is a mode of thinking the unity of experience, Cogito is not a thing (Res), but a transcendental condition for the formation of notions in the process of categorical synthesis. The resurgent phenomenology and analytical philosophy of consciousness in the 21st century aim at studying consciousness, respectively, in the transcendental-theoretical and pragmatic-naturalistic settings. Continuing the Kantian line of thinking, one can see the processuality of consciousness as data acquisition process, but the verb formed from a noun “consciousness” (for this processuality) is difficult to adequately translate into English. To achieve completeness in identifying the problem area of the philosophy of consciousness, it is necessary to take into account one more type of conscious activity referred to as “osoznanie” in Russian (“awareness”, “coming into consciousness about something”). The Russian verb formed from the noun Smysl cannot be adequately translated into English as the main language of the analytical philosophy of consciousness and this term can mean the opposite of data acquisition process and can refer us to the idea of Integrity (A.V. Smirnov). Once the most important, meaningful and existential activity of the mind is identified as the denotation of this term, the problem of Smysl acquires the potential of changing the perspective on the possibility of creating a “strong” AI.","PeriodicalId":41795,"journal":{"name":"Filosofskii Zhurnal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135711804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-1-54-71
V. Shokhin
It was at the turn of the the twentieth century when Francis Bradley’s metaphysics permeated with the spirit of German Idealism was one of the strongest trends of English academic philosophy. But after the “neopositivist Brexit” launched by Russell, Moore and some other analytical thinkers it became mainly a subject for historians of idealism. An attempt is undertaken in the paper to reveal both the historical and actual significance of Bradley’s doctrine of degrees of reality along with an estimation of his critics’ arguments and the author’s own criticisms of his “ontology of the Absolute”. Bradley’s idealism is fit unto the framework of comparative ontology, in the first place by its juxtaposition with mostly congenial “absolutism” of Advaita-Vedānta. The author suggests also his own version of differing and quantifying reality, in the shape of individual landscapes of reality in the context of their comparison with personal valuables.
{"title":"Stratified reality in Francis Bradley’s idealism, its critics and a personalistic alternative","authors":"V. Shokhin","doi":"10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-1-54-71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-1-54-71","url":null,"abstract":"It was at the turn of the the twentieth century when Francis Bradley’s metaphysics permeated with the spirit of German Idealism was one of the strongest trends of English academic philosophy. But after the “neopositivist Brexit” launched by Russell, Moore and some other analytical thinkers it became mainly a subject for historians of idealism. An attempt is undertaken in the paper to reveal both the historical and actual significance of Bradley’s doctrine of degrees of reality along with an estimation of his critics’ arguments and the author’s own criticisms of his “ontology of the Absolute”. Bradley’s idealism is fit unto the framework of comparative ontology, in the first place by its juxtaposition with mostly congenial “absolutism” of Advaita-Vedānta. The author suggests also his own version of differing and quantifying reality, in the shape of individual landscapes of reality in the context of their comparison with personal valuables.","PeriodicalId":41795,"journal":{"name":"Filosofskii Zhurnal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67625747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.23977/phij.2023.020109
Yongping Fu, Yong Ma
: This paper aimed to analyze the philosophical implications of the theme of life community presented in the Avatar series movies. Based on the detailed analysis of Avatar series movies, this paper discusses the importance of life community theory to human survival and development by using related theories of psychology and philosophy. Through research of the relevant literature and analysis of the movie content, the paper concluded that the movie effectively awakened people's consciousness of life community by presenting a harmonious, interconnected, and diverse coexistence world, making us realize with profound philosophy that it is significant to arouse the consciousness of life community. In order to create a better world, humans should re-examine their role in nature, abandon the human-centered thinking, embrace true nature within the framework of a life community, consider the survival of other forms of life and rationally recognize and apply science and technology. Finally, this paper suggested that recognizing the importance of life community can help to build a harmonious social environment and inject new hope and vitality into the future development of humanity.
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.23977/phij.2023.020111
Chunrong Miao
: Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller was born on August 16, 1864, in Schleswig-Holstein, on the Danish border. He spent most of his life at Oxford University in England, so we used to call him an English pragmatist. Schiller has written more than a dozen works and hundreds of papers, laying a solid theoretical foundation for the establishment of pragmatic philosophy. It can be said that he ， Peirce ， James and together with Dewey constitute the early trend of pragmatism. The main purpose of this thesis is to sort out F. C. S. Schiller's theoretical contributions to philosophy, prepare materials for his further revival, and add reliable arguments for putting F. C. S.Schiller back into the camp of pragmatism.
{"title":"The Philosophy Contribution of F. C. S. Schiller","authors":"Chunrong Miao","doi":"10.23977/phij.2023.020111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23977/phij.2023.020111","url":null,"abstract":": Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller was born on August 16, 1864, in Schleswig-Holstein, on the Danish border. He spent most of his life at Oxford University in England, so we used to call him an English pragmatist. Schiller has written more than a dozen works and hundreds of papers, laying a solid theoretical foundation for the establishment of pragmatic philosophy. It can be said that he ， Peirce ， James and together with Dewey constitute the early trend of pragmatism. The main purpose of this thesis is to sort out F. C. S. Schiller's theoretical contributions to philosophy, prepare materials for his further revival, and add reliable arguments for putting F. C. S.Schiller back into the camp of pragmatism.","PeriodicalId":41795,"journal":{"name":"Filosofskii Zhurnal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68788733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-3-85-102
Alexey M. Gaginsky
The article examines the “philosophy of anxiety” of early Heidegger. The influence of Nietzsche on the young philosopher is noted, as well as the traumatic experience of World War I, which very strongly influenced the worldview of the author of Being and Time, making him reconsider, among other things, his attitude to the “system of Catholicism”. The article examines Heidegger’s description of the situation where one is seized by anxiety, where one would not expect it at all, where one normally feels at home. Normally, being fallen, that is, being in the world and bustling with daily chores, one feels secure in the midst of beings, at home. However, something happens to him that robs him of his tranquility. This occurs because the existent (Dasein) is disturbed im Grunde seines Seins, at the core of his being; one is aware of his own mortality and the finitude of being, which constitutes a threat, opening the possibility of anxiety (immortal beings, such as angels, treat being differently, for them the analysis of Dasein is irrelevant). Fear belongs to the ontic, it relates to the fallen state. When one ascends to the Nothingness, which is revealed as Being, that is, when one rises above being in some respect, one surpasses fear as well. In the course of the article, the question of translating some of Heidegger’s concepts into Russian is discussed, which is an urgent task for the Heideggerian studies.
本文考察了早期海德格尔的“焦虑哲学”。尼采对这位年轻哲学家的影响，以及第一次世界大战的创伤经历，对《存在与时间》作者的世界观产生了非常强烈的影响，使他重新考虑，以及其他一些事情，他对“天主教体系”的态度。这篇文章考察了海德格尔对一种情境的描述，在这种情境中，一个人被焦虑攫住，在这种情境中，一个人根本不会预料到焦虑，在这种情境中，一个人通常会感到自在。正常情况下，当人堕落，也就是生活在这个世界上，忙忙碌碌地做着日常琐事时，一个人在芸芸众生中，在家里就会感到安全。然而，发生在他身上的事情剥夺了他的宁静。这是因为存在者(此在)在Grunde seines Seins中受到干扰，在他存在的核心;一个人意识到他自己的死亡和存在的有限性，这构成了一种威胁，开启了焦虑的可能性(不朽的存在，如天使，对待存在的方式不同，对他们来说，对此在的分析是无关紧要的)。恐惧属于本体，它与堕落的状态有关。当一个人提升到虚无，也就是显现为存在时，也就是说，当一个人在某些方面超越存在时，他也超越了恐惧。在这篇文章中，我们讨论了将海德格尔的一些概念翻译成俄语的问题，这是海德格尔研究的一个紧迫任务。
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Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-3-55-68
Konstantin D. Skripnik
The purpose of the article is to consider the phenomenon of philosophical “turn” in the framework of descriptive metaphilosophy. Using the example of analytical, linguistic, pragmatic and ontological turns, an attempt is made to highlight the characteristic features of “turns”. The author shows that the analytical turn is associated with the development of methods of philosophy, primarily with the diversification of the concept of analysis itself. Consideration of the linguistic turn leads to the position that its characterization as a change in the subject of philosophy is not quite adequate – in fact, it is a change in the methods of philosophical analysis, which leads to the emergence of new problem areas not only in philosophy, but also in linguistics. The pragmatic turn is characterized by emphasizing the role of pragmatism in overcoming the existing opposition of analytic and continental philosophy through the use of both logical and, for example, axiological methods or the “pragmatic principle”. The ontological turn, characteristic of anthropology, the philosophy of technology, as well as for “general” philosophy, is associated with a change in the methods of analysis in the direction of solving the problem of seeing “things in a new way” and how “they really are”. The analysis in the case of an ontological turn is aimed not so much at “multiculturalism” as at “multi-naturalism”, at taking into account the active role of the subject and building the research models capable of taking this into account. The final position of the author is that according to which a “turn” is a change in research methods that leads to the formation of a new subject area and the formulation of new problems. They, in turn, stimulate the next “turn” and the development of new methods and methodologies.
{"title":"Metaphilosophy of philosophical “turns”: case study","authors":"Konstantin D. Skripnik","doi":"10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-3-55-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-3-55-68","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to consider the phenomenon of philosophical “turn” in the framework of descriptive metaphilosophy. Using the example of analytical, linguistic, pragmatic and ontological turns, an attempt is made to highlight the characteristic features of “turns”. The author shows that the analytical turn is associated with the development of methods of philosophy, primarily with the diversification of the concept of analysis itself. Consideration of the linguistic turn leads to the position that its characterization as a change in the subject of philosophy is not quite adequate – in fact, it is a change in the methods of philosophical analysis, which leads to the emergence of new problem areas not only in philosophy, but also in linguistics. The pragmatic turn is characterized by emphasizing the role of pragmatism in overcoming the existing opposition of analytic and continental philosophy through the use of both logical and, for example, axiological methods or the “pragmatic principle”. The ontological turn, characteristic of anthropology, the philosophy of technology, as well as for “general” philosophy, is associated with a change in the methods of analysis in the direction of solving the problem of seeing “things in a new way” and how “they really are”. The analysis in the case of an ontological turn is aimed not so much at “multiculturalism” as at “multi-naturalism”, at taking into account the active role of the subject and building the research models capable of taking this into account. The final position of the author is that according to which a “turn” is a change in research methods that leads to the formation of a new subject area and the formulation of new problems. They, in turn, stimulate the next “turn” and the development of new methods and methodologies.","PeriodicalId":41795,"journal":{"name":"Filosofskii Zhurnal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-40-46
Vladimir K. Solondaev, Inna V. Ivanova
A.V. Smirnov’s theory of the Logic-of-sense is based on the difference between two logics: the logic of substance and the logic of process. Their difference can be examined using the theory of preconceptual experience based on the notion of scheme. A.V. Smirnov has formulated the natural setting of consciousness: existence of the outside world and the Self, their uniqueness and their permanency. As the result of analysis of the natural setting of consciousness the authors singled out two main schemes: the experience scheme and the universality scheme. The schemes are discussed using a thought experiment: the treatment of pneumonia by doctors who understand their own actions using different logics. It is demonstrated that each scheme is valid in both logics. Still, the psychological and objective-practical content of the schemes changes. Experience in process logic is the process which is naturally given to consciousness. Perception of the course of an ailment by a doctor is an example. This perception can be empirically wrong but it cannot be confused with another process, such as remembrance of the manifestations of the disease known to the doctor from literature. Experience in the substance logic, by contrast, is just one of the properties of the disease known from the literature: “it is possible to perceive it by senses in a given situation”. Experience that is conceived substantially is often denoted as qualia. The universality scheme in process logic is often realized as a universality of the process: the course of the disease is not changing if the observer is changed, though the experience of the course can be different. Universality scheme in the substance logic is realized as universality of the result of the observation: “I see the same thing that any other doctor would see”. It follows that the universality scheme understood substantially is a generalization of the results of observations of different observers. Realizations of both schemes can be empirically correct but both have their limitations.
{"title":"Natural attitude of consciousness: the scheme of universality and the scheme of experience","authors":"Vladimir K. Solondaev, Inna V. Ivanova","doi":"10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-40-46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-40-46","url":null,"abstract":"A.V. Smirnov’s theory of the Logic-of-sense is based on the difference between two logics: the logic of substance and the logic of process. Their difference can be examined using the theory of preconceptual experience based on the notion of scheme. A.V. Smirnov has formulated the natural setting of consciousness: existence of the outside world and the Self, their uniqueness and their permanency. As the result of analysis of the natural setting of consciousness the authors singled out two main schemes: the experience scheme and the universality scheme. The schemes are discussed using a thought experiment: the treatment of pneumonia by doctors who understand their own actions using different logics. It is demonstrated that each scheme is valid in both logics. Still, the psychological and objective-practical content of the schemes changes. Experience in process logic is the process which is naturally given to consciousness. Perception of the course of an ailment by a doctor is an example. This perception can be empirically wrong but it cannot be confused with another process, such as remembrance of the manifestations of the disease known to the doctor from literature. Experience in the substance logic, by contrast, is just one of the properties of the disease known from the literature: “it is possible to perceive it by senses in a given situation”. Experience that is conceived substantially is often denoted as qualia. The universality scheme in process logic is often realized as a universality of the process: the course of the disease is not changing if the observer is changed, though the experience of the course can be different. Universality scheme in the substance logic is realized as universality of the result of the observation: “I see the same thing that any other doctor would see”. It follows that the universality scheme understood substantially is a generalization of the results of observations of different observers. Realizations of both schemes can be empirically correct but both have their limitations.","PeriodicalId":41795,"journal":{"name":"Filosofskii Zhurnal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135712033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-3-17-23
Alexey A. Kara-Murza
The article examines the question of the correlation of the phenomena “Russian philosophy” and “philosophy in Russia”. The author believes that these phenomena are not identical to each other, and Russian philosophy, being an important fragment of intellectual subculture, was often created outside of Russia. This phenomenon became especially prominent in the twentieth century, when Russian dissidents who were exiled abroad, working in the West, continued to be the largest Russian philosophers. On the other hand, within Russia itself (the Moscow Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the short “democratic republic”, the USSR, post-Soviet Russia), not only Russians in language and culture philosophized and continue to philosophize. The author notes that Russian literature and philosophical journalism played an exceptional role in domestic philosophizing. It was they who most often made philosophy, as knowledge objectively tending to universality, a nationally colored Russian philosophy.
{"title":"Philosophy in Russia and Russian philosophical journalism","authors":"Alexey A. Kara-Murza","doi":"10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-3-17-23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-3-17-23","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the question of the correlation of the phenomena “Russian philosophy” and “philosophy in Russia”. The author believes that these phenomena are not identical to each other, and Russian philosophy, being an important fragment of intellectual subculture, was often created outside of Russia. This phenomenon became especially prominent in the twentieth century, when Russian dissidents who were exiled abroad, working in the West, continued to be the largest Russian philosophers. On the other hand, within Russia itself (the Moscow Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the short “democratic republic”, the USSR, post-Soviet Russia), not only Russians in language and culture philosophized and continue to philosophize. The author notes that Russian literature and philosophical journalism played an exceptional role in domestic philosophizing. It was they who most often made philosophy, as knowledge objectively tending to universality, a nationally colored Russian philosophy.","PeriodicalId":41795,"journal":{"name":"Filosofskii Zhurnal","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135710274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-3-41-54
Andrey V. Smirnov
Healing the inner rupture of Russian culture caused by the reforms of Peter the Great is an urgent need which is still on agenda. This task can be accomplished by relying upon the logic of sobornost’ and vsesubyectnost’ that manifested itself as the basic value in the course of millennium of Russian history. Implanting the European section into the overall layout of the vsechelovecheskoye design of Russian culture will help bridge the gap between the culture of the upper strata totally bound by the spirit of European domination (evropeynichanye, “Europe-apping”, according to N.Ya. Danilevsky) and the culture of the lower strata governed by the logic of sobornost’ and vsesubyectnost’. To overcome Europe-apping, which is still a pressing task, means to overcome the dogma of European culture as obshechelovecheskoye (common to humankind) by basing the discourse on the vsechelovecheskoye category. Vsechelovecheskoye, as opposed to obshechelovecheskoye, was elaborated in Russian thought starting from the 19th century. Formation and manifestation of the logic of sobornost’ and vsesubyectnost’ represents the sense of the Russian history tying it together over all breaks and revolutionary catastrophes. “Humankind” can be conceived of only as a notion based on sobornost’, not as a unity of any kind, for it developed, in the course of its history, a number of the big cultures each of which based itself on its indigenous logic irreducible to the logic of any other big culture. The basic task the Russian philosophy faces, in order to develop itself as the philosophy of sense, is to study and elaborate on the actual manifestations of the logic of sobornost’ and vsesubyectnost’ in the course of Russian history as the logic of vsechelovecheskoye global design for humankind.
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