Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-50-59
R. V. Fiodоrtsev, E. Metelskaya, V. A. Marchik, A. Kuznetsov, A. E. Makarevich
The use of glued lens components in optical devices improves the image quality of telescopic and photographic lenses or inverting systems by eliminating a number of aberrations, and also reduces light losses in the optical system of the device. The traditional production process of lenses gluing involves the sequential execution of a set of technological operations and takes a significant period of time. The purpose of the research was to improve the accuracy and productivity of the technological process of lenses gluing by improving the optical system of the control and measuring device and automating the operation of lenses optical axes combining by introducing an electronic reference system and mechanisms for micro-movements of optical parts.A technique is proposed for centering of two and three-component optical blocks by an autocollimation flare which provides a matching accuracy of less than 0.5 μm. The possibility of constructive modernization of the classic ST-41 autocollimation microscope with parallel separation of the displayed output information in the visual and television channels is shown. An automated system for controlling of the process of convergence of autocollimation points in the device is proposed. Using software methods an electronic grid template is formed on the monitor screen, onto which images of autocollimation points are projected. The decentering value 2Δe is determined and a corrective control voltage is applied to three stepper motors and pushers for transverse movement of the glued optical part.Specialized software has been developed for automatically bringing the position of the autocollimating crosshair to the center of the measuring scale of the grid based on a combination of two methods of “least squares” and “successive approximation”. Compliance with a number of technological transitions and the accompanying control of geometric parameters make it possible to achieve greater accuracy in determining the eccentricity of the crosshairs of the aligned optical axes of the glued lenses.
{"title":"Method for Increasing of Lens Gluing Technological Process Efficiency and a Reliable Evaluation of Output Controlled Parameters","authors":"R. V. Fiodоrtsev, E. Metelskaya, V. A. Marchik, A. Kuznetsov, A. E. Makarevich","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-50-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-50-59","url":null,"abstract":"The use of glued lens components in optical devices improves the image quality of telescopic and photographic lenses or inverting systems by eliminating a number of aberrations, and also reduces light losses in the optical system of the device. The traditional production process of lenses gluing involves the sequential execution of a set of technological operations and takes a significant period of time. The purpose of the research was to improve the accuracy and productivity of the technological process of lenses gluing by improving the optical system of the control and measuring device and automating the operation of lenses optical axes combining by introducing an electronic reference system and mechanisms for micro-movements of optical parts.A technique is proposed for centering of two and three-component optical blocks by an autocollimation flare which provides a matching accuracy of less than 0.5 μm. The possibility of constructive modernization of the classic ST-41 autocollimation microscope with parallel separation of the displayed output information in the visual and television channels is shown. An automated system for controlling of the process of convergence of autocollimation points in the device is proposed. Using software methods an electronic grid template is formed on the monitor screen, onto which images of autocollimation points are projected. The decentering value 2Δe is determined and a corrective control voltage is applied to three stepper motors and pushers for transverse movement of the glued optical part.Specialized software has been developed for automatically bringing the position of the autocollimating crosshair to the center of the measuring scale of the grid based on a combination of two methods of “least squares” and “successive approximation”. Compliance with a number of technological transitions and the accompanying control of geometric parameters make it possible to achieve greater accuracy in determining the eccentricity of the crosshairs of the aligned optical axes of the glued lenses. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87295319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-04DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-27-31
V. Kisel
Diode-pumped thulium lasers emitting in the spectral range near 2 μm are attractive for applications in different areas: surgery, rangefinding, and environmental atmosphere monitoring. In this article the latest results of Tm:KYW laser performance with a polycrystalline Cr:ZnSe as the most available saturable absorber for 2 μm spectral region are presented.A maximum continuous-wave output power of ≈ 0.65 W with a slope efficiency of 55 % was obtained at the wavelength of 1940 nm. Laser pulses with energy of 26 μJ and repetiotion rate of 6 kHz coresponding to 156 mW of average output power at 1910 nm were obtained at 2.2 W of incident puwp power for the Cr:ZnSe saturable absorber with initial transmission of 95 %. By using of saturable absorber with lower initial transmission of 90 % laser pulses with energy of 40 μJ and duration as short as 10 ns were realized. The maximal pulse repetition rate was 2.8 kHz at incident pump power of 2.2 W.Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that Tm:KYW crystals are promising active media for the compact passively Q-switched lasers emitting in the spectral range near 2 μm for the usage in surgery and rangefinding. Also, described laser is planned to be used as a laser source in laser-induced damage threshold measurements setup for investigation of damage threshold of saturable absorbers as well as nonlinear crystals at the wavelength near 2 μm.
{"title":"Compact Passively Q-Switched Tm:KY(WO4)2 Laser","authors":"V. Kisel","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-27-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2022-13-1-27-31","url":null,"abstract":"Diode-pumped thulium lasers emitting in the spectral range near 2 μm are attractive for applications in different areas: surgery, rangefinding, and environmental atmosphere monitoring. In this article the latest results of Tm:KYW laser performance with a polycrystalline Cr:ZnSe as the most available saturable absorber for 2 μm spectral region are presented.A maximum continuous-wave output power of ≈ 0.65 W with a slope efficiency of 55 % was obtained at the wavelength of 1940 nm. Laser pulses with energy of 26 μJ and repetiotion rate of 6 kHz coresponding to 156 mW of average output power at 1910 nm were obtained at 2.2 W of incident puwp power for the Cr:ZnSe saturable absorber with initial transmission of 95 %. By using of saturable absorber with lower initial transmission of 90 % laser pulses with energy of 40 μJ and duration as short as 10 ns were realized. The maximal pulse repetition rate was 2.8 kHz at incident pump power of 2.2 W.Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that Tm:KYW crystals are promising active media for the compact passively Q-switched lasers emitting in the spectral range near 2 μm for the usage in surgery and rangefinding. Also, described laser is planned to be used as a laser source in laser-induced damage threshold measurements setup for investigation of damage threshold of saturable absorbers as well as nonlinear crystals at the wavelength near 2 μm.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91051413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-280-285
M. Korzhik
Ce-doped tetracationic garnets (Gd, M)3Al2Ga3O12(M = Y, Lu) form a family of new multipurpose promising scintillation materials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the scintillation yield in the materials of quaternary garnets activated by cerium ions with partial isovalent substitution of the matrix-forming gadolinium ions by yttrium or lutetium ions.Materials were obtained in the form of polycrystalline ceramic samples, and the best results were shown by samples obtained from the raw materials produced by the coprecipitation method. It was found that ceramics obtained from coprecipitated raw materials ensure a uniform distribution of activator ions in the multi-cationic matrices, which enables the high light yield and fast scintillation kinetics of the scintillation. It was demonstrated that the superstoichiometric content of lutetium/gadolinium in the material is an effective method to suppress phosphorescence accompanied scintillation. For ceramics with the composition (Gd, Lu)3Al2Ga3O12 , a scintillation yield of more than 50.000 ph/MeV was achieved. The scintillation kinetics was measured to be close to the kinetics with a decay constant of 50 ns.In terms of the set of the parameters, the developed scintillation materials are close to the recently developed alkali halide materials LaBr3:Ce, GdBr3:Ce. Moreover, they have high mechanical hardness, are characterized by the absence of hygroscopicity, and are better adapted to the manufacture of pixel detectors used in modern devices for medical diagnostics.
掺铈石榴石(Gd, M)3Al2Ga3O12(M = Y, Lu)是一类新型多用途闪烁材料。本研究的目的是评价由铈离子激活的季柘榴石材料的闪烁产率，用钇或镥离子部分取代形成基体的钆离子。材料以多晶陶瓷样品的形式得到，用共沉淀法生产的原料得到的样品效果最好。研究发现，共沉淀法制备的陶瓷保证了激活离子在多阳离子基体中的均匀分布，从而实现了高的光产率和快速的闪烁动力学。结果表明，在材料中添加超化学量的镥/钆是抑制磷光伴随闪烁的有效方法。对于组成为(Gd, Lu)3Al2Ga3O12的陶瓷，闪烁产率达到了50,000 ph/MeV以上。测量的闪烁动力学与动力学接近，衰减常数为50 ns。在参数集上，所研制的闪烁材料与近年来研制的碱卤化物材料LaBr3:Ce、GdBr3:Ce较为接近。此外，它们具有高机械硬度，其特点是不吸湿，并且更适合制造用于现代医疗诊断设备的像素探测器。
{"title":"Compositionally Disordered Doped with Cerium Crystalline Garnet Type Materials for Brighter and Faster Scintillations","authors":"M. Korzhik","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-280-285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-280-285","url":null,"abstract":"Ce-doped tetracationic garnets (Gd, M)3Al2Ga3O12(M = Y, Lu) form a family of new multipurpose promising scintillation materials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the scintillation yield in the materials of quaternary garnets activated by cerium ions with partial isovalent substitution of the matrix-forming gadolinium ions by yttrium or lutetium ions.Materials were obtained in the form of polycrystalline ceramic samples, and the best results were shown by samples obtained from the raw materials produced by the coprecipitation method. It was found that ceramics obtained from coprecipitated raw materials ensure a uniform distribution of activator ions in the multi-cationic matrices, which enables the high light yield and fast scintillation kinetics of the scintillation. It was demonstrated that the superstoichiometric content of lutetium/gadolinium in the material is an effective method to suppress phosphorescence accompanied scintillation. For ceramics with the composition (Gd, Lu)3Al2Ga3O12 , a scintillation yield of more than 50.000 ph/MeV was achieved. The scintillation kinetics was measured to be close to the kinetics with a decay constant of 50 ns.In terms of the set of the parameters, the developed scintillation materials are close to the recently developed alkali halide materials LaBr3:Ce, GdBr3:Ce. Moreover, they have high mechanical hardness, are characterized by the absence of hygroscopicity, and are better adapted to the manufacture of pixel detectors used in modern devices for medical diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73502201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-272-279
V. Baranova, V. Saetchnikov, A. Spiridonov
Traditional image processing techniques provide sustainable efficiency in the astrometry of deep space objects and in applied problems of determining the parameters of artificial satellite orbits. But the speed of the computing architecture and the functions of small optical systems are rapidly developing thus contribute to the use of a dynamic video stream for detecting and initializing space objects. The purpose of this paper is to automate the processing of optical measurement data during detecting space objects and numerical methods for the initial orbit determination.This article provided the implementation of a low-cost autonomous optical system for detecting of space objects with remote control elements. The basic algorithm model had developed and tested within the framework of remote control of a simplified optical system based on a Raspberry Pi 4 single-board computer with a modular camera. Under laboratory conditions, the satellite trajectory had simulated for an initial assessment of the compiled algorithmic modules of the computer vision library OpenCV.Based on the simulation results, dynamic detection of the International Space Station in real-time from the observation site with coordinates longitude 25o41′49″ East, latitude 53o52′36″ North in the interval 00:54:00–00:54:30 17.07.2021 (UTC + 03:00) had performed. The video processing result of the pass had demonstrated in the form of centroid coordinates of the International Space Station in the image plane with a timestamps interval of which is 0.2 s.This approach provides an autonomous raw data extraction of a space object for numerical methods for the initial determination of its orbit.
{"title":"Autonomous Streaming Space Objects Detection Based on a Remote Optical System","authors":"V. Baranova, V. Saetchnikov, A. Spiridonov","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-272-279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-272-279","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional image processing techniques provide sustainable efficiency in the astrometry of deep space objects and in applied problems of determining the parameters of artificial satellite orbits. But the speed of the computing architecture and the functions of small optical systems are rapidly developing thus contribute to the use of a dynamic video stream for detecting and initializing space objects. The purpose of this paper is to automate the processing of optical measurement data during detecting space objects and numerical methods for the initial orbit determination.This article provided the implementation of a low-cost autonomous optical system for detecting of space objects with remote control elements. The basic algorithm model had developed and tested within the framework of remote control of a simplified optical system based on a Raspberry Pi 4 single-board computer with a modular camera. Under laboratory conditions, the satellite trajectory had simulated for an initial assessment of the compiled algorithmic modules of the computer vision library OpenCV.Based on the simulation results, dynamic detection of the International Space Station in real-time from the observation site with coordinates longitude 25o41′49″ East, latitude 53o52′36″ North in the interval 00:54:00–00:54:30 17.07.2021 (UTC + 03:00) had performed. The video processing result of the pass had demonstrated in the form of centroid coordinates of the International Space Station in the image plane with a timestamps interval of which is 0.2 s.This approach provides an autonomous raw data extraction of a space object for numerical methods for the initial determination of its orbit.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74301214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-292-300
S. Dmitriev, A. Khrobostov, D. N. Solncev, A. Barinov, A. Chesnokov, I. Konovalov, M. Makarov, T. K. Zyryanova
The correlation method for measuring of the coolant fl rate is used in the operation of nuclear power plants and is widespread in research practice including study of turbulent fl hydrodynamics. However the question of its applicability and possibilities in studies using the matrix conductometry method remains open. Earlier the algorithm for determining of the correlation fl rate using a conductometric measuring system was highlighted and the error of the results obtained was estimated and the dependence of the influence of noise and the time of data collection on the reliability of results was investigated. These works were carried out using two independent mesh sensors and the issue of the resolution of local velocity components was not covered. The purpose of this work was to test the correlation method for measuring velocity with temporal and spatial sampling using two-layer mesh conductometric sensors.As the result velocity cartograms were obtained over the cross-section of the experimental model with quasi-stationary mixing and the value of the average flow rate is in good agreement with the values obtained from the standard flow meters of the stand. Also measurements were carried out at a non-stationary setting of the experiment and realizations of the flow rate and velocity components of the flow at the measuring points were obtained.Analysis of the obtained values allows to conclude about the optimal data collection time for correlation measurements, as well as the reliability of results.
{"title":"Application of the Correlation Measurement Method for Reconstructing of the Velocity Profile with Spatial and Temporal Discretization in Studies of the Hydrodynamics of Turbulent Flows Based on the Matrix Conductometry Method","authors":"S. Dmitriev, A. Khrobostov, D. N. Solncev, A. Barinov, A. Chesnokov, I. Konovalov, M. Makarov, T. K. Zyryanova","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-292-300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-292-300","url":null,"abstract":"The correlation method for measuring of the coolant fl rate is used in the operation of nuclear power plants and is widespread in research practice including study of turbulent fl hydrodynamics. However the question of its applicability and possibilities in studies using the matrix conductometry method remains open. Earlier the algorithm for determining of the correlation fl rate using a conductometric measuring system was highlighted and the error of the results obtained was estimated and the dependence of the influence of noise and the time of data collection on the reliability of results was investigated. These works were carried out using two independent mesh sensors and the issue of the resolution of local velocity components was not covered. The purpose of this work was to test the correlation method for measuring velocity with temporal and spatial sampling using two-layer mesh conductometric sensors.As the result velocity cartograms were obtained over the cross-section of the experimental model with quasi-stationary mixing and the value of the average flow rate is in good agreement with the values obtained from the standard flow meters of the stand. Also measurements were carried out at a non-stationary setting of the experiment and realizations of the flow rate and velocity components of the flow at the measuring points were obtained.Analysis of the obtained values allows to conclude about the optimal data collection time for correlation measurements, as well as the reliability of results.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78793704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-286-291
V. Vasilevich, M. V. Zbyshinskaya
The main reason of voltage instability in stand-alone power supply systems is the electric drive motors inrush current, which are usually higher than their nominal value. The most reasonable way to solve this problem is using capacitive energy storage. The purpose of research is shape and measurement monitoring of battery-capacitive energy storage device inrush current characteristics. Parameters comparative analysis for lithium-ion battery (LIB) part and capacitive part of the energy storage device was holding with the twochannel digital oscilloscope.Measuring testing bench included parallel connected LIB part and capacitive part of the storage device and connected to the power source. The LIB part of the storage device is made on the basis of the ATOM 10 multifunctional motor drive device of the new generation, which contains 15 V lithium-ion battery and 9.4 A·h capacity. The capacitive part of the storage device is the INSPECTOR Booster supercapacitor with an 80 F electrostatic capacitance and 15.5 V voltage. A 12 V AC/DC step-down converter was used as a power source. An electric air automobile compressor M-14001 was used as a current drain. The testing bench measuring part consisted of a two-channel digital oscilloscope and two standard measuring shunts with 15000 μOm resistance serial attached to LIB part and capacitive part of the storage device. Shape and measurement monitoring of inrush current characteristics of LIB part and capacitive part of the energy storage device was held synchronously using a two-channel digital oscilloscope with recording data to FAT32 file system USB flash drive. Obtained data was transferred to a personal computer and analyzed.The measurement results showed that 82.3 % of the energy losses compensation of the motor start is taken over by the capacitive part of the energy storage device, what makes longer LIB’s life. By adjusting the oscilloscope sweep trace index you can analyze more detailed time response shape and its duration. The values of the inrush current amplitudes were calculated in proportion to the voltage drop on the shunts and their resistances.The developed method for monitoring shape and measurement inrush current characteristics can be used in various technical applications: smart stand-alone photovoltaic system, uninterruptible power supply devices, electric drive control systems, etc.
{"title":"Shape and Measurement Monitoring of Inrush Current Characteristics of a Battery-Capacitive Energy Storage Device with Two-Channel Digital Oscilloscope","authors":"V. Vasilevich, M. V. Zbyshinskaya","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-286-291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-286-291","url":null,"abstract":"The main reason of voltage instability in stand-alone power supply systems is the electric drive motors inrush current, which are usually higher than their nominal value. The most reasonable way to solve this problem is using capacitive energy storage. The purpose of research is shape and measurement monitoring of battery-capacitive energy storage device inrush current characteristics. Parameters comparative analysis for lithium-ion battery (LIB) part and capacitive part of the energy storage device was holding with the twochannel digital oscilloscope.Measuring testing bench included parallel connected LIB part and capacitive part of the storage device and connected to the power source. The LIB part of the storage device is made on the basis of the ATOM 10 multifunctional motor drive device of the new generation, which contains 15 V lithium-ion battery and 9.4 A·h capacity. The capacitive part of the storage device is the INSPECTOR Booster supercapacitor with an 80 F electrostatic capacitance and 15.5 V voltage. A 12 V AC/DC step-down converter was used as a power source. An electric air automobile compressor M-14001 was used as a current drain. The testing bench measuring part consisted of a two-channel digital oscilloscope and two standard measuring shunts with 15000 μOm resistance serial attached to LIB part and capacitive part of the storage device. Shape and measurement monitoring of inrush current characteristics of LIB part and capacitive part of the energy storage device was held synchronously using a two-channel digital oscilloscope with recording data to FAT32 file system USB flash drive. Obtained data was transferred to a personal computer and analyzed.The measurement results showed that 82.3 % of the energy losses compensation of the motor start is taken over by the capacitive part of the energy storage device, what makes longer LIB’s life. By adjusting the oscilloscope sweep trace index you can analyze more detailed time response shape and its duration. The values of the inrush current amplitudes were calculated in proportion to the voltage drop on the shunts and their resistances.The developed method for monitoring shape and measurement inrush current characteristics can be used in various technical applications: smart stand-alone photovoltaic system, uninterruptible power supply devices, electric drive control systems, etc.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87244814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-301-310
A. R. Baev, N. V. Levkovitch, M. V. Asadchaya, A. L. Mayorov, G. I. Razmyslovich, A. Y. Burnos
Повышение эффективности акустической диагностики объектов со слоистой структурой применительно к выявлению слабо выявляемых дефектов сцепления материалов является важной производственной задачей. Цель работы состояла в экспериментальном моделировании рассеяния ультразвуковых волн на образцах предложенных конструкций имитаторов дефектов с дискретно и плавно изменяющимися граничными условиями, коррелирующими с фазовой характеристикой продольных волн в процессе их взаимодействия с дефектной границей контактирующих материалов.Проведён краткий анализ некоторых методов и средств экспериментального моделирования рассеяния объёмных и поверхностных волн на границах контактирующих материалов применительно к совершенствованию метода обнаружения слабо выявляемых дефектов сцепления (адгезии) материалов. Для этого разработана и изготовлена иммерсионная установка, работающая в теневом режиме и позволяющая моделировать пространственные поля рассеянных продольных волн на неоднородной или дефектной границе сцепления материалов. Как предполагается, взаимодействующие с такой границей волны приобретают дискретный или плавно изменяющийся фазовый сдвиг, существенно сказывающийся на формировании поля рассеяния в его периферийной зоне. Увеличение же этого сдвига позволяет значительно повысить чувствительность обнаружения слабо выявляемых дефектов.Проведено экспериментальное исследование рассеяния продольных волн на разработанной установке и имитаторах дефектов, моделирующих дискретно и плавно изменяющиеся граничные условия, которые согласуются с изменением фазового сдвига рассеиваемых волн. Получены амплитудные зависимости поля рассеяния в зависимости от угла их приема в диапазоне от 20º до + 20º и смещения центра моделируемого дефекта относительно оси зондирующего акустического луча. Как установлено, наблюдается качественное соответствие между расчётными и опытными данными.Настоящие исследования представляют интерес для решения ряда задач по повышению эффективности ультразвукового контроля современных объектов со слоистой структурой и будут способствовать расширению возможностей использования предложенного метода.
{"title":"Влияние геометрии и граничных условий в области сцепления материалов на рассеяние ультразвуковых волн. Ч. 2. Особенности экспериментального моделирования","authors":"A. R. Baev, N. V. Levkovitch, M. V. Asadchaya, A. L. Mayorov, G. I. Razmyslovich, A. Y. Burnos","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-301-310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-301-310","url":null,"abstract":"Повышение эффективности акустической диагностики объектов со слоистой структурой применительно к выявлению слабо выявляемых дефектов сцепления материалов является важной производственной задачей. Цель работы состояла в экспериментальном моделировании рассеяния ультразвуковых волн на образцах предложенных конструкций имитаторов дефектов с дискретно и плавно изменяющимися граничными условиями, коррелирующими с фазовой характеристикой продольных волн в процессе их взаимодействия с дефектной границей контактирующих материалов.Проведён краткий анализ некоторых методов и средств экспериментального моделирования рассеяния объёмных и поверхностных волн на границах контактирующих материалов применительно к совершенствованию метода обнаружения слабо выявляемых дефектов сцепления (адгезии) материалов. Для этого разработана и изготовлена иммерсионная установка, работающая в теневом режиме и позволяющая моделировать пространственные поля рассеянных продольных волн на неоднородной или дефектной границе сцепления материалов. Как предполагается, взаимодействующие с такой границей волны приобретают дискретный или плавно изменяющийся фазовый сдвиг, существенно сказывающийся на формировании поля рассеяния в его периферийной зоне. Увеличение же этого сдвига позволяет значительно повысить чувствительность обнаружения слабо выявляемых дефектов.Проведено экспериментальное исследование рассеяния продольных волн на разработанной установке и имитаторах дефектов, моделирующих дискретно и плавно изменяющиеся граничные условия, которые согласуются с изменением фазового сдвига рассеиваемых волн. Получены амплитудные зависимости поля рассеяния в зависимости от угла их приема в диапазоне от 20º до + 20º и смещения центра моделируемого дефекта относительно оси зондирующего акустического луча. Как установлено, наблюдается качественное соответствие между расчётными и опытными данными.Настоящие исследования представляют интерес для решения ряда задач по повышению эффективности ультразвукового контроля современных объектов со слоистой структурой и будут способствовать расширению возможностей использования предложенного метода.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72537648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-323-331
A. V. Isaev, U. V. Suchodolov, A. S. Sushko, A. A. Sheinikau
In modern diagnostics, much attention is paid to measuring of time parameters, as well as their change over time. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for measuring of time intervals which made it possible to increase the measurement accuracy by reducing errors associated with the instability of main parameters of the pulse signal.In the most of approaches used, the error associated with the instability of main parameters of signals under study is not enough taken into account. As an alternative, a spectral method is proposed in which the measurement of time intervals, as well as their changes, is performed based on the analysis of pulse sequences formed on the basis of characteristic points of the measured signal. For this a double pulse sequence was considered, an equation for the amplitudes of its spectral components was obtained, and in accordance with this it was determined that the delay time between double pulses is the most informative parameter.Using the Mathcad software, an analysis of the sensitivity regions was carried out for the change in the main parameters of the pulse sequence, namely the repetition rate, as the main destabilizing factor.As a result of the implementation of the developed technique, a structural diagram of the measuring system is proposed and an analysis of the measurement error associated with the instability of the main parameters of the pulse sequence is carried out. This error is estimated to be less than 0.01 %.The considered method makes it possible to increase the accuracy of measuring time intervals due to the almost complete elimination of the influence of the instability of the reference frequency and the amplitude of the generated pulses which is unattainable with modern hardware, including digital signal processing.
{"title":"Increasing of the Accuracy of Signalsʼ Time Parameters Measuring Using Double Pulse Trains","authors":"A. V. Isaev, U. V. Suchodolov, A. S. Sushko, A. A. Sheinikau","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-323-331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-323-331","url":null,"abstract":"In modern diagnostics, much attention is paid to measuring of time parameters, as well as their change over time. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for measuring of time intervals which made it possible to increase the measurement accuracy by reducing errors associated with the instability of main parameters of the pulse signal.In the most of approaches used, the error associated with the instability of main parameters of signals under study is not enough taken into account. As an alternative, a spectral method is proposed in which the measurement of time intervals, as well as their changes, is performed based on the analysis of pulse sequences formed on the basis of characteristic points of the measured signal. For this a double pulse sequence was considered, an equation for the amplitudes of its spectral components was obtained, and in accordance with this it was determined that the delay time between double pulses is the most informative parameter.Using the Mathcad software, an analysis of the sensitivity regions was carried out for the change in the main parameters of the pulse sequence, namely the repetition rate, as the main destabilizing factor.As a result of the implementation of the developed technique, a structural diagram of the measuring system is proposed and an analysis of the measurement error associated with the instability of the main parameters of the pulse sequence is carried out. This error is estimated to be less than 0.01 %.The considered method makes it possible to increase the accuracy of measuring time intervals due to the almost complete elimination of the influence of the instability of the reference frequency and the amplitude of the generated pulses which is unattainable with modern hardware, including digital signal processing. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81398312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-22DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-259-271
N. Bezuglaya, A. A. Haponiuk, D. Bondariev, S. Poluectov, V. Chornyi, M. Bezuglyi
Biomedical photometersʼ information-measuring systems with ellipsoidal reflectors have acceptable results in determining of biological tissues optical properties in the visible and near-infrared spectral range. These photometers make it possible to study the optical radiation propagation in turbid media for direct and inverse problems of light-scattering optics. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the ellipsoidal reflectors design parameters on the results of biomedical photometry when simulating the optical radiation propagation in a system of biological tissue and reflectors in transmitted and reflected light.The paper substantiates the choice of the ellipsoidal reflectors’ focal parameter for efficient registration of forward and backscattered light. The methodology of the process is illustrated by the results of a model experiment using the Monte Carlo simulation for samples of human brain white and gray matter at the visible range of 405 nm, 532 nm, and 650 nm. The total transmittance, diffuse reflectance, and absorption graphs depending on the sample thickness were obtained. Based on the introduced concepts of the ellipsoidal reflector efficiency index and its efficiency factor, the expediency of choosing the ellipsoidal reflectors focal parameter is analyzed to ensure the registration of the maximum amount of scattered light. The graphs of efficiency index in reflected and transmitted light for different thickness samples of white and gray matter and efficiency factors depending on the sample thickness were obtained.The influence of the reflectors ellipticity on the illuminance of various zones of photometric images using the example of an absorbing biological medium – pig liver tissue – at wavelength of 405 nm with a Monte Carlo simulation was analyzed.The optical properties of biological media (scattering and absorption coefficients, scattering anisotropy factor, refractive index) and the samples’ geometric dimensions, particularly the thickness, are predetermined when choosing the ellipsoidal reflectors parameters for registration of the scattered light. Coordinates of the output of photons and their statistical weight obtained in the Monte Carlo simulation of light propagation in biological tissue have a physical effect on a characteristic scattering spot formation in the receiving plane of a biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors.
{"title":"Rationale for the Choice of the Ellipsoidal Reflector Parameters for Biomedical Photometers","authors":"N. Bezuglaya, A. A. Haponiuk, D. Bondariev, S. Poluectov, V. Chornyi, M. Bezuglyi","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-259-271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-4-259-271","url":null,"abstract":"Biomedical photometersʼ information-measuring systems with ellipsoidal reflectors have acceptable results in determining of biological tissues optical properties in the visible and near-infrared spectral range. These photometers make it possible to study the optical radiation propagation in turbid media for direct and inverse problems of light-scattering optics. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the ellipsoidal reflectors design parameters on the results of biomedical photometry when simulating the optical radiation propagation in a system of biological tissue and reflectors in transmitted and reflected light.The paper substantiates the choice of the ellipsoidal reflectors’ focal parameter for efficient registration of forward and backscattered light. The methodology of the process is illustrated by the results of a model experiment using the Monte Carlo simulation for samples of human brain white and gray matter at the visible range of 405 nm, 532 nm, and 650 nm. The total transmittance, diffuse reflectance, and absorption graphs depending on the sample thickness were obtained. Based on the introduced concepts of the ellipsoidal reflector efficiency index and its efficiency factor, the expediency of choosing the ellipsoidal reflectors focal parameter is analyzed to ensure the registration of the maximum amount of scattered light. The graphs of efficiency index in reflected and transmitted light for different thickness samples of white and gray matter and efficiency factors depending on the sample thickness were obtained.The influence of the reflectors ellipticity on the illuminance of various zones of photometric images using the example of an absorbing biological medium – pig liver tissue – at wavelength of 405 nm with a Monte Carlo simulation was analyzed.The optical properties of biological media (scattering and absorption coefficients, scattering anisotropy factor, refractive index) and the samples’ geometric dimensions, particularly the thickness, are predetermined when choosing the ellipsoidal reflectors parameters for registration of the scattered light. Coordinates of the output of photons and their statistical weight obtained in the Monte Carlo simulation of light propagation in biological tissue have a physical effect on a characteristic scattering spot formation in the receiving plane of a biomedical photometer with ellipsoidal reflectors.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81969592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-15DOI: 10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-3-202-210
N. Poklonski, I. I. Anikeev, S. A. Vyrko
The study of the electrophysical characteristics of crystalline semiconductors with structural defects is of practical interest in the development of radiation-resistant varactors. The capacitance-voltage characteristics of a disordered semiconductor can be used to determine the concentration of point defects in its crystal matrix. The purpose of this work is to calculate the low-frequency admittance of a capacitor with the working substance “insulator–crystalline semiconductor with point t-defects in charge states (−1), (0) and (+1)–insulator”. A layer of a partially disordered semiconductor with a thickness of 150 μm is separated from the metal plates of the capacitor by insulating layers of polyimide with a thickness of 3 μm. The partially disordered semiconductor of the working substance of the capacitor can be, for example, a highly defective crystalline silicon containing point t-defects randomly (Poissonian) distributed over the crystal in charge states (−1), (0), and (+1), between which single electrons migrate in a hopping manner. It is assumed that the electron hops occur only from t-defects in the charge state (−1) to t-defects in the charge state (0) and from t-defects in the charge state (0) to t-defects in the charge state (+1).In this work, for the first time, the averaging of the hopping diffusion coefficients over all probable electron hopping lengths via t-defects in the charge states (−1), (0) and (0), (+1) in the covalent crystal matrix was carried out. For such an element, the low-frequency admittance and phase shift angle between current and voltage as the functions on the voltage applied to the capacitor electrodes were calculated at the t-defect concentration of 3∙1019 cm−3 for temperatures of 250, 300, and 350 K and at temperature of 300 K for the t-defect concentrations of 1∙1019, 3∙1019, and 1∙1020 cm−3.
{"title":"Low-Frequency Admittance of Capacitor with Working Substance “Insulator–Partially Disordered Semiconductor– Insulator”","authors":"N. Poklonski, I. I. Anikeev, S. A. Vyrko","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-3-202-210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-3-202-210","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the electrophysical characteristics of crystalline semiconductors with structural defects is of practical interest in the development of radiation-resistant varactors. The capacitance-voltage characteristics of a disordered semiconductor can be used to determine the concentration of point defects in its crystal matrix. The purpose of this work is to calculate the low-frequency admittance of a capacitor with the working substance “insulator–crystalline semiconductor with point t-defects in charge states (−1), (0) and (+1)–insulator”. A layer of a partially disordered semiconductor with a thickness of 150 μm is separated from the metal plates of the capacitor by insulating layers of polyimide with a thickness of 3 μm. The partially disordered semiconductor of the working substance of the capacitor can be, for example, a highly defective crystalline silicon containing point t-defects randomly (Poissonian) distributed over the crystal in charge states (−1), (0), and (+1), between which single electrons migrate in a hopping manner. It is assumed that the electron hops occur only from t-defects in the charge state (−1) to t-defects in the charge state (0) and from t-defects in the charge state (0) to t-defects in the charge state (+1).In this work, for the first time, the averaging of the hopping diffusion coefficients over all probable electron hopping lengths via t-defects in the charge states (−1), (0) and (0), (+1) in the covalent crystal matrix was carried out. For such an element, the low-frequency admittance and phase shift angle between current and voltage as the functions on the voltage applied to the capacitor electrodes were calculated at the t-defect concentration of 3∙1019 cm−3 for temperatures of 250, 300, and 350 K and at temperature of 300 K for the t-defect concentrations of 1∙1019, 3∙1019, and 1∙1020 cm−3. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81518799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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