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Hydrogen plasma as a high-efficiency reducing agent for green metallurgy 氢等离子体作为绿色冶金的高效还原剂

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116749

Jie Wen , Xu Wang , Jun Peng , Congren Yang

Against the backdrop of the carbon emission reduction goal, the metal metallurgy industry—primarily reliant on carbon as a reducing agent—faces significant pressure. While numerous studies and projects have explored hydrogen (H₂) as an alternative reducing agent to achieve this goal, its low reducing power fails to meet the required metallurgical demands effectively. As a derivative of H₂, hydrogen plasma (HP) exhibits high reactivity, enabling it to reduce most metal oxides. This paper focuses on comparing H₂ and HP across four metallurgical applications: metal metallurgy, alloy preparation, metal refining and purification, and recovery of valuable metals from waste—highlighting the superior performance of HP in metallurgy. It also summarizes the impacts of existing HP metallurgy process parameters, providing valuable references for larger-scale trials. Additionally, the paper elaborates on representative current hydrogen production technologies, both fossil fuel-based and renewable energy-driven, to learn about the developmental status of hydrogen generation. The findings indicates that the high temperature and reactivity of HP enable it with greater efficiency and operational simplicity compared to H₂ in metallurgy process. For larger-scale trials, the following factors are particularly critical: the balance between input power and feed material, melt flow, and reactor design (especially the plasma torch). Furthermore, Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), process simulation, and artificial intelligence should be leveraged to enhance understanding of HP metallurgy mechanisms.

在碳减排目标的背景下，主要依赖碳作为还原剂的金属冶金行业面临着巨大的压力。虽然许多研究和项目都在探索氢（H2）作为替代还原剂来实现这一目标，但其低还原能力无法有效满足所需的冶金要求。作为H2的衍生物，氢等离子体具有很高的反应活性，可以还原大多数金属氧化物。本文重点比较了H2和HP在金属冶金、合金制备、金属精炼和纯化以及从废物中回收有价金属等四种冶金应用中的应用，突出了HP在冶金领域的优越性能。总结了现有高压冶金工艺参数的影响，为大规模试验提供了有价值的参考。此外，本文还对当前具有代表性的制氢技术进行了阐述，包括基于化石燃料和可再生能源驱动的制氢技术，了解制氢的发展现状。研究结果表明，与H2相比，HP具有较高的温度和反应性，使其具有更高的效率和操作简单性。对于大规模试验，以下因素尤为关键：输入功率和进料之间的平衡、熔体流动和反应器设计（尤其是等离子炬）。此外，应利用光学发射光谱（OES）、过程模拟和人工智能来增强对高压冶金机理的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Study on mitigation strategies for heat load induced by wearing personal protective clothing in high-temperature and high-humidity environments 高温高湿环境下个人防护服热负荷缓解策略研究

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116761

Yan Wang , Fen Yuan , Wanxiang Yao , Guoqing Yang , Lilu Zhang , Changyuan Wang

With global warming, the impact of high-temperature and high-humidity environments on human heat load has become increasingly significant, particularly in working scenarios requiring personal protective clothing. This study aims to review heat load issues induced by protective clothing and to explore various mitigation strategies along with recent research advancements, providing a scientific foundation for relevant fields. By systematically reviewing and analyzing pertinent literature, this paper proposes a multidimensional mitigation model for protective clothing heat load and develops a comparative framework for various mitigation strategies. The research encompasses multiple aspects, including optimization of protective clothing fabrics and structural designs, the application of microclimate cooling systems, and other auxiliary mitigation measures, comprehensively addressing the characteristics of different approaches, application contexts, and diverse human thermal comfort requirements. The findings indicate that optimizing the fabrics and structural designs of protective clothing, developing efficient microclimate cooling systems, and incorporating auxiliary measures significantly enhance the internal microenvironment of protective clothing, reduce heat load, and improve thermal comfort. Nevertheless, current solutions present limitations such as high material costs, limited cooling effectiveness, and heavy equipment weight. This study provides systematic theoretical support and practical guidelines for mitigating heat load in protective clothing. Future research should concentrate on intelligent fabrics and adaptive controls, unidirectional moisture transfer technologies, and localized heat and humidity management. Such efforts will contribute to the development of more efficient, comfortable, and cost-effective protective equipment, ultimately providing superior protection for workers operating in extreme environments and thereby enhancing their work efficiency and quality of life.

随着全球变暖，高温高湿环境对人体热负荷的影响日益显著，特别是在需要个人防护服的工作场景中。本研究旨在回顾防护服引起的热负荷问题，并结合最新研究进展探讨各种缓解策略，为相关领域提供科学依据。通过系统地回顾和分析相关文献，本文提出了防护服热负荷的多维缓解模型，并开发了各种缓解策略的比较框架。研究内容涉及防护服面料和结构设计优化、微气候冷却系统应用以及其他辅助缓解措施等多个方面，综合解决不同方法的特点、应用环境和不同人体热舒适需求。研究结果表明，优化防护服面料和结构设计，开发高效的微气候冷却系统，并结合辅助措施，可显著改善防护服内部微环境，降低热负荷，提高热舒适性。然而，目前的解决方案存在一些局限性，如材料成本高，冷却效率有限，设备重量大。本研究为减轻防护服热负荷提供了系统的理论支持和实践指导。未来的研究应该集中在智能织物和自适应控制、单向水分转移技术和局部热湿度管理上。这些努力将有助于开发更高效、更舒适、更具成本效益的防护设备，最终为在极端环境下作业的工人提供更好的保护，从而提高他们的工作效率和生活质量。

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引用次数: 0

Tailoring the interface engineering of the catalysts-membrane electrode assembly for advanced hydrogen fuel cells 为先进的氢燃料电池定制催化剂-膜电极组件的界面工程

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116741

Bolong Yang , Yinzhang Pi , Linkai Han , Junfei Peng , Zhansheng Wu

Enhancing both the intrinsic activity of catalysts and the apparent activity of the catalytic layer within the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is pivotal for improving the power density and cycling longevity of hydrogen fuel cells. However, major challenges remain in the precise construction of catalytic active sites, full exposure of these sites, and effective reduction of mass transport resistance at the electrode interfaces. This review provides a systematic overview of catalyst and catalytic layer design strategies for advanced hydrogen fuel cells. We begin by outlining the fundamental working principles of fuel cells, with a particular focus on the mechanisms of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). We then comprehensively summarize cutting-edge strategies in catalyst design, including metal-free catalysts, metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N_x-C) catalysts, metal compound electrocatalysts, and pyrolysis-free covalent organic polymer (COP)-based catalysts. Furthermore, we explore advanced construction strategies for self-supporting catalytic layers, such as templating methods, electrospinning, and 3D printing. The review also delves into mechanistic investigation techniques crucial for boosting membrane electrode performance, encompassing theoretical calculations, data-driven machine learning, atomic-scale characterization, and in situ monitoring. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future research directions in this field, aiming to guide the development of next-generation high-performance fuel cells.

提高膜电极组件（MEA）内催化剂的内在活性和催化层的表观活性是提高氢燃料电池功率密度和循环寿命的关键。然而，主要的挑战仍然是催化活性位点的精确构建，这些位点的充分暴露，以及有效降低电极界面的质量传递阻力。本文对先进氢燃料电池的催化剂和催化层设计策略进行了系统的综述。我们首先概述燃料电池的基本工作原理，特别关注氧还原反应（ORR）的机制。然后，我们全面总结了催化剂设计的前沿策略，包括无金属催化剂、金属-氮-碳（M-Nx-C）催化剂、金属化合物电催化剂和无热解共价有机聚合物（COP）催化剂。此外，我们探索了自支撑催化层的先进构建策略，如模板法、静电纺丝法和3D打印法。该综述还深入探讨了提高膜电极性能的关键机制研究技术，包括理论计算、数据驱动的机器学习、原子尺度表征和原位监测。最后，讨论了该领域当前面临的挑战和未来的研究方向，旨在指导下一代高性能燃料电池的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Catalyst engineering for CO2/CO conversion to sustainable aviation fuels: Pathway regulation and selectivity enhancement 二氧化碳/一氧化碳转化为可持续航空燃料的催化剂工程：途径调节和选择性增强

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116736

Dong Liang, Guoqiang Wang, Haoning Cui, Shanshan Li, KaiXin Wang, Xiaojun Lv

The conversion of CO₂/CO mixtures into sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) offers a promising carbon-neutral route for decarbonizing the aviation sector. Thermocatalytic approaches such as reverse water–gas shift (RWGS) coupled with Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) or direct CO₂ hydrogenation have demonstrated significant potential for producing hydrocarbons within the jet fuel range (C₈-C₁₆), including olefins, monocyclic aromatics, and isoparaffins. However, selectivity toward jet fuel precursors remains a key challenge due to competing intermediates and reaction complexity. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in catalyst design strategies aimed at improving SAF precursor selectivity. We highlight component engineering, defect generation (oxygen vacancies), acidity modulation, phase control, and bifunctional synergy between metal oxides and zeolites. For instance, tailoring Brønsted/Lewis acid site distributions and pore architectures in ZSM-5 or SAPO-based zeolites enables selective formation of C₈-C₁₂ aromatics and light olefins. Strategies such as metal doping and spatial confinement are also emphasized for enhancing intermediate coupling and conversion. We further discuss pathway-dependent mechanisms and how catalyst features impact CO₂/CO hydrogenation efficiency, including RWGS kinetics, ASF distribution limits, and methanol/olefin/aromatic coupling. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective on integrating catalytic optimization with reactor design, in situ characterization, and techno-economic evaluation to accelerate practical deployment of SAF production from renewable CO₂/CO.

将CO2/CO混合物转化为可持续航空燃料（SAFs）为航空业脱碳提供了一条有前途的碳中和途径。热催化方法，如逆水气转换（RWGS）与费托合成（FTS）或直接二氧化碳加氢相结合，已经证明了在喷气燃料范围（C8-C16）内生产碳氢化合物的巨大潜力，包括烯烃、单环芳烃和异烷烃。然而，由于中间体的竞争和反应的复杂性，对喷气燃料前体的选择性仍然是一个关键的挑战。本文系统地综述了旨在提高SAF前驱体选择性的催化剂设计策略的最新进展。我们强调了组件工程、缺陷产生（氧空位）、酸度调节、相控制以及金属氧化物和沸石之间的双功能协同作用。例如，在ZSM-5或sapo基沸石中调整Brønsted/Lewis酸位分布和孔隙结构，可以选择性地形成C8-C12芳烃和轻烯烃。强调了金属掺杂和空间约束等策略来增强中间耦合和转换。我们进一步讨论了途径依赖机制以及催化剂特性如何影响CO2/CO加氢效率，包括RWGS动力学、ASF分布极限和甲醇/烯烃/芳烃偶联。本文总结了将催化优化与反应器设计、现场表征和技术经济评估相结合的前瞻性观点，以加速从可再生CO2/CO生产SAF的实际部署。

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引用次数: 0

Harnessing microalgae from wastewater for biocrude via hydrothermal Liquefaction: A sustainable pathway to biofuels and biochemicals 通过水热液化从废水中利用微藻生产生物原油：生物燃料和生物化学的可持续途径

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116759

Ramachandran Sivaramakrishnan , Sandeep Kumar , Hemen Hosseinzadeh , Venkatesh Balan

The search for renewable alternatives has turned attention to microalgae, which grow rapidly, achieve high biomass productivity, and accumulate substantial lipids. Unlike terrestrial feedstocks such as corn or sugarcane, microalgae can be cultivated on non-arable land using saline or wastewater streams, avoiding competition with food supplies. Wastewater cultivation is particularly compelling because municipal and agricultural effluents supply nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon, while algal growth removes excess nutrients that would otherwise drive eutrophication; reported removal efficiencies often exceed 90 % under optimized conditions. Algal–bacterial consortia further enhance performance by generating oxygen through photosynthesis and capturing CO₂, thereby lowering aeration costs. The major challenge lies not in cultivation but in conversion. Drying biomass is energy-intensive, whereas hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) transforms wet algal slurries directly into biocrude at 250–350 °C and 10–20 MPa. Typical yields range from 30 to 50 % of dry weight, with an energy density of 38–41 MJ/kg, along with nutrient-rich aqueous fractions, gases, and char that can be recycled. Key barriers remain in lowering oxygen and nitrogen content, scaling reactors, and reducing upgrading costs. This review evaluates the integration of wastewater-based algal cultivation with HTL for renewable fuel production, examining wastewater characteristics, cultivation strategies, biomass yields, HTL fundamentals and process advances, product upgrading, and techno-economic and environmental aspects. By linking wastewater remediation with biofuel production, the review highlights opportunities for nutrient recycling, greenhouse gas mitigation, and circular-economy applications, while identifying the technical gaps that must be addressed for practical deployment.

寻找可再生替代品已将注意力转向微藻，它们生长迅速，实现高生物量生产力，并积累大量脂质。与玉米或甘蔗等陆地原料不同，微藻可以在非耕地上种植，利用盐水或废水流，避免与粮食供应竞争。废水培养尤其引人注目，因为城市和农业废水提供氮、磷和有机碳，而藻类生长去除多余的营养物质，否则会导致富营养化；据报道，在优化条件下，去除效率通常超过90%。藻类-细菌联合体通过光合作用产生氧气和捕获二氧化碳进一步提高性能，从而降低曝气成本。主要的挑战不在于栽培，而在于转化。干燥生物质是能源密集型的，而水热液化（HTL）在250-350°C和10-20 MPa下将湿藻浆直接转化为生物原油。典型的产率范围为干重的30 - 50%，能量密度为38-41 MJ/kg，以及可循环利用的富含营养的水馏分、气体和炭。关键的障碍仍然是降低氧和氮含量，结垢反应器和降低升级成本。本文综述了将废水藻类培养与HTL相结合用于可再生燃料生产的研究，研究了废水特性、培养策略、生物质产量、HTL基础和工艺进展、产品升级以及技术经济和环境方面的问题。通过将废水修复与生物燃料生产联系起来，该综述强调了养分回收、温室气体减排和循环经济应用的机会，同时确定了为实际部署必须解决的技术差距。

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引用次数: 0

Toward resilient ceramic anion exchange membranes for sustainable microbial fuel cells: Challenges and strategies 面向可持续微生物燃料电池的弹性陶瓷阴离子交换膜：挑战与策略

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116744

Siti Nur Afifi Ahmad , Juhana Jaafar , Naoko Yoshida , Ahmad Fauzi Ismail , Farhana Aziz , Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh , Azuan Abdul Latif , Ahmad Nazri Saidin , Muhammad Izzal Ismail , Mohd Akmali Mokhter , Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman , Mukhlis A Rahman

Ceramic anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are being explored as cost-effective and resilient alternatives to polymeric membranes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), offering superior chemical stability in harsh wastewater environments. The single-chamber air-cathode (SCAC) design provides a compact, low-maintenance platform for simultaneous bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment, with ceramic AEMs enhancing robustness against alkaline and fouling stresses. However, their specific challenges in SCAC-MFCs remain underexplored. This review addresses that gap by systematically analyzing obstacles to uninterrupted reactant supply, complete redox reactions, and sustainable power output in MFCs treating high-strength agro-industrial wastewater. Moving beyond conventional summaries, this review adopts a mechanism-driven and application-oriented framework that explicitly links fundamental challenges—spanning ion-transport limitations, electrochemical instability, hydration management, CO₂ contamination, biofouling–mineral scaling, and fabrication and manufacturing constraints—to their direct impacts on SCAC-MFC performance, as well as to targeted mitigation strategies and deployment-oriented future directions. By situating these insights within the broader context of wastewater-to-energy conversion, this review underscores the potential of ceramic AEMs as durable, scalable, and sustainable enablers of next-generation bioelectrochemical technologies.

陶瓷阴离子交换膜（AEMs）是微生物燃料电池（mfc）中具有成本效益和弹性的聚合物膜的替代品，在恶劣的废水环境中具有优越的化学稳定性。单室空气阴极（SCAC）设计为同时进行生物发电和废水处理提供了一个紧凑，低维护的平台，陶瓷AEMs增强了对碱性和污垢应力的稳健性。然而，他们在scac - mfc中的具体挑战仍未得到充分探讨。本文通过系统分析mfc处理高强度农用工业废水中不间断反应物供应、完整氧化还原反应和可持续电力输出的障碍，解决了这一差距。超越传统的总结，本综述采用了一个机制驱动和面向应用的框架，明确地将基本挑战（跨越离子传输限制、电化学不稳定性、水化管理、二氧化碳污染、生物污染、矿物结垢、制造和制造限制）与它们对SCAC-MFC性能的直接影响，以及有针对性的缓解策略和面向部署的未来方向联系起来。通过将这些见解置于废水转化为能源的更广泛背景下，本综述强调了陶瓷AEMs作为下一代生物电化学技术的耐用、可扩展和可持续的推动者的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

From source to storage: An extensive review of hydrogen production, purification and storage for modern energy applications 从源头到储存：对现代能源应用中氢气的生产、净化和储存进行了广泛的回顾

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116755

Abhranil Mitra , Sudarshan Gnanavendan , Avrok Ghosh , Akshit Shahi , Vinod Kumar Sharma , Shweta B. Thomas , Benedict Thomas

The future of clean energy hinges on efficient and safe hydrogen storage, with high-pressure technologies playing a pivotal role. This extensive review delves into the various methods of storing hydrogen at high pressures with a critical assessment of their advantages and limitations. It covers the widely employed compressed gaseous hydrogen to the cutting-edge metal hydride technologies. The different high-pressure storage tanks like Type I-cylinder; Type II-cylinder; Type III-cylinder; Type IV-cylinder and the new Type V-cylinder are discussed in detail. In each type, the pros and cons are highlighted and the difference between applications between each type is enumerated. By systematically comparing these technologies, the review equips researchers with the knowledge needed to identify the optimal storage solution for their specific application. Additionally, it highlights the key challenges associated with these advanced storage systems, equipping researchers with the foresight needed to overcome them. The review concludes by promising research directions in high-pressure hydrogen storage, paving the way for a sustainable and efficient hydrogen economy.

清洁能源的未来取决于高效、安全的储氢技术，高压技术将发挥关键作用。这篇广泛的综述深入探讨了在高压下储存氢的各种方法，并对它们的优点和局限性进行了关键的评估。它涵盖了广泛应用的压缩气体氢到尖端的金属氢化物技术。不同的高压储罐如i型气缸；类型II-cylinder;类型III-cylinder;详细讨论了iv型气缸和新型v型气缸。在每种类型中，突出显示了优点和缺点，并列举了每种类型之间应用程序之间的差异。通过系统地比较这些技术，该综述为研究人员提供了为其特定应用确定最佳存储解决方案所需的知识。此外，它还强调了与这些先进存储系统相关的关键挑战，为研究人员提供了克服这些挑战所需的远见。总结了高压储氢的研究方向，为可持续和高效的氢经济铺平了道路。

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引用次数: 0

Reinforcement learning as a control layer for electric vehicle interaction with multi-energy systems: A comprehensive review 强化学习作为电动汽车与多能系统交互的控制层：综述

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116733

Anis ur Rehman

The shift toward sustainable transport and renewable energy has transformed electric vehicles (EVs) from passive loads into active components within integrated energy systems. Their interaction with batteries, charging networks, renewables, and grid services introduces complex uncertainties that conventional methods struggle to manage. In response to these complex and uncertain dynamics, reinforcement learning (RL) is emerging as a powerful adaptive control approach, and this review surveys current peer-reviewed research on its applications within the evolving energy-mobility ecosystem. It systematically examines: (i) EV powertrains and on-board energy management, (ii) hybrid energy storage systems combining batteries and supercapacitors, (iii) charging infrastructure including fast-charging hubs and battery swapping stations, (iv) vehicle-to-grid operations, (v) fleet-level scheduling and mobility services, (vi) microgrids and distributed energy systems, (vii) renewable energy integration, and (viii) resilience and stability of coupled multi-energy systems. The review identifies persistent challenges, including the reliance on simplified models, limited hardware-in-the-loop or real-vehicle validation, the computational intensity of deep RL, the sensitivity to reward design, and the safety risks in real-world deployment. To address these gaps, the review outlines future research directions including physics-informed and degradation-aware RL, hybrid RL-optimization for scalable decision-making, federated and multi-agent learning for large-scale coordination, and uncertainty-aware, explainable policies. It also proposes cross-domain reward functions to capture battery degradation and thermal dynamics, and emphasizes the urgent need for hardware validation to bridge simulation and real-world application.

向可持续交通和可再生能源的转变使电动汽车（ev）从被动负载转变为综合能源系统中的主动组件。它们与电池、充电网络、可再生能源和电网服务的相互作用引入了传统方法难以管理的复杂不确定性。为了应对这些复杂和不确定的动态，强化学习（RL）正在成为一种强大的自适应控制方法，本文综述了目前在不断发展的能量流动生态系统中对其应用的同行评审研究。它系统地检查了：(i)电动汽车动力系统和车载能源管理，（ii）结合电池和超级电容器的混合能源存储系统，（iii）充电基础设施，包括快速充电中心和电池交换站，（iv）车辆到电网的操作，(v)车队级调度和移动服务，（vi）微电网和分布式能源系统，（vii）可再生能源集成，以及（viii）耦合多能系统的弹性和稳定性。该评估指出了持续存在的挑战，包括对简化模型的依赖、有限的硬件在环或真实车辆验证、深度强化学习的计算强度、对奖励设计的敏感性以及实际部署中的安全风险。为了解决这些差距，该综述概述了未来的研究方向，包括物理信息和退化感知强化学习，可扩展决策的混合强化学习优化，大规模协调的联合和多智能体学习，以及不确定性感知，可解释的策略。它还提出了跨域奖励函数来捕捉电池退化和热动力学，并强调迫切需要硬件验证来连接仿真和实际应用。

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引用次数: 0

Diversifying power: Impact of political gender diversity on renewable energy supply chain vulnerability 权力多元化：政治性别多样性对可再生能源供应链脆弱性的影响

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116737

Xiaohang Ren , Ruofan Tan , Miaomiao Tao

We examine the relationship between political gender diversity and the vulnerability of renewable energy supply chains. Using a country-product panel dataset covering 61 countries from 2000 to 2023, we document several new empirical insights. First, baseline estimations reveal that greater political gender diversity significantly reduces renewable energy supply chain vulnerability, with each one-unit increase associated with an average decline of 5.8 %. Second, this effect is moderated by women's educational attainment, female labor force participation, and the level of democracy. In countries where these factors are high, inclusive gender governance exhibits a markedly stronger mitigating effect. Finally, heterogeneity analyses indicate that the positive effect of political gender diversity is concentrated in high-income economies, whereas the association turns negative in low-income countries. Notably, in countries adopting voluntary or candidate quotas, political gender diversity contributes to reducing supply chain vulnerability, with the effect being stronger under voluntary quota systems. In contrast, in countries with reserved seat quotas, political gender diversity actually increases the vulnerability of renewable energy supply chains. These results underscore the broader role of inclusive political frameworks in enhancing energy security, providing policymakers with actionable insights as they navigate the challenges of a fragmented and volatile global energy landscape.

我们研究了政治性别多样性与可再生能源供应链脆弱性之间的关系。使用涵盖2000年至2023年61个国家的国家-产品面板数据集，我们记录了一些新的实证见解。首先，基线估计显示，更大的政治性别多样性显著降低了可再生能源供应链的脆弱性，每增加一个单位，平均下降5.8%。其次，这种影响受到女性受教育程度、女性劳动力参与率和民主程度的调节。在这些因素较高的国家，包容性性别治理表现出明显更强的缓解效果。最后，异质性分析表明，政治性别多样性的积极影响主要集中在高收入经济体，而在低收入国家则变为负相关。值得注意的是，在采用自愿配额或候选人配额的国家，政治性别多样性有助于减少供应链脆弱性，在自愿配额制度下效果更强。相反，在保留席位配额的国家，政治性别多样性实际上增加了可再生能源供应链的脆弱性。这些结果强调了包容性政治框架在加强能源安全方面的更广泛作用，为政策制定者提供了可行的见解，帮助他们应对分散和不稳定的全球能源格局的挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrogen storage in carbon materials: A review of mechanisms, performance, and optimization strategies 碳材料中的储氢：机制、性能和优化策略综述

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116751

Lina Alharthi , Khalid Hazazi , Amer Alanazi, Ameerah Bokhari

Hydrogen storage is a critical component in the energy transition to a net zero economy; hydrogen storage in porous carbon materials presents a viable route for achieving safe, efficient, and reversible hydrogen storage. Carbon-based materials have gained significant interest due to their lightweight nature, tunable surface properties, and cost-effectiveness. This review examines the mechanisms of hydrogen storage in carbon-based materials, focusing on both chemical and physical methods, with particular attention to gas-to-solid adsorption. The paper explores fundamental interactions—physisorption, chemisorption, Kubas interaction, and the spillover effect—governing hydrogen uptake at the molecular level, with emphasis on hybrid systems where porous carbon frameworks provide physisorption capacity while metal sites introduce Kubas-type or spillover binding that enhances overall hydrogen uptake. Key carbon forms including graphite, graphene, fullerenes, nanotubes, and amorphous carbon are evaluated in terms of hydrogen affinity and capacity. A core issue is the absence of standardized testing protocols across different isotopes; future research should prioritize the development of unified testing standards and scalable synthesis strategies to bridge the gap. Performance metrics such as BET surface area, pore structure, and surface functionalization are analyzed in relation to synthesis parameters, including activation temperature, chemical treatment, mechanical milling, catalyst incorporation, and nonmetal doping. Despite notable advancements, achieving high storage densities under ambient conditions remains challenging. The review emphasizes that optimizing both physical and chemical properties is essential for advancing carbon materials as scalable hydrogen storage media.

氢储存是能源向净零经济转型的关键组成部分；多孔碳材料储氢是实现安全、高效、可逆储氢的可行途径。碳基材料由于其轻质、可调的表面特性和成本效益而获得了极大的兴趣。本文综述了碳基材料储氢的机理，重点介绍了化学和物理方法，特别关注了气固吸附。本文探讨了在分子水平上控制吸氢的基本相互作用——物理吸附、化学吸附、库巴斯相互作用和溢出效应，重点介绍了混合体系，其中多孔碳框架提供物理吸附能力，而金属位点引入库巴斯型或溢出结合，增强了整体吸氢能力。主要的碳形式包括石墨、石墨烯、富勒烯、纳米管和非晶碳，根据氢亲和能力进行评估。一个核心问题是缺乏针对不同同位素的标准化测试方案；未来的研究应优先发展统一的测试标准和可扩展的综合战略，以弥合差距。性能指标如BET表面积、孔隙结构和表面功能化分析与合成参数的关系，包括活化温度、化学处理、机械铣削、催化剂掺入和非金属掺杂。尽管取得了显著的进步，但在环境条件下实现高存储密度仍然具有挑战性。该综述强调，优化物理和化学性质对于推进碳材料作为可扩展的储氢介质至关重要。

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