Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115043
Jonathan Poh , Hendrik Tjiawi , Anurag Chidire , Balaganesha Balasubramaniam Veerasamy , Tobias Massier , Alessandro Romagnoli , Wei Wu , Dazhao Lu , Jian Wei Mark Lim , Lizhong Yang , Khiok Eng Cliff Chuah
Global geothermal energy utilisation for power generation and direct-use applications have increased over the past 25 years, with Asia having the fastest growth in direct-use applications, which suggests a high demand for geothermal resources in Asia. This review seeks to fill a critical gap in the existing literature on geothermal development in South, Southeast and East Asia. It covers geological background, government policy, technological advancement, and socio-economic factors. This review also provides each country’s current state of geothermal energy usage and insights into the respective government plans and initiatives to maintain and increase geothermal energy utilisation. The countries have been categorised into low- and high-temperature resource countries and their main geothermal heat utilisations have been identified. Countries trying to increase geothermal energy in their energy portfolios should continue to explore geothermal resources and to develop a pool of local expertise to be rightly positioned to adopt these emerging technologies.
{"title":"Geothermal development in South, Southeast and East Asia: A review","authors":"Jonathan Poh , Hendrik Tjiawi , Anurag Chidire , Balaganesha Balasubramaniam Veerasamy , Tobias Massier , Alessandro Romagnoli , Wei Wu , Dazhao Lu , Jian Wei Mark Lim , Lizhong Yang , Khiok Eng Cliff Chuah","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global geothermal energy utilisation for power generation and direct-use applications have increased over the past 25 years, with Asia having the fastest growth in direct-use applications, which suggests a high demand for geothermal resources in Asia. This review seeks to fill a critical gap in the existing literature on geothermal development in South, Southeast and East Asia. It covers geological background, government policy, technological advancement, and socio-economic factors. This review also provides each country’s current state of geothermal energy usage and insights into the respective government plans and initiatives to maintain and increase geothermal energy utilisation. The countries have been categorised into low- and high-temperature resource countries and their main geothermal heat utilisations have been identified. Countries trying to increase geothermal energy in their energy portfolios should continue to explore geothermal resources and to develop a pool of local expertise to be rightly positioned to adopt these emerging technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115043"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115068
Michael Cary
In this study I show that even though the United States (US) did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol, it still largely behaved like a nation with a binding emissions target under the Kyoto Protocol. This is determined by running two sets of synthetic controls models — one using a sample comprised of nations that set a binding emissions target under the Kyoto Protocol, and one using a sample of nations that did not set a binding emissions target. With the exception of methane emissions, the emissions profile of the US resembles its counterparts who did set a binding emissions target. Thus, the US effectively reduced greenhouse emissions similarly to nations that set binding emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol, but, by opting for natural gas, the US would not experience the same level of public health gains associated with reducing emissions. Given this, the primary implication for future climate policy is that, on the margin, ratifying a binding emissions target is the better choice for the potential signatory as it leads to a more fully internalized externality.
{"title":"Post-Kyoto emissions in the United States","authors":"Michael Cary","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study I show that even though the United States (US) did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol, it still largely behaved like a nation with a binding emissions target under the Kyoto Protocol. This is determined by running two sets of synthetic controls models — one using a sample comprised of nations that set a binding emissions target under the Kyoto Protocol, and one using a sample of nations that did not set a binding emissions target. With the exception of methane emissions, the emissions profile of the US resembles its counterparts who did set a binding emissions target. Thus, the US effectively reduced greenhouse emissions similarly to nations that set binding emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol, but, by opting for natural gas, the US would not experience the same level of public health gains associated with reducing emissions. Given this, the primary implication for future climate policy is that, on the margin, ratifying a binding emissions target is the better choice for the potential signatory as it leads to a more fully internalized externality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115068"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115101
Xiaoyan Wang , Suzhe Liang , Ya-Jun Cheng , Yonggao Xia , Peter Müller-Buschbaum
Rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) is regarded as one of the most promising electrode candidates for various rechargeable ion batteries applied in large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) and electronic vehicles (EVs) due to its great cycling stability, high safety, and natural abundance. However, its poor electronic and ionic conductivities are the biggest obstacles on the way towards practical applications. In the past decades, four mainstream optimizing strategies were proposed to alleviate this issue, including constructing nanostructures, compositing with highly conductive materials, creating dual-phase interfaces, and introducing defects. Based on these strategies, a large number of rutile TiO2-based electrode materials were developed and gained good electrochemical performance for various rechargeable ion batteries. In this review, we retrospect the development pathway of TiO2-based electrode materials from the theoretical studies at the very beginning to today’s prosperity in material diversity. With a unique chronological perspective, the general and detailed evolution trends of rutile TiO2 electrode materials with different optimizing strategies are summarized. It is expected that this review can provide not only a complete overview of the development history of rutile TiO2 electrode materials but also a spotlight for the future trends of this promising electrode material towards practical applications.
{"title":"Rutile TiO2's odyssey into the post-lithium ion battery horizon","authors":"Xiaoyan Wang , Suzhe Liang , Ya-Jun Cheng , Yonggao Xia , Peter Müller-Buschbaum","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115101","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rutile titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) is regarded as one of the most promising electrode candidates for various rechargeable ion batteries applied in large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) and electronic vehicles (EVs) due to its great cycling stability, high safety, and natural abundance. However, its poor electronic and ionic conductivities are the biggest obstacles on the way towards practical applications. In the past decades, four mainstream optimizing strategies were proposed to alleviate this issue, including constructing nanostructures, compositing with highly conductive materials, creating dual-phase interfaces, and introducing defects. Based on these strategies, a large number of rutile TiO<sub>2</sub>-based electrode materials were developed and gained good electrochemical performance for various rechargeable ion batteries. In this review, we retrospect the development pathway of TiO<sub>2</sub>-based electrode materials from the theoretical studies at the very beginning to today’s prosperity in material diversity. With a unique chronological perspective, the general and detailed evolution trends of rutile TiO<sub>2</sub> electrode materials with different optimizing strategies are summarized. It is expected that this review can provide not only a complete overview of the development history of rutile TiO<sub>2</sub> electrode materials but also a spotlight for the future trends of this promising electrode material towards practical applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115101"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Battery thermal management (BTM) is pivotal for enhancing the performance, efficiency, and safety of electric vehicles (EVs). This study explores various cooling techniques and their impacts on EV battery optimization. Improved materials aid in heat dissipation enhancement. Computational models and simulation tools are utilized for BTM in EVs. Results reveal diverse temperature regulation outcomes, emphasizing the significance of cycle rate optimization for sustained battery performance and longevity. Active cooling maintains temperatures between 24.72 °C and 39.84 °C, showcasing effective control within a moderate range. Passive cooling exhibits a slightly broader range (25.83 °C to 41.91 °C), while phase change material (PCM) cooling displays versatility but challenges in precise temperature control (21.55 °C to 49.56 °C). Thermoelectric cooling mirrors active cooling's effectiveness within a moderate span (24.09 °C to 41.81 °C). Hybrid cooling achieves regulation comparable to active and thermoelectric methods (24.36 °C to 42.09 °C), indicating its efficacy in maintaining optimal battery temperatures. These findings underscore the importance of BTM advancement in facilitating EV adoption and success. This study supports the UN SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and is also aligned with the targets of Paris Agreement emissions i.e. net zero by 2050.
{"title":"Advancements and challenges in battery thermal management for electric vehicles","authors":"Manisha , Sumit Tiwari , Ravinder Kumar Sahdev , Deepak Chhabra , Meena Kumari , Arshad Ali , Ravin Sehrawat , Prabhakar Tiwari","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Battery thermal management (BTM) is pivotal for enhancing the performance, efficiency, and safety of electric vehicles (EVs). This study explores various cooling techniques and their impacts on EV battery optimization. Improved materials aid in heat dissipation enhancement. Computational models and simulation tools are utilized for BTM in EVs. Results reveal diverse temperature regulation outcomes, emphasizing the significance of cycle rate optimization for sustained battery performance and longevity. Active cooling maintains temperatures between 24.72 °C and 39.84 °C, showcasing effective control within a moderate range. Passive cooling exhibits a slightly broader range (25.83 °C to 41.91 °C), while phase change material (PCM) cooling displays versatility but challenges in precise temperature control (21.55 °C to 49.56 °C). Thermoelectric cooling mirrors active cooling's effectiveness within a moderate span (24.09 °C to 41.81 °C). Hybrid cooling achieves regulation comparable to active and thermoelectric methods (24.36 °C to 42.09 °C), indicating its efficacy in maintaining optimal battery temperatures. These findings underscore the importance of BTM advancement in facilitating EV adoption and success. This study supports the UN SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and is also aligned with the targets of Paris Agreement emissions i.e. net zero by 2050.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115089"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-12DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115086
Tapio Ranta, Antti Karhunen, Mika Laihanen
District heating is the most common form of heating in Finland. In 2020, approximately 45 % of the heating energy in residential and service buildings in Finland was produced by district heating. The use of biomass has doubled, and waste heat tripled in the 2010s as they have replaced fossil fuels and peat. This study examined how the use of fuels and other variables have affected the price of district heating. The price of district heating varies widely between different companies, which is assumed to depend mostly on the fuel options. The arithmetic average of district heating companies' taxable sales price of district heat in January 1, 2023 was 91.2 €/MWh. This price was for an apartment building customer, who is the most typical district heating customer. The cheapest district heating was produced with wastes and with peat and the most expensive with fossils and pellets. The study found that the price of district heating varies widely between different companies (52.8–137.5 €/MWh). At its largest, the price difference for average fuel-specific category prices was 16 % (13.6 €/MWh). The price difference compared to fossil fuels has increased with the energy crisis. The price of wood fuels has also risen, as their use has increased, and Russian imports have ended. Therefore, the higher average price of the fossil fuel category was expected, together with higher taxation and price of emission allowances.
{"title":"The effect of fuels and other variables on the price of district heating in Finland","authors":"Tapio Ranta, Antti Karhunen, Mika Laihanen","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>District heating is the most common form of heating in Finland. In 2020, approximately 45 % of the heating energy in residential and service buildings in Finland was produced by district heating. The use of biomass has doubled, and waste heat tripled in the 2010s as they have replaced fossil fuels and peat. This study examined how the use of fuels and other variables have affected the price of district heating. The price of district heating varies widely between different companies, which is assumed to depend mostly on the fuel options. The arithmetic average of district heating companies' taxable sales price of district heat in January 1, 2023 was 91.2 €/MWh. This price was for an apartment building customer, who is the most typical district heating customer. The cheapest district heating was produced with wastes and with peat and the most expensive with fossils and pellets. The study found that the price of district heating varies widely between different companies (52.8–137.5 €/MWh). At its largest, the price difference for average fuel-specific category prices was 16 % (13.6 €/MWh). The price difference compared to fossil fuels has increased with the energy crisis. The price of wood fuels has also risen, as their use has increased, and Russian imports have ended. Therefore, the higher average price of the fossil fuel category was expected, together with higher taxation and price of emission allowances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115086"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115088
Savisha Mahalingam , Abreeza Manap , Kam Sheng Lau , Ramisha Rabeya , Chin Hua Chia , Kai Xue , Puvaneswaran Chelvanathan
Fundamental operational principles of photoanode-based-dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) remain elusive. The modification in photoanodes affects the overall DSSC performance due to the behavioral changes in charge transport. In this work, we control the precursor concentrations to fabricate a boron-reduced graphene oxide (B-rGO) series with varied amounts of photoanodes. The DSSC incorporating 0.2 wt% B-rGO exhibits the highest efficiency and EQE, surpassing both lower and higher B-rGO concentrations. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals the lowest charge transfer resistance for the 0.2 wt% B-rGO DSSC, suggesting suppressed recombination processes. However, the observed trend in electron lifetime (longest for the reference DSSC and decreasing with B-rGO concentration) suggests the potential introduction of electron trapping sites even at low B-rGO levels. The optimal B-rGO concentration (0.2 wt%) facilitates efficient electron transfer from the excited dye to the TiO2 conduction band, potentially enhancing light scattering or suppressing recombination.
{"title":"Recombination suppression in TiO₂/boron-doped reduced graphene oxide-based dye-sensitized solar cells","authors":"Savisha Mahalingam , Abreeza Manap , Kam Sheng Lau , Ramisha Rabeya , Chin Hua Chia , Kai Xue , Puvaneswaran Chelvanathan","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fundamental operational principles of photoanode-based-dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) remain elusive. The modification in photoanodes affects the overall DSSC performance due to the behavioral changes in charge transport. In this work, we control the precursor concentrations to fabricate a boron-reduced graphene oxide (B-rGO) series with varied amounts of photoanodes. The DSSC incorporating 0.2 wt% B-rGO exhibits the highest efficiency and EQE, surpassing both lower and higher B-rGO concentrations. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals the lowest charge transfer resistance for the 0.2 wt% B-rGO DSSC, suggesting suppressed recombination processes. However, the observed trend in electron lifetime (longest for the reference DSSC and decreasing with B-rGO concentration) suggests the potential introduction of electron trapping sites even at low B-rGO levels. The optimal B-rGO concentration (0.2 wt%) facilitates efficient electron transfer from the excited dye to the TiO<sub>2</sub> conduction band, potentially enhancing light scattering or suppressing recombination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115088"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142664039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115026
Hari Prashanth Palani Velayuda Shanmugasundram, Elammaran Jayamani, Kok Heng Soon
This work offers a bibliographic review in the field of biopolymer composite fabrication that seeks bio-based polymers and other materials currently used in the electrical and electronics industries. Highly acclaimed polymers, including synthetic polymers, have been included in this review and their dielectric properties are critically reviewed. In addition, this review consists of all the classified biopolymers that have been used for dielectric applications and the potential filler materials have been thoroughly discussed. Existing dielectric theories, mathematical models and polarization phenomenon related to dielectric polymer composites have been visually represented and factually explained for the betterment of conceptual understanding and experimental evaluations. In an ever-growing material science discipline, this review analysis has covered the potential use of biopolymers, organoclays, and other fillers that may ensemble together to perform in the electronics industry. The limitations involved in this analysis, optimization in methods of fabrication and views related to future direction of polymer composite research has been suggested. Furthermore, the practical approach for functionalization of filler materials and their ethical use in industry for reducing waste products have been considered in this review. Furthermore, this review offers a vivid perspective of using cleaner methods of production, fabrication and usage of materials that encompasses green polymers, fillers with low carbon footprint and sustainable incorporation of chemical products were assessed for their application in microelectronics.
{"title":"Review: Classification, theories, and methodologies concerning bio-based polymer dielectric composites","authors":"Hari Prashanth Palani Velayuda Shanmugasundram, Elammaran Jayamani, Kok Heng Soon","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work offers a bibliographic review in the field of biopolymer composite fabrication that seeks bio-based polymers and other materials currently used in the electrical and electronics industries. Highly acclaimed polymers, including synthetic polymers, have been included in this review and their dielectric properties are critically reviewed. In addition, this review consists of all the classified biopolymers that have been used for dielectric applications and the potential filler materials have been thoroughly discussed. Existing dielectric theories, mathematical models and polarization phenomenon related to dielectric polymer composites have been visually represented and factually explained for the betterment of conceptual understanding and experimental evaluations. In an ever-growing material science discipline, this review analysis has covered the potential use of biopolymers, organoclays, and other fillers that may ensemble together to perform in the electronics industry. The limitations involved in this analysis, optimization in methods of fabrication and views related to future direction of polymer composite research has been suggested. Furthermore, the practical approach for functionalization of filler materials and their ethical use in industry for reducing waste products have been considered in this review. Furthermore, this review offers a vivid perspective of using cleaner methods of production, fabrication and usage of materials that encompasses green polymers, fillers with low carbon footprint and sustainable incorporation of chemical products were assessed for their application in microelectronics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115026"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115059
Kamil Jaššo , Martin Mačák , Martin Šedina , Josef Máca , Gavin D.J. Harper , Tomáš Kazda
In the last decade, the popularity of electric vehicles has grown significantly. Today, there is a wide range of electric vehicles available, from small city cars to sports cars and large sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Each new generation increases the total energy of the battery, thereby extending the range of electric vehicles. Modern electric vehicles often achieve a range of more than 400 km on a single charge. However, as their popularity grows, there have been increasing reports of higher life cycle emissions compared to conventional vehicles. These higher life cycle emissions are often associated with the ever-increasing size of the battery. This study aims to point out the main sources of emissions in the life cycle of an electric vehicle and compare them with conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines. Furthermore, our objective is to determine the ecological viability of electric vehicles in the Czech Republic compared to the other Visegrad Four countries. Based on extensive research, it has been calculated that electric vehicles have the potential to reduce emissions by 29%–69% (46% in the Czech Republic) compared to their petrol equivalents and by 19%–60% compared to their diesel equivalents (39% in the Czech Republic). Even in the worst-case scenario (Poland), an electric vehicle with a 64 kWh battery is more environmentally friendly than a petrol vehicle after driving 48,343 km.
{"title":"Ecological impact of vehicles: A comparative study within the Czech Republic and other Visegrad 4 countries","authors":"Kamil Jaššo , Martin Mačák , Martin Šedina , Josef Máca , Gavin D.J. Harper , Tomáš Kazda","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115059","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115059","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the last decade, the popularity of electric vehicles has grown significantly. Today, there is a wide range of electric vehicles available, from small city cars to sports cars and large sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Each new generation increases the total energy of the battery, thereby extending the range of electric vehicles. Modern electric vehicles often achieve a range of more than 400 km on a single charge. However, as their popularity grows, there have been increasing reports of higher life cycle emissions compared to conventional vehicles. These higher life cycle emissions are often associated with the ever-increasing size of the battery. This study aims to point out the main sources of emissions in the life cycle of an electric vehicle and compare them with conventional vehicles with internal combustion engines. Furthermore, our objective is to determine the ecological viability of electric vehicles in the Czech Republic compared to the other Visegrad Four countries. Based on extensive research, it has been calculated that electric vehicles have the potential to reduce emissions by 29%–69% (46% in the Czech Republic) compared to their petrol equivalents and by 19%–60% compared to their diesel equivalents (39% in the Czech Republic). Even in the worst-case scenario (Poland), an electric vehicle with a 64<!--> <!-->kWh battery is more environmentally friendly than a petrol vehicle after driving 48,343 km.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"209 ","pages":"Article 115059"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global expansion of solar photovoltaics (PV) is central to the global energy transition. As governments aim to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030, solar PV is poised for rapid growth, particularly outside mid-latitude regions (China, Europe, US) where uptake has been highest. These new growth areas have diverse environmental conditions, where factors like higher temperatures and aerosol concentrations strongly impact solar power production. A comprehensive review of these effects therefore aids PV performance and siting optimization. This review examines six key influences: solar irradiance, ambient temperature, atmospheric conditions, terrain effects, extreme weather events, and long-term irradiance changes. First, solar irradiance has strong geographic and temporal variability, making it the most significant factor. Second, raising module temperature reduces efficiency by 0.4–0.5 % per degree Celsius, limiting productivity in hotter climates. Third, atmospheric conditions (clouds, aerosols, pollutants, and dust) can reduce electricity output by up to 60 %, especially in desert regions. Fourth, terrain factors like albedo and snow present mixed effects, with increased reflection boosting output but snow obstructing panels. Fifth, extreme weather like wildfires and hailstorms cause substantial damage, while solar eclipses lead to large but short-lived output losses. Finally, long-term changes in solar irradiance, driven by climate change and air pollutants, present future challenges for maintaining PV efficiency. Optimizing PV systems for diverse climates and mitigating environmental impacts on productivity is important to the continued success of solar photovoltaics. This review highlights the need for tailored strategies to maintain performance in varied and evolving environmental contexts.
{"title":"The environmental factors affecting solar photovoltaic output","authors":"Olusola Bamisile , Caroline Acen , Dongsheng Cai , Qi Huang , Iain Staffell","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The global expansion of solar photovoltaics (PV) is central to the global energy transition. As governments aim to triple renewable energy capacity by 2030, solar PV is poised for rapid growth, particularly outside mid-latitude regions (China, Europe, US) where uptake has been highest. These new growth areas have diverse environmental conditions, where factors like higher temperatures and aerosol concentrations strongly impact solar power production. A comprehensive review of these effects therefore aids PV performance and siting optimization. This review examines six key influences: solar irradiance, ambient temperature, atmospheric conditions, terrain effects, extreme weather events, and long-term irradiance changes. First, solar irradiance has strong geographic and temporal variability, making it the most significant factor. Second, raising module temperature reduces efficiency by 0.4–0.5 % per degree Celsius, limiting productivity in hotter climates. Third, atmospheric conditions (clouds, aerosols, pollutants, and dust) can reduce electricity output by up to 60 %, especially in desert regions. Fourth, terrain factors like albedo and snow present mixed effects, with increased reflection boosting output but snow obstructing panels. Fifth, extreme weather like wildfires and hailstorms cause substantial damage, while solar eclipses lead to large but short-lived output losses. Finally, long-term changes in solar irradiance, driven by climate change and air pollutants, present future challenges for maintaining PV efficiency. Optimizing PV systems for diverse climates and mitigating environmental impacts on productivity is important to the continued success of solar photovoltaics. This review highlights the need for tailored strategies to maintain performance in varied and evolving environmental contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115073"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-09DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.115045
W.W. Xing , Z. Zhang , A.A. Shah
Monitoring the state-of-health of Li-ion batteries is a critical component of battery management systems in electric vehicles. A large number of feature-based machine-learning methods have been introduced in the last decade to improve the accuracy of predictions of the state-of-health and end-of-life, especially early in the lifetime of the battery stack. Unless multiple battery data sets are used for direct and crude predictions of the end-of-life, however, such an approach is infeasible since the features are not known for future cycles. In this study a new nonlinear state-space model that can overcome this limitation is introduced. The powerful Gaussian process dynamical model is extended by generalizing the covariance structure, and therefore permitting more flexible models for the observables and latent variables. The model is further enhanced with transfer learning, to yield accurate early predictions of the future state-of-health of Li-ion batteries up to end-of-life. Experiments conducted on two of the NASA Ames Battery data sets and the Oxford Battery Degradation data set demonstrate the accuracy and superiority of the new model over state-of-the-art benchmarks algorithms, including supervised Gaussian process models, deep convolutional networks, recurrent networks and support vector regression. The root mean square error is reduced by up to 43% on the NASA data sets and by up to 54% on the Oxford data set.
{"title":"Enhanced Gaussian process dynamical modeling for battery health status forecasting","authors":"W.W. Xing , Z. Zhang , A.A. Shah","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2024.115045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Monitoring the state-of-health of Li-ion batteries is a critical component of battery management systems in electric vehicles. A large number of feature-based machine-learning methods have been introduced in the last decade to improve the accuracy of predictions of the state-of-health and end-of-life, especially early in the lifetime of the battery stack. Unless multiple battery data sets are used for direct and crude predictions of the end-of-life, however, such an approach is infeasible since the features are not known for future cycles. In this study a new nonlinear state-space model that can overcome this limitation is introduced. The powerful Gaussian process dynamical model is extended by generalizing the covariance structure, and therefore permitting more flexible models for the observables and latent variables. The model is further enhanced with transfer learning, to yield accurate early predictions of the future state-of-health of Li-ion batteries up to end-of-life. Experiments conducted on two of the NASA Ames Battery data sets and the Oxford Battery Degradation data set demonstrate the accuracy and superiority of the new model over state-of-the-art benchmarks algorithms, including supervised Gaussian process models, deep convolutional networks, recurrent networks and support vector regression. The root mean square error is reduced by up to 43% on the NASA data sets and by up to 54% on the Oxford data set.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"208 ","pages":"Article 115045"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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