Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews最新文献

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have found wide applications in a variety of fields such as electrified transportation, stationary storage and portable electronics devices. A battery management system (BMS) is critical to ensure the reliability, efficiency and longevity of LIBs. Recent research has witnessed the emergence of model-based fault diagnosis methods for LIBs in advanced BMSs. This paper provides a comprehensive review on these methods. Different from the existing reviews focusing on the minute details of the methods, this review systematically explores the model-based fault diagnosis framework along with an in-depth examination of its critical components. Based on a general state-space battery model, the study elaborates on the formulation of state vectors, the identification of model parameters, the analysis of fault mechanisms, and the evaluation of modeling uncertainties. Following this foundational work, various state observers and their algorithm implementations are designed for fault diagnosis, with a focus on design characteristics, the importance of selecting appropriate observers for specific applications, and highlighting the advantages and limitations of different fault diagnosis methods in practical applications. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges and outlook in model-based fault diagnosis methods, envisioning their possible future research directions.

The extensive construction of high-speed rail (HSR) has led to considerable embodied carbon emissions, threatening carbon reduction targets and necessitating effective governance. Previous studies have focused on the carbon accounting of HSR, providing only pre-evaluation information for management. To measure the carbon emission level of HSR and guide improvements, it is essential to establish quantified carbon emission benchmarks as “yardsticks” for decision-making comparisons. Hence, this study proposes a data-driven method for determining the embodied carbon emission benchmarks of the HSR system, involving dataset construction, carbon accounting, statistical analysis, validation, and uncertainty assessment. Based on a dataset comprising 1226 HSR subprojects in China, a classified and graded HSR embodied carbon emission benchmark system is constructed, and the underlying causes for the emission differences among categories of HSR subsystems are explored. In addition to providing various benchmark values, the research results also demonstrate the decarbonization potential of advanced HSR construction technologies such as ballastless tracks, long-span box girders, and shield tunneling methods. Overall, this study can provide a decision basis for evaluating the HSR emission performance and offer insights into the selection of emission reduction technologies, thereby facilitating the low-carbon sustainable development of HSR construction.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions from industrial and energy production processes. Yet the commercialization of CCS technology is hampered by financial requirements. Existing research compares the costs and benefits of business models for individual CCS projects, no studies assess the industry and national levels. Here we use a dynamic computable general equilibrium model, constructure the vertical integration and joint venture business models for CCS. This study assesses the emission and economic impacts of joint ventures between China's high-emission industries and their upstream and downstream sectors. We find that adopting the joint venture model in the coal power sector, compared to the vertical integration model, initially exerts a negative economic impact but can mitigate 0.04 % of GDP by 2060. The chemical industry consistently benefits from the joint venture model both economically and in emission reductions. Downstream sectors of the steel and cement industries are unsuitable for participation in joint ventures. In addition, the joint venture model has significant industry linkage effects, affecting energy consumption, the scale and cost of CCS deployment. This work provides important information for the large-scale commercialization of CCS technology.

Mean radiant temperature (MRT) has attracted growing interest over the decades both indoors and outdoors, leading to the development of various measurement techniques and technologies. This review provides a comprehensive technical analysis of current MRT measurement methods and identifies future technologies required for effective monitoring in occupied buildings. Current sensors face notable limitations, including accuracy issues, calibration challenges and high costs associated with remote sensing techniques. While infrared sensors offer advantages in building applications, their metrological performance needs systematic validation. An analysis of 94 cases in investigated studies reveals that MRT shows significant temperature differences compared to air temperature (up to 36.8 °C) and varies distinctly to solar radiation, convection, and radiant system controls. These findings highlight the critical role of precise MRT monitoring for optimal thermal control in buildings. Recent advancements have led to the development of prototype infrared sensors for real-time application; however, challenges in device installation and continuous monitoring persist. Addressing these challenges is crucial for improving the accuracy and feasibility of MRT monitoring, ultimately enhancing thermal comfort management in occupied building environments. This review underscores the potential impact of advanced MRT monitoring technologies on building environmental control and occupant comfort.

This research explores how district heating (DH) sector professionals /employees experience the low-carbon energy transitions-related change processes in the Danish heat supply sector. Enquiry draws upon mixed data collected among DH employees from 148 utilities. Geels’ triple embeddedness framework conceptualizes the connections between regime-level actor experiences of niche- and landscape-level pressures, sustainability imperatives, and the associated change processes. This neo-institutionalist perspective finds that the historically stable DH regime-level institutions are being destabilised. It also reveals the tensions and change inertia associated with, for example, sunk costs, infrastructural path dependencies, and professional culture. For the DH professionals, and regime-level actors, these destabilization processes challenge what were previously core regime-level professional practices, skills and taken-for-granted standards for a job well done. Indeed, professional identity and pride may be at stake. Paradoxically, the identified DH sector norms for stable, affordable, and invisible heat supply service provision may not necessarily motivate DH end-users /customers towards more sustainable heat-use behaviours: DH end-users in Denmark have come to expect these DH community heat supply provision as taken-for-granted societal goods, and the topics of space heating and thermal comfort are increasingly dissociated from consumption-related debates within public, and political realms. This DH case study shows how landscape, regime, and actor-level socio-technical trajectories interact, and it exemplifies actor-structure relationships in situations of regime stress. Perhaps it proves an exemplary case for exploring the lock-in mechanisms, inertia, restraints, and potentials of change-processes within also other societal domains and institutional realms.

Michael Porter’s work on competition highlights how firms can become stagnant or ‘stuck.’ This study extends that concept to markets or fields of institutional activity, examining what occurs when an entire market becomes 'stuck.' Focusing on the geothermal energy market, the research investigates achieving long-term collective action by cultivating a shared vision and mutual understanding among stakeholders with diverse interests. The study employs a longitudinal ethnographic approach, presenting a long-run dynamic process model of collective vision-making practice. This model consists of six first-order dimensions and twelve second-order interactive behavioural practice, illustrating how stakeholders can collaboratively construct and enfold a long-term collective vision. The findings demonstrate the institutional capacity to engage stakeholders and strategically consider whole market possibilities, enabling the creation of a broadly defined collective vision. The research advances a dynamic process model that emphasises sustained institutional interactional practice. The study’s implications are to motivate thought leaders and policymakers, prompting two strategic questions: First, “How can market actors collaborate to unlock value co-creation and shape the future of a ‘stuck’ market?” This involves engaging diverse stakeholder perspectives and exploring future market-making opportunities. Second, “How can all market actors pivot in harmony with a collective vision, fostering long-term shared understandings and commitments in pursuit of market-making efforts?”, This alignment is important for progressing from research and development to the successful implementation of pilot projects and the realisation of sustainable market opportunities.

Autonomous sailboats are a new type of long-endurance marine robots driven by marine renewable energy. They convert wind energy into driving force through sails. The aerodynamic performance and automatic control convenience of the sails significantly affect the sailing performance of autonomous sailboats. The sails of autonomous sailboats have evolved through three stages: traditional flexible sails, balanced rig with flexible sails, and rigid wingsails. Flap wingsails, self-trimming wingsails, and wingsails designed for specific conditions have been developed based on rigid wingsails. While autonomous sailboats typically use one sail, two or more sails can also be used. This review discusses the different configurations of autonomous sailboat sails, along with their advantages and disadvantages, key technologies, and research methods. It summarizes the features and technologies of autonomous sailboat sails that need further investigation, such as high strength, lightweight construction, multifunctional integration, interchangeable modularity, self-diagnostic intelligence, and deformable adaptability. Computational fluid dynamics simulations and wind tunnel tests will continue to be the primary methods for studying sail aerodynamic performance.

Greenhouses play a crucial role in food production and economic growth in northern regions but contribute significantly to energy consumption and carbon emissions. To address this challenge and enhance food production sustainably, there is a growing need for efficient and renewable energy solutions. Low-carbon heating in greenhouses will be achievable by using heat pumps powered by cost-effective renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic systems. This study introduces an open-source quasi-steady-state thermal model for greenhouses, non-ideal air-source heat pumps (ASHPs), and ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) with both vertical (V) and horizontal (H) ground heat exchangers. Additionally, a ventilation sub-model is provided to manage cooling loads for residential, semi-commercial, and commercial greenhouses. Furthermore, an open-source SAM-Python-based photovoltaic system model is developed to size photovoltaic arrays for powering the heat pumps. The study reveals a nonlinear relationship between greenhouse size and annual thermal loads. It also demonstrates that ASHPs exhibit the lowest efficiency (COP_h = 2.52, EER_c = 9.00), followed by VGSHPs (COP_h = 3.68, EER_c = 19.88), with HGSHPs being the most efficient (COP_h = 3.79, EER_c = 19.48) for the Canadian case study. The required on-grid photovoltaic ratings to power HGSHPs, VGSHPs, and ASHPs respectively are 2.16, 2.17, and 2.64 kW for residential, 103, 104, and 128 kW for semi-commercial, and 827, 831, and 1,028 kW for commercial greenhouses. Self-consumption of designed photovoltaic systems ranges from 23.5 % to 25.1 %, with self-sufficiency varying between 23.7 % and 26.0 %. The size of the photovoltaic system is competitive with similar scenarios; however, future studies are needed to conduct an economic analysis while simulating the dynamic loads of greenhouses.

Forests significantly contribute to climate change mitigation by acting as carbon sinks, sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide, and keeping it in soil and biomass. Covering 22 % of its land, African forests offer numerous benefits to millions of people. Nevertheless, they face threats from human activities like deforestation and degradation. A holistic approach encompassing social, economic, and environmental factors is necessary to sustain forests as carbon sinks for maximum carbon sequestration potential. This study used carbon dioxide emissions, forest loss and gain, and land use change to investigate the level of carbon dioxide emissions and their relationship to forest loss and climate change in Africa from 1992 to 2020. Using ArcGIS, land use change was reclassified, InVEST model calculated carbon storage and sequestration, and annual changes in forest cover were assessed using the K and S indices. In the last two decades, 77.36 % of African countries had greater forest losses than gains, leading to 32 × 10³ kha net loss, resulting in 15.73 Pg C of carbon dioxide emissions. Annual forest loss rate is 1.6 × 10³ kha, equivalent to 0.786 Pg C, and that of carbon storage and sequestration decreased to −0.69 and −1.37, respectively. Results indicate that deforestation, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, significantly contributes to carbon emissions, and persistent tropical deforestation will affect future greenhouse gas concentrations. This research provides a detailed spatiotemporal analysis, highlighting areas experiencing severe forest cover change and carbon loss, underscoring the importance of forest conservation in mitigating climate change, and promoting effective land management policies.

As the widespread of lithium-ion battery systems such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems, the number of safety incidents due to electrical faults are increasing. Many accident reports have demonstrated that arc faults have become one of the main triggers of LIB system accidents, however, the related studies are inadequate. In this study, an arc imitation system is employed to investigate the influence of different arc energies on battery safety valve, as well as the electrochemical characteristics of faulty batteries. The results show that the minimum arc power to breach the safety valve ranges from 110 to 441 W. The maximum temperature rise rate on the battery surface can exceed 15 °C/s with arc power of around 1000 W. Further, the testing of in-situ and ex-situ indicate the faulty batteries undergo degradation and failure due to that moisture in the air enters the battery interior, resulting in increased internal resistance, loss of active materials and cyclable lithium. Finally, the faulty battery has no valve opening during thermal runaway, and the ignition time is four hundred seconds earlier than that of the normal battery, indicating more severe fire dangers. The results are valuable for safety design of battery systems in relation to arc faults, as well as the characteristic for fault detection and early warning.