Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews最新文献

Water and energy are intimately related, as water is required for energy applications and energy is required for water-based technologies. Two large groups of photovoltaic adoptions have been identified in this review: first, those in which the photovoltaic system is separated from the water technology. In second group, the photovoltaic system is in physical contact with the water technology thereby its performance is affected either in a positive or negative way. The novelty of this review work lies in the classification of photovoltaic system adoption in various water related technologies. Apart from classification, discussions on system configurations, working aspects, performance aspects, economic aspects and scope for further investigations have been presented in detail. Wastewater treatment plants are identified to be the most suitable site for photovoltaic module installation and utilization. Among power sectors, hydro power plants are highly compatible with photovoltaic adoption because it enhances hydro power plant’s operation time and utilization. Floating photovoltaic, submerged photovoltaic, agrivoltaic, aquavoltaic and solar photovoltaic + water disinfection are relatively new, highly attractive and have more scope for further improvements. Agrivoltaic and aquavoltaic increases crop & sea food production, enhances farmers’ income, encourage clean energy transition and rural electrification. Research works in the area of unmanned photovoltaic based water vehicles, photovoltaic salt harvest and various applications of water based photovoltaic/thermal modules have also been discussed. This review will serve as a guidebook for researchers and policy makers to identify and select suitable configuration of photovoltaic–water related technologies for implementation and further investigations.

This paper presents a systematic review to align current and future research in smart grids (SG) and smart urban energy systems (SUES) and unify the diverse but fragmented research in urban energy management. First, the common research themes repeatedly appearing in the SG and SUES literature are categorized into logical physical, cyber, and social energy processes. Critical findings are summarized for each part, i.e., the advances and trends in physical energy generation, transmission, consumption, and storage processes of cities for energy interventions, the cyber process chain of energy sensing, modeling, forecasting, scheduling, coordinating, and adapting for enhancing the “smartness” of power and urban energy systems, and the social energy processes of understanding, protecting, engaging, and governing human to be a new smartness dimension. Second, the process-based framework provides insights on the design and implementation of SG and SUES for engineers, planners, and policymakers, such as optimizing the system performance by upgrading individual processes and exploring new links among identified physical, cyber, and social energy processes. The upscaling barriers and strategies of sustainable energy technologies in the development and deployment stages are also summarized to scale up sustainable energy processes to a higher level. Finally, future research directions are envisioned, including developing data markets, privacy-preserving data sharing and analytics for urban-scale energy modeling, refining policy and standards for safety, privacy, cybersecurity, and interoperability issues, assessing technology maturity and energy system success factors, and removing regulatory and structural barriers.

Promoting the transition from traditional fuel vehicles to electric vehicles can significantly reduce carbon emissions and dependence on oil. Government subsidies play a pivotal role in this transition process. However, the extant research mainly quantifies the effects of these subsidies on research and development investments or patents, failing to depict the actual extent of transformation. This study emphasizes the influence of government subsidies on transformation rather than research and development performance, and the contingent conditions under which the subsidies prove effective. To achieve these objectives, this analysis utilizes unbalanced panel data from 128 listed companies in the Chinese auto industry, spanning from 2010 to 2020 with a fixed-effect model. The results show that: (1) government subsidies have a negative impact on the extent of enterprise transformation towards electric vehicles, moreover, (2) this negative effect is mitigated, and even reversed by tightening technical requirements and reducing subsidy intensity. To promote the transformation to electric vehicles, this work suggests that financial support should target the bottlenecked parts of the industrial chain; promote the development of emerging industries from the demand side, and interweave these efforts with market mechanisms. The study also advises policymakers to conduct thorough analyses of the incentive effects of various options, based on the principles of mechanism design theory.

Rooftop distributed photovoltaics show great potential for deep decarbonisation in the residential sector. However, the intermittency and undispatchability of photovoltaic output are urgent problems in the large-scale deployment of rooftop distributed photovoltaics. This study develops a techno-economic evaluation framework for rooftop distributed photovoltaics by comprehensively considering and exploring the uncertain effects of electricity price mechanisms, battery energy storage, demand response for residential flexible loads, and residential electricity demand difference to increase self-consumption and the economic benefits of rooftop distributed photovoltaics. The results show that electricity price mechanisms are the main factors affecting the economic benefits of rooftop distributed photovoltaics, which are more economical under time-of-use prices than under flat prices. Installing battery energy storage and participating in demand response for residential flexible loads can significantly improve self-consumption and self-sufficiency rates, and bring more electricity bill savings and less feed-in revenue. Specifically, the relative economic benefits of installing battery energy storage and demand response were greater at lower feed-in tariffs. Moreover, the greater the ratio of annual residential electricity demand to photovoltaic power generation, the greater the self-consumption rate. Further, only when battery energy storage is installed, the smaller the ratio, the greater the self-sufficiency rate. Consequently, the energy sector can design more efficient time-of-use pricing mechanisms and adopt lower feed-in tariffs to encourage residential consumers to deploy both rooftop distributed photovoltaics and battery energy storage and to participate in demand response.

The global imperative of achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 to mitigate climate change has intensified the focus on the energy sector, given its significant contribution to GHG emissions. Like many other countries, Bolivia has set official goals for transitioning its energy sector. However, these still require robust planning and technical documentation to become a reality.

To better understand the effects of the transition process, a long-term optimization model (OSeMOSYS) was developed for the period 2020–2050. This model analyses the evolution of energy consumption, emissions, and required investments under alternative conditions. Additionally, a dispatch optimization model (Dispa-SET) was used to validate the technical feasibility of these scenarios periodically. Linking results from both models helps address limitations in the long-term model and determine a margin of error in its simulations.

This study explores three scenarios: Business as Usual (BAU), Mixed Policies (MP), incorporating policy-based measures, and Carbon Neutrality (CN), assuming a 95 % reduction of carbon emissions. Results suggest that adopting energy transition measures could reduce the system's overall cost in the long term. However, achieving this would require major investments, especially at the power generation level. Relative to BAU conditions, the MP scenario expects an 80 % reduction in emissions by 2050, but requiring discounted investments 3.5 times higher. The CN scenario would require even larger investments, with an average yearly undiscounted cost of 2700 million USD between 2020 and 2050, similar to 7 % of the current national GDP of Bolivia. These results highlight the significant challenge of transitioning Bolivia's energy sector.

The sources and utilization of energy directly affect the development of chemical industries. Traditional fossil energy is the main contributor to the current chemical energy supply system. The challenges of climate change and biodiversity loss caused by fossil fuels are becoming increasingly severe, thus inspiring the exploration of sustainable non-fossil energy conversion technologies. This review comprehensively summarizes the application of cutting-edge conversion technologies and the production of non-fossil energy end products in terms of hydrogen production, biofuel production, power generation system and cogeneration processes. Among these, a renewable energy-combined heat and power system can better convert potential energy but electricity and heat. The process design, optimization of key parameters, environmental benefits, techno-economic analysis, thermodynamic efficiency analysis, and response surface methodology analysis of different non-fossil energy thermochemical hydrogen production technologies are discussed. Emerging plasma gasification technology exhibits higher energy efficiency and lower carbon emissions than traditional thermochemical conversion technologies. Nevertheless, further research is required on the process design and optimization of non-fossil energy utilization systems, particularly in optimizing key operating parameters to reduce non-fossil energy processing and facility costs. Finally, the challenges and prospects of non-fossil energy thermochemical conversion technologies are presented to maximize the inherent energy conversion potential of non-fossil energy sources.

Hydrogen energy has garnered substantial support from industry, government, and the public, positioning it as a pivotal future fuel source. However, its commercial realisation faces significant hurdles, including slow infrastructure growth and the high cost of producing clean hydrogen. This review uniquely emphasises the different colour codes of hydrogen, which have been rarely discussed in the literature to date. Hydrogen production methods are classified by colour codes, with green hydrogen, produced from renewable sources such as wind and solar, being the most desirable option. The demand for green hydrogen across various sectors is expected to surge. This review comprehensively evaluates the major hydrogen production methods based on cost, environmental impact, and technological maturity. Recent data confirm the increased efficiency, cost-competitiveness, and scalability of green hydrogen production technologies. The cost of green hydrogen has declined significantly, making it competitive with blue hydrogen (produced from fossil fuels with carbon capture). The review also scrutinises several recent hydrogen production technologies, highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and technological readiness. Among these, the solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) currently outperforms others, with anion exchange membrane (AEM) and electrified steam methane reforming (ESMR) also showing promise. This review also succinctly summarises global progress in hydrogen infrastructure and policies. By spotlighting the diverse colour codes of hydrogen and discussing the crucial takeaways and implications for the future, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the hydrogen energy landscape. This unique focus enriches the literature and enhances our understanding of hydrogen as a promising energy source.

The proliferation of solar power plants has begun to have an impact on utility grid operation, stability, and security. As a result, several governments have developed additional regulations for solar photovoltaic grid integration in order to solve power system stability and security concerns. With the development of modern and innovative inverter topologies, efficiency, size, weight, and reliability have all increased dramatically. This paper provides a thorough examination of all most aspects concerning photovoltaic power plant grid connection, from grid codes to inverter topologies and control. The reader is guided through a survey of recent research in order to create high-performance grid-connected equipments. Efficiency, cost, size, power quality, control robustness and accuracy, and grid coding requirements are among the features highlighted. Nine international regulations are examined and compared in depth, exposing the lack of a worldwide harmonization and a consistent communication protocol. The latest and most innovative inverter topologies that help to enhance power quality are compared. Modern control approaches are evaluated in terms of robustness, flexibility, accuracy, and disturbance rejection on both the DC and grid sides. The purpose of this review paper is to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of alternatives and performance, highlighting lacks and deficiencies of recent technologies and critically discussing and proposing new solutions paving the way for future investigations and developments.

The European Union has recognized the significance of community energy initiatives in the energy transition and introduced legislation to promote active consumer participation and renewable energy communities. The Netherlands, with its transition away from natural gas, serves as a valuable case study for understanding the challenges and processes of local ownership and participation in community energy initiatives. The research aims to address the dual challenge of defining local ownership and participation and exploring case-specific applications of these concepts. To achieve this, the study employs the Socio-Ecological Systems Framework and literature on participation, providing a theoretical foundation for analyzing citizen engagement. A mixed-methods approach, including interviews and data collection, is used to examine five Dutch community heating initiatives. The analysis highlights the importance of an enabling participatory environment, inclusive participation, information sharing, and the presence of energy cooperatives for successful citizen engagement. The findings have practical implications for EU energy policy, emphasizing the need for clear definitions, inclusive decision-making processes, and tailored engagement strategies.

Cryo-compressed hydrogen (CcH₂) storage has significant advantages such as long dormancy, high safety factor, and rapid filling; thus, it is suitable for the energy supply of heavy-duty vehicles. Carbon fiber composites for state-of-the-art linerless type V CcH₂ storage vessels should have both pressure-bearing and hydrogen-barrier properties. However, these properties are difficult to achieve under cryogenic temperatures and high pressures. Resin failure is the main reason behind the degradation of cryogenic properties. In this work, methods to achieve resin toughening and hydrogen-barrier control are reviewed. Comparisons indicate that thermoplastics are more suitable for resin toughening than other materials, and that interlayer films can effectively block hydrogen permeation. Resins with added nanomaterials not only stop the propagation of microcracks but also generate tortuous paths within the composites to inhibit hydrogen permeation. However, the issues of temperature-induced strain and state regulation of nanomaterials must be further addressed. In this study, a resin film modified with toughening agents and nanomaterials was also designed. The film was then placed between carbon fiber plies. Hot-pressing and surface treatment of the resin film were performed to enhance the orientation of the nanomaterials and interlayer adhesion force. The proposed composite may be useful in the manufacture of linerless Type V CcH₂ storage vessels.