Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116606
Oscar Gonzales-Zurita , Daniel Díaz-Bedoya , Mario González-Rodríguez , Jean-Michel Clairand
Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) are known as technological platforms that manage energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings. These technologies integrate control of heating, cooling, lighting, and other services, making optimum use of these resources. As governments worldwide prioritize energy efficiency, often through policies that encourage reduced consumption, BEMS have become increasingly important to achieve these goals. In this paper, the authors perform research on BEMS focused on improving energy efficiency in buildings. While earlier reviews have covered parts of this topic, our analysis uncovers several gaps in the literature that suggest promising lines of inquiry for future work on BEMS, addressing their technologies employed to improve energy efficiency. Additionally, this research discusses how recent breakthroughs, like artificial intelligence and machine learning, are creating fresh opportunities for innovation in BEMS design. Although these technologies expand what today’s systems can do, they also introduce new research challenges that must be addressed. This review’s goal is to build a strong foundation for the next generation of smarter, more sustainable control systems in BEMS.
{"title":"A review of methods and techniques in building energy management systems for energy efficiency enhancement","authors":"Oscar Gonzales-Zurita , Daniel Díaz-Bedoya , Mario González-Rodríguez , Jean-Michel Clairand","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116606","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116606","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) are known as technological platforms that manage energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings. These technologies integrate control of heating, cooling, lighting, and other services, making optimum use of these resources. As governments worldwide prioritize energy efficiency, often through policies that encourage reduced consumption, BEMS have become increasingly important to achieve these goals. In this paper, the authors perform research on BEMS focused on improving energy efficiency in buildings. While earlier reviews have covered parts of this topic, our analysis uncovers several gaps in the literature that suggest promising lines of inquiry for future work on BEMS, addressing their technologies employed to improve energy efficiency. Additionally, this research discusses how recent breakthroughs, like artificial intelligence and machine learning, are creating fresh opportunities for innovation in BEMS design. Although these technologies expand what today’s systems can do, they also introduce new research challenges that must be addressed. This review’s goal is to build a strong foundation for the next generation of smarter, more sustainable control systems in BEMS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116606"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116617
Haitham Al Dhahri , Murid Hussain , M.A.A. Ghani , Abrar Inayat , Ala'a H. Al-Muhtaseb , Lamya Al-Haj , Farrukh Jamil
The production of green hydrogen still faces large economic hurdles, with rates as high as $4–12/kg when compared to the price of commonplace hydrogen extracted from fossil fuels ($1–2/kg). This critical review addresses the technological and economic requirements for cost-competitive production of hydrogen by large-scale water electrolysis. Four main electrolysis technologies are discussed classical alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane (PEM), solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and the emerging (AEM) technology (anion exchange membrane). Its analysis is also focused firstly on different types of coupling with renewable resources, i.e., photovoltaic solar installations, wind energy facilities, and the combined hybrid configuration. Results show that electric power accounts for about 60–80 % of the overall operational costs. Between the considered technologies, alkaline electrolysers require the lowest initial investment costs (500-1200/kW) and demonstrated operational lifetime in excess of 80,000 h. While PEM systems do incur costs of $1000–2000/kW for startup investment, they do provide quick response to dynamics changes in the power inputs and so are especially attractive for renewable energy sources subject to erratic variations. Solid oxide devices realize up to 90 % efficiency but suffer from long term stability and operational complexity that hinders its broad acceptance. By 2030, attaining the $2/kg target for green hydrogen will require concurrent progress: electrolyzer Capital expenditure (CAPEX) would need to be halved, renewable power would need to cost less than $20/MWh, and utilization rates would need to remain above 50 %. Important research areas include the design of catalysts made from non-noble materials, increase of SOEC durability beyond 10,000 h of operation, and improvement methods for both grid-connected and stand-alone electrolysers. The work provides actionable blueprints to achieve cost-effective green hydrogen production at the multi-gigawatt scale needed for global decarbonization.
{"title":"Green hydrogen production via electrolysis: Materials innovation, system integration, and global deployment pathways","authors":"Haitham Al Dhahri , Murid Hussain , M.A.A. Ghani , Abrar Inayat , Ala'a H. Al-Muhtaseb , Lamya Al-Haj , Farrukh Jamil","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production of green hydrogen still faces large economic hurdles, with rates as high as $4–12/kg when compared to the price of commonplace hydrogen extracted from fossil fuels ($1–2/kg). This critical review addresses the technological and economic requirements for cost-competitive production of hydrogen by large-scale water electrolysis. Four main electrolysis technologies are discussed classical alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane (PEM), solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and the emerging (AEM) technology (anion exchange membrane). Its analysis is also focused firstly on different types of coupling with renewable resources, i.e., photovoltaic solar installations, wind energy facilities, and the combined hybrid configuration. Results show that electric power accounts for about 60–80 % of the overall operational costs. Between the considered technologies, alkaline electrolysers require the lowest initial investment costs (500-1200/kW) and demonstrated operational lifetime in excess of 80,000 h. While PEM systems do incur costs of $1000–2000/kW for startup investment, they do provide quick response to dynamics changes in the power inputs and so are especially attractive for renewable energy sources subject to erratic variations. Solid oxide devices realize up to 90 % efficiency but suffer from long term stability and operational complexity that hinders its broad acceptance. By 2030, attaining the $2/kg target for green hydrogen will require concurrent progress: electrolyzer Capital expenditure (CAPEX) would need to be halved, renewable power would need to cost less than $20/MWh, and utilization rates would need to remain above 50 %. Important research areas include the design of catalysts made from non-noble materials, increase of SOEC durability beyond 10,000 h of operation, and improvement methods for both grid-connected and stand-alone electrolysers. The work provides actionable blueprints to achieve cost-effective green hydrogen production at the multi-gigawatt scale needed for global decarbonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116617"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116657
Hatice Gül Sezgin-Ugranlı
Bypass diodes are essential components for mitigating mismatch losses and hotspot formation in photovoltaic (PV) modules exposed to partial shading. While their role is widely acknowledged, studies addressing their integration, configuration, and long-term behavior remain dispersed across different research domains. This paper brings together these perspectives to establish a structured overview of bypass diode principles and applications. It begins with the fundamental conduction mechanism of bypass diodes and analytical approaches for selecting appropriate diode counts. Established configuration strategies are discussed with a focus on optimization, placement choices, and overlapping protection schemes. Reliability concerns are then examined, emphasizing degradation pathways such as thermal runaway, reverse-bias overstress, and solder joint fatigue. In addition, the survey explores recent developments in alternative protection concepts, including MOSFET-based devices and smart bypass circuits, which aim to provide higher efficiency and improved fault resilience. By synthesizing findings from theoretical, experimental, and field studies, the paper highlights that bypass diode design is not a secondary consideration but a decisive determinant of PV system performance and durability. The analysis further underscores the importance of coupling electrical optimization with reliability-oriented design practices. Overall, the review provides a critical synthesis of conventional and emerging bypass protection strategies, guiding future research toward sustainable PV design and improved system reliability.
{"title":"From conventional designs to advanced approaches of bypass diode utilization in PV systems","authors":"Hatice Gül Sezgin-Ugranlı","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bypass diodes are essential components for mitigating mismatch losses and hotspot formation in photovoltaic (PV) modules exposed to partial shading. While their role is widely acknowledged, studies addressing their integration, configuration, and long-term behavior remain dispersed across different research domains. This paper brings together these perspectives to establish a structured overview of bypass diode principles and applications. It begins with the fundamental conduction mechanism of bypass diodes and analytical approaches for selecting appropriate diode counts. Established configuration strategies are discussed with a focus on optimization, placement choices, and overlapping protection schemes. Reliability concerns are then examined, emphasizing degradation pathways such as thermal runaway, reverse-bias overstress, and solder joint fatigue. In addition, the survey explores recent developments in alternative protection concepts, including MOSFET-based devices and smart bypass circuits, which aim to provide higher efficiency and improved fault resilience. By synthesizing findings from theoretical, experimental, and field studies, the paper highlights that bypass diode design is not a secondary consideration but a decisive determinant of PV system performance and durability. The analysis further underscores the importance of coupling electrical optimization with reliability-oriented design practices. Overall, the review provides a critical synthesis of conventional and emerging bypass protection strategies, guiding future research toward sustainable PV design and improved system reliability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116657"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116607
Wenhui Zhang, Zhongshi Pei, Kun Wang, Xiaoguang Xie, Decheng Feng, Junyan Yi
Green ecology and energy conservation face growing challenges as lagging indicators in urban development and renewal. Cement concrete, the primary material carrier of urban civilization, imposes severe environmental pressures due to high carbon emissions from production. Concurrently, mounting solid waste generated from resource extraction and urban regeneration has overwhelmed conventional landfilling approaches, falling short of public demands for green, safe, and sustainable alternatives. Against this backdrop, alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have emerged as a promising substitute for cement-based composites, offering substantial potential for solid waste valorization, reduced carbon footprint, and competitive engineering properties. Transport infrastructure, a major consumer of construction materials, exhibits broad compatibility with varied material specifications, positioning it as an ideal platform for large-scale application of AAMs. However, current research on AAM remains predominantly focused on fundamental characteristics (e.g., mechanical performance, durability, and microstructure), leaving their systematic deployment in transport infrastructures critically underexplored, with no comprehensive review yet available to systematize this emerging domain. Therefore, this paper presents an overview on the composition, reaction mechanisms, and properties of AAMs, with a focus on their multifaceted applications in transport infrastructure (including pavements, road base, soil subgrade, precast components, and heavy metal immobilization), as well as the economic and environmental benefits. Meanwhile, the current technical challenges and future perspectives toward revolutionizing transport infrastructure with low-carbon AAMs are also discussed, providing strategic insights and practical guidance for sustainable transport infrastructure engineering.
{"title":"Revolutionizing sustainable transport infrastructure with low-carbon alkali-activated materials: solid waste valorization, diverse applications, and future challenges","authors":"Wenhui Zhang, Zhongshi Pei, Kun Wang, Xiaoguang Xie, Decheng Feng, Junyan Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116607","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116607","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green ecology and energy conservation face growing challenges as lagging indicators in urban development and renewal. Cement concrete, the primary material carrier of urban civilization, imposes severe environmental pressures due to high carbon emissions from production. Concurrently, mounting solid waste generated from resource extraction and urban regeneration has overwhelmed conventional landfilling approaches, falling short of public demands for green, safe, and sustainable alternatives. Against this backdrop, alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have emerged as a promising substitute for cement-based composites, offering substantial potential for solid waste valorization, reduced carbon footprint, and competitive engineering properties. Transport infrastructure, a major consumer of construction materials, exhibits broad compatibility with varied material specifications, positioning it as an ideal platform for large-scale application of AAMs. However, current research on AAM remains predominantly focused on fundamental characteristics (e.g., mechanical performance, durability, and microstructure), leaving their systematic deployment in transport infrastructures critically underexplored, with no comprehensive review yet available to systematize this emerging domain. Therefore, this paper presents an overview on the composition, reaction mechanisms, and properties of AAMs, with a focus on their multifaceted applications in transport infrastructure (including pavements, road base, soil subgrade, precast components, and heavy metal immobilization), as well as the economic and environmental benefits. Meanwhile, the current technical challenges and future perspectives toward revolutionizing transport infrastructure with low-carbon AAMs are also discussed, providing strategic insights and practical guidance for sustainable transport infrastructure engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116607"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-26DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116576
Shiwen Zhao , Qiao Peng , Dajun Du , Minrui Fei , Chen Peng , Heng Li , Yue Wu , Kang Li , Kailong Liu
The rapid growth of renewable energy integration and electric mobility has increased the demand for safe and reliable lithium-ion batteries, which are essential due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and efficiency. However, complex internal electrochemical reactions and external operational stress can induce minor short circuits (MSC) that are difficult to detect at early stages yet may escalate to thermal runaway, posing significant risks to large-scale energy storage systems. To address this challenge, this study proposes an unsupervised MSC fault diagnosis framework that integrates a hybrid feature extraction strategy with a deep support vector data description algorithm. The method employs two-dimensional correlation coefficients and two-dimensional wavelet transform to capture voltage consistency across cells and detect transient anomalies associated with fault development. These complementary features are fused into a multidimensional representation and processed by the deep model, which learns compact patterns of normal operating states and constructs a hypersphere for anomaly detection. The framework is validated using a laboratory module with six battery cells, demonstrating effective fault identification under varying operating conditions, fault severities, and battery chemistries, achieving a 94 % fault detection rate with a 3 % false alarm rate. Furthermore, the computational procedure relies on matrix-based feature construction and a lightweight feed-forward inference process, offering computational efficiency suitable for real-time deployment in battery management systems. Benefiting from its unsupervised and data-driven design, the framework exhibits strong generalizability under diverse conditions and provides a promising pathway for enhancing the safety and reliability of future energy storage applications.
{"title":"Enhancing safety of lithium-ion batteries in sustainable energy systems through intelligent minor short-circuits fault detection","authors":"Shiwen Zhao , Qiao Peng , Dajun Du , Minrui Fei , Chen Peng , Heng Li , Yue Wu , Kang Li , Kailong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of renewable energy integration and electric mobility has increased the demand for safe and reliable lithium-ion batteries, which are essential due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and efficiency. However, complex internal electrochemical reactions and external operational stress can induce minor short circuits (MSC) that are difficult to detect at early stages yet may escalate to thermal runaway, posing significant risks to large-scale energy storage systems. To address this challenge, this study proposes an unsupervised MSC fault diagnosis framework that integrates a hybrid feature extraction strategy with a deep support vector data description algorithm. The method employs two-dimensional correlation coefficients and two-dimensional wavelet transform to capture voltage consistency across cells and detect transient anomalies associated with fault development. These complementary features are fused into a multidimensional representation and processed by the deep model, which learns compact patterns of normal operating states and constructs a hypersphere for anomaly detection. The framework is validated using a laboratory module with six battery cells, demonstrating effective fault identification under varying operating conditions, fault severities, and battery chemistries, achieving a 94 % fault detection rate with a 3 % false alarm rate. Furthermore, the computational procedure relies on matrix-based feature construction and a lightweight feed-forward inference process, offering computational efficiency suitable for real-time deployment in battery management systems. Benefiting from its unsupervised and data-driven design, the framework exhibits strong generalizability under diverse conditions and provides a promising pathway for enhancing the safety and reliability of future energy storage applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116576"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as highly effective and eco-friendly technologies for electricity generation, featuring high fuel flexibility and scalability. However, individual units of SOFCs face significant issues like high operating temperatures, degradation of materials, and slow transient response. To counter challenges and increase operational efficiencies, hybrid integration schemes have received considerable scholarly attentions. This review presents an exhaustive and critical assessment of advanced hybrid SOFC configurations and their implications in enhancing system performance, efficiency, and lifespan. The manuscript examines different hybrid approaches, such as SOFC-gas turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid schemes, combination of heat and power (SOFC-CHP), double hybrid cycles (SOFC-CC), trigeneration (CCHP), and hybrid models of SOFC-battery. The integration strategy of each of these approaches is compared relative to design architecture, thermodynamic synergy, fuel utilization, waste heat recovery, and environmental aspects. The assessment is further extended to emerging energy ideas like CO2 capture, simultaneous hydrogen production, and biomass-based hybrid schemes with the goal of supporting long-term sustainability, enabling low-carbon energy transitions and decarbonization. The conclusions of this review outline considerable technological challenges, such as thermal management challenges, sealing problems, material interactions, and system control complexity. By synthesizing cutting-edge model studies, experimentation, and techno-economic studies, this manuscript outlines promising avenues to boost hybrid SOFC technologies. The results suggest outstanding enhancement of electrical efficiency (70 %) and overall system efficiency (90 %) attainable by hybridization. Finally, this review provides an essential source and guideline to promote transition to clean energy technologies of the future by maximizing advantages of hybrid SOFC platforms.
{"title":"Toward high-efficiency solid oxide fuel cells: A comprehensive review of hybrid integration techniques","authors":"Pouyan Talebizadehsardari , Khashayar Hosseinzadeh , Hayder I. Mohammed , Farhan Lafta Rashid , Navid Alipour , Hiwa Abdlla Maarof , Hussein Togun , Anirban Chattopadhyay , Surojit Sen , Alasdair Cairns","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have emerged as highly effective and eco-friendly technologies for electricity generation, featuring high fuel flexibility and scalability. However, individual units of SOFCs face significant issues like high operating temperatures, degradation of materials, and slow transient response. To counter challenges and increase operational efficiencies, hybrid integration schemes have received considerable scholarly attentions. This review presents an exhaustive and critical assessment of advanced hybrid SOFC configurations and their implications in enhancing system performance, efficiency, and lifespan. The manuscript examines different hybrid approaches, such as SOFC-gas turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid schemes, combination of heat and power (SOFC-CHP), double hybrid cycles (SOFC-CC), trigeneration (CCHP), and hybrid models of SOFC-battery. The integration strategy of each of these approaches is compared relative to design architecture, thermodynamic synergy, fuel utilization, waste heat recovery, and environmental aspects. The assessment is further extended to emerging energy ideas like CO<sub>2</sub> capture, simultaneous hydrogen production, and biomass-based hybrid schemes with the goal of supporting long-term sustainability, enabling low-carbon energy transitions and decarbonization. The conclusions of this review outline considerable technological challenges, such as thermal management challenges, sealing problems, material interactions, and system control complexity. By synthesizing cutting-edge model studies, experimentation, and techno-economic studies, this manuscript outlines promising avenues to boost hybrid SOFC technologies. The results suggest outstanding enhancement of electrical efficiency (70 %) and overall system efficiency (90 %) attainable by hybridization. Finally, this review provides an essential source and guideline to promote transition to clean energy technologies of the future by maximizing advantages of hybrid SOFC platforms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116636"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-25DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116660
Narinder Singh
Kesterite solar cells offer a rare convergence of earth-abundance, non-toxicity, low cost, and tunable optoelectronic properties, coupled with compatibility for scalable, industrial fabrication. Despite a favorable Shockley-Queisser limit near 30 %, device efficiencies plateaued at 12.6 % in 2014, with minimal progress for nearly a decade due to complex defect physics, severe voltage deficits, and non-ideal grain boundary behavior. Recent breakthroughs in cation engineering, culminating in a record 15.1 % efficiency, mark a critical turning point and have reignited efforts to fully realize the potential for commercial applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of synergistic cation engineering strategies, including isovalent and heterovalent substitution, alkali metal doping, and co-doping for mitigating intrinsic point defects, related defect complexes, and grain boundaries. These strategies influence the crystal lattice, modulate defect formation energies, enhance crystallinity, promote grain growth, and tailor the band gap and optoelectronic properties. Co-doping and multi-alloying approaches have emerged as particularly powerful tools for synergistically tuning defect chemistry, carrier dynamics, and band structure, often outperforming single-element doping in both efficiency and stability. Case studies are critically examined encompassing isovalent alloying (Cu+→Ag+; Zn2+→Cd2+, Ba2+, Mn2+; Sn4+→Ge4+, Si4+, Ti4+), alkali metal doping (Li+, Na+, K+), heterovalent substitution (Ga3+, La4+, In3+, Sb3+), co-alloying/co-doping (Ag+-Cd2+, Ag+-Li+, Ag+-Ge3+, Ag+-H+, Ag+-Pd2+, Li+-Na+, Na+-Cs+, Ge4+-Cd2+), and multinary alloying (Ag+–Cd2+–Ge3+), with emphasis on elucidating their underlying mechanisms for performance enhancement. Focusing primarily on devices exceeding 10 % efficiency, this review outlines key trends, challenges, and future opportunities, offering a roadmap for the rational design of next-generation high-efficiency kesterite photovoltaics.
{"title":"Synergistic cation engineering in >10 % efficient kesterite solar cells: Defect control and future prospects","authors":"Narinder Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kesterite solar cells offer a rare convergence of earth-abundance, non-toxicity, low cost, and tunable optoelectronic properties, coupled with compatibility for scalable, industrial fabrication. Despite a favorable Shockley-Queisser limit near 30 %, device efficiencies plateaued at 12.6 % in 2014, with minimal progress for nearly a decade due to complex defect physics, severe voltage deficits, and non-ideal grain boundary behavior. Recent breakthroughs in cation engineering, culminating in a record 15.1 % efficiency, mark a critical turning point and have reignited efforts to fully realize the potential for commercial applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of synergistic cation engineering strategies, including isovalent and heterovalent substitution, alkali metal doping, and co-doping for mitigating intrinsic point defects, related defect complexes, and grain boundaries. These strategies influence the crystal lattice, modulate defect formation energies, enhance crystallinity, promote grain growth, and tailor the band gap and optoelectronic properties. Co-doping and multi-alloying approaches have emerged as particularly powerful tools for synergistically tuning defect chemistry, carrier dynamics, and band structure, often outperforming single-element doping in both efficiency and stability. Case studies are critically examined encompassing isovalent alloying (Cu<sup>+</sup>→Ag<sup>+</sup>; Zn<sup>2+</sup>→Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Ba<sup>2+</sup>, Mn<sup>2+</sup>; Sn<sup>4+</sup>→Ge<sup>4+</sup>, Si<sup>4+</sup>, Ti<sup>4+</sup>), alkali metal doping (Li<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>), heterovalent substitution (Ga<sup>3+</sup>, La<sup>4+</sup>, In<sup>3+</sup>, Sb<sup>3+</sup>), co-alloying/co-doping (Ag<sup>+</sup>-Cd<sup>2+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>-Li<sup>+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>-Ge<sup>3+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>-H<sup>+</sup>, Ag<sup>+</sup>-Pd<sup>2+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>-Na<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>-Cs<sup>+</sup>, Ge<sup>4+</sup>-Cd<sup>2+</sup>), and multinary alloying (Ag<sup>+</sup>–Cd<sup>2+</sup>–Ge<sup>3+</sup>), with emphasis on elucidating their underlying mechanisms for performance enhancement. Focusing primarily on devices exceeding 10 % efficiency, this review outlines key trends, challenges, and future opportunities, offering a roadmap for the rational design of next-generation high-efficiency kesterite photovoltaics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116660"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145838058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116614
Byuk-Keun Jo
Local Flexibility Markets (LFMs) are no longer experimental mechanisms but evolving governance systems that determine how distributed flexibility becomes an enduring component of national power systems. This paper reframes LFMs not as fixed market designs but as multidimensional transition processes shaped by the co-evolution of institutional, market, regulatory, digital, and social dynamics. Using a five-dimensional Transformational Framework, we conduct a cross-country comparative analysis of six regimes—the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Australia, and South Korea—to identify how differing governance logics and policy sequences influence the maturity and direction of LFM evolution. The results show that technological readiness alone is insufficient: sustainable scaling depends on institutional openness, regulatory adaptability, digital interoperability, and social legitimacy. The study distinguishes two dominant pathways of transition—institutionally anchored and regulator-driven—and highlights hybrid experimental approaches emerging in distributed energy contexts. It finds that misalignment among dimensions often explains stagnation more effectively than technological or economic constraints. Ultimately, LFMs represent adaptive governance infrastructures that integrate decarbonization objectives with localized operational needs. Their long-term success will depend on continuous coordination across governance layers, transforming flexibility from a policy experiment into a stable and legitimate market function for resilient, decentralized energy systems.
{"title":"Local flexibility markets in the energy transition: A comparative review and framework for future development","authors":"Byuk-Keun Jo","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116614","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116614","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Local Flexibility Markets (LFMs) are no longer experimental mechanisms but evolving governance systems that determine how distributed flexibility becomes an enduring component of national power systems. This paper reframes LFMs not as fixed market designs but as multidimensional transition processes shaped by the co-evolution of institutional, market, regulatory, digital, and social dynamics. Using a five-dimensional Transformational Framework, we conduct a cross-country comparative analysis of six regimes—the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Australia, and South Korea—to identify how differing governance logics and policy sequences influence the maturity and direction of LFM evolution. The results show that technological readiness alone is insufficient: sustainable scaling depends on institutional openness, regulatory adaptability, digital interoperability, and social legitimacy. The study distinguishes two dominant pathways of transition—institutionally anchored and regulator-driven—and highlights hybrid experimental approaches emerging in distributed energy contexts. It finds that misalignment among dimensions often explains stagnation more effectively than technological or economic constraints. Ultimately, LFMs represent adaptive governance infrastructures that integrate decarbonization objectives with localized operational needs. Their long-term success will depend on continuous coordination across governance layers, transforming flexibility from a policy experiment into a stable and legitimate market function for resilient, decentralized energy systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116614"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116621
Xunli Zhou , Sirui Wang , Zhenyu Hu , Shijie Wang , Xianchen Liu , Zhaosheng Zhang , Peng Liu , Yongchao Yu , Lei Li
Safety concerns have emerged as the central challenge constraining the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). During service life of EVs, power batteries undergo dynamic evolution in safety performance that fundamentally governs system reliability. This review concludes the main failure triggers from manufacturing to end-of-life, critically shape battery safety and can ultimately trigger thermal runaway (TR). We identify three dominant pathways of degradation. First, manufacturing defects induce localized current imbalances, internal short circuits (ISCs), and interfacial side reactions. Second, external abuse can directly initiate TR through structural damage. Third, long-term cycling leads to irreversible loss of active material and lithium inventory, progressively undermining thermal stability. The research further delineates two distinct patterns of safety evolution. One pathway involves defect- or abuse-induced ISCs that trigger TR, producing observable temperature spikes within seconds to hours. The other results from cumulative degradation under poor thermal or electrical management, manifesting as measurable capacity decline and resistance increase over days to years. To tackle these challenges, we propose a digital twin–based, multi-level safety perception framework that integrates high-precision sensing, mechanistic modeling, and artificial intelligence algorithms, thereby strengthening safety management. This approach offers insights into safeguarding power batteries across their service life and supports the sustainable and safe utilization of EVs.
{"title":"Evolving safety challenges of power batteries in service: Insights and strategies","authors":"Xunli Zhou , Sirui Wang , Zhenyu Hu , Shijie Wang , Xianchen Liu , Zhaosheng Zhang , Peng Liu , Yongchao Yu , Lei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Safety concerns have emerged as the central challenge constraining the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). During service life of EVs, power batteries undergo dynamic evolution in safety performance that fundamentally governs system reliability. This review concludes the main failure triggers from manufacturing to end-of-life, critically shape battery safety and can ultimately trigger thermal runaway (TR). We identify three dominant pathways of degradation. First, manufacturing defects induce localized current imbalances, internal short circuits (ISCs), and interfacial side reactions. Second, external abuse can directly initiate TR through structural damage. Third, long-term cycling leads to irreversible loss of active material and lithium inventory, progressively undermining thermal stability. The research further delineates two distinct patterns of safety evolution. One pathway involves defect- or abuse-induced ISCs that trigger TR, producing observable temperature spikes within seconds to hours. The other results from cumulative degradation under poor thermal or electrical management, manifesting as measurable capacity decline and resistance increase over days to years. To tackle these challenges, we propose a digital twin–based, multi-level safety perception framework that integrates high-precision sensing, mechanistic modeling, and artificial intelligence algorithms, thereby strengthening safety management. This approach offers insights into safeguarding power batteries across their service life and supports the sustainable and safe utilization of EVs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116621"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116630
Tang Yang , Fahime Bigdeli , Seyedeh Zeinab Hashemi , Soheila Karimi , Kuan-Guan Liu , Ali Morsali
In this paper, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based composites are introduced as membranes for H2/CO2 separation. In industrial processes, the separation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide is a complex and vital procedure. Hydrogen (H2) can meet the world's growing energy needs as a high-energy-density, sustainable, and environmentally friendly resource. Industrial hydrogen production typically yields impure hydrogen streams containing small molecular contaminants, notably CO2. Compared to conventional technologies, adsorption-based processes for gas separation are of interest due to their simplicity, low cost, and high efficiency. Among different methods, the use of MOFs has become popular for gas separation due to adjustable pore sizes, high specific surface area, chemical versatility, and extremely high porosity. However, the preparation and stability of MOFs present limitations that researchers are actively seeking to address. By integrating MOFs into a matrix such as polymers, they can form composites with a flawless surface because the functional groups in MOFs can serve as suitable sites for forming bonds with the organic parts of the matrix to produce selective membranes for the separation of CO2 and H2 gases. They retain the exceptional features of MOFs while leveraging the unique properties of the polymer matrix, ultimately increasing gas separation performance. This review critically evaluates recent global research efforts on the selective separation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases, discussing the impact of various factors such as composite factors and functional groups on the separation efficiency of these two specific gases. This study also provides a brief explanation of the mechanisms of H2/CO2 separation.
{"title":"Recent advances in selective separation of H2/CO2 gases by composites of MOFs","authors":"Tang Yang , Fahime Bigdeli , Seyedeh Zeinab Hashemi , Soheila Karimi , Kuan-Guan Liu , Ali Morsali","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.116630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based composites are introduced as membranes for H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> separation. In industrial processes, the separation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide is a complex and vital procedure. Hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) can meet the world's growing energy needs as a high-energy-density, sustainable, and environmentally friendly resource. Industrial hydrogen production typically yields impure hydrogen streams containing small molecular contaminants, notably CO<sub>2</sub>. Compared to conventional technologies, adsorption-based processes for gas separation are of interest due to their simplicity, low cost, and high efficiency. Among different methods, the use of MOFs has become popular for gas separation due to adjustable pore sizes, high specific surface area, chemical versatility, and extremely high porosity. However, the preparation and stability of MOFs present limitations that researchers are actively seeking to address. By integrating MOFs into a matrix such as polymers, they can form composites with a flawless surface because the functional groups in MOFs can serve as suitable sites for forming bonds with the organic parts of the matrix to produce selective membranes for the separation of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> gases. They retain the exceptional features of MOFs while leveraging the unique properties of the polymer matrix, ultimately increasing gas separation performance. This review critically evaluates recent global research efforts on the selective separation of hydrogen and carbon dioxide gases, discussing the impact of various factors such as composite factors and functional groups on the separation efficiency of these two specific gases. This study also provides a brief explanation of the mechanisms of H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> separation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"229 ","pages":"Article 116630"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145837994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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