Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews最新文献_第3页

Durability-informed life cycle assessment of concrete through machine learning for service life prediction 通过机器学习进行混凝土寿命预测的耐久性信息生命周期评估

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116730

Majdi Flah , Afshin Marani , Ahmed R. Suleiman , Moncef L. Nehdi

Sustainable concrete infrastructure cannot be achieved through prescriptive mix design or carbon accounting frameworks that neglect material deterioration. Despite advances in durability science, machine learning (ML), service-life modeling, and life-cycle assessment (LCA), these domains remain misaligned because they quantify performance using incompatible metrics. Durability research characterizes performance through transport-controlled degradation processes; ML infers performance statistically across heterogeneous datasets; service-life analysis defines performance by the timing of corrosion limit states; and LCA evaluates performance using functional units (FUs) often decoupled from degradation mechanisms. This fragmentation underpins many sustainability claims for low-clinker concretes. This review shows that transport parameters governing chloride ingress and carbonation vary by one to two orders of magnitude across binder systems due to chemistry, curing regime, moisture history, exposure conditions, and test methodology. Such variability destabilizes deterministic service-life predictions and renders conventional mass- or strength-based LCA comparisons physically inconsistent. While ML approaches can reduce statistical scatter, predictions remain unreliable when deterioration mechanisms, exposure descriptors, and depassivation criteria are not explicitly embedded. Within LCA, FU selection exerts a stronger influence on environmental rankings than mixture composition itself, with rankings frequently reversing when service-life- or transport-informed FUs replace volumetric metrics. To address these limitations, the review introduces a deterioration-informed sustainability framework (DISF) that unifies ML-based durability prediction, probabilistic service-life modeling, and LCA through a shared representation of deterioration trajectories. By embedding deterioration kinetics, exposure sensitivity, and temporal performance into functional units, the framework enables comparisons of binder systems and performance, shifting sustainability assessment from static carbon metrics toward performance-based decision-making.

可持续的混凝土基础设施不能通过规范的混合设计或忽视材料恶化的碳核算框架来实现。尽管在耐久性科学、机器学习（ML）、服务寿命建模和生命周期评估（LCA）方面取得了进步，但这些领域仍然不一致，因为它们使用不兼容的指标来量化性能。耐久性研究通过运输控制的退化过程表征性能；机器学习推断跨异构数据集的统计性能；使用寿命分析通过腐蚀极限状态的时间来定义性能；LCA使用功能单元（FUs）来评估性能，通常与退化机制分离。这种碎片化支持了低熟料混凝土的许多可持续性要求。这篇综述表明，由于化学性质、固化制度、水分历史、暴露条件和测试方法的不同，在不同的粘合剂体系中，控制氯化物进入和碳化的传输参数会有一到两个数量级的变化。这种可变性破坏了确定性的使用寿命预测，并使传统的基于质量或强度的LCA比较在物理上不一致。虽然机器学习方法可以减少统计分散，但当退化机制、暴露描述符和钝化标准没有明确嵌入时，预测仍然不可靠。在LCA中，混合燃料选择对环境排名的影响比混合物组成本身更大，当使用寿命或运输信息的混合燃料取代体积指标时，排名经常反转。为了解决这些限制，该综述引入了退化信息可持续性框架（DISF），该框架通过退化轨迹的共享表示，将基于ml的耐久性预测、概率使用寿命建模和LCA结合起来。通过将退化动力学、暴露敏感性和时间性能嵌入到功能单元中，该框架可以比较粘合剂系统和性能，将可持续性评估从静态碳指标转向基于性能的决策。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrometallurgical recycling technologies for spent LiFePO4 batteries: Recent advances and challenges 废LiFePO4电池的湿法冶金回收技术：最新进展和挑战

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116725

Chongqing Nong , Haoran Yuan , Zejian Liu , Hui Liu , Jingkun Han , Jing Gu , Yong Chen

Green, high-value, and low-cost recycling of spent LiFePO₄ (LFP) is an urgent issue that needs to be addressed, with the increasing retirement of LFP batteries. Among the various recycling technologies, hydrometallurgy has been widely employed due to its mature processes, low energy consumption, and high metal recovery rates. Based on recent advances in hydrometallurgical technology for LFP recycling, this review systematically examines the key steps, including pretreatment, leaching, and separation/purification. The developments and challenges of the leaching process for decommissioned LFP cathodes were focused on. Comparative analysis across four dimensions (reagent consumption, leaching efficacy, economics, and environmental impact) demonstrates that oxidative leaching currently represents the highly viable method for scale-up, benefiting from its low acid consumption and high selectivity compared to conventional hydrometallurgy. Particularly, acid-free oxidative leaching drastically enhances Li selectivity and avoids undesired defects caused by the use of acid. Therefore, it is considered a highly promising solution. Extensive experimental and theoretical researches are required prior to its industrial implementation.

随着废旧LiFePO4 （LFP）电池退役的增加，绿色、高价值、低成本的回收利用是一个迫切需要解决的问题。在各种回收技术中，湿法冶金因其工艺成熟、能耗低、金属回收率高而得到广泛应用。根据近年来湿法冶金技术的最新进展，本文系统地介绍了湿法冶金回收LFP的关键步骤，包括预处理、浸出和分离纯化。重点介绍了退役LFP阴极浸出工艺的发展和挑战。通过四个维度（试剂消耗、浸出效率、经济和环境影响）的比较分析表明，与传统湿法冶金相比，氧化浸出具有低酸消耗和高选择性，目前是一种非常可行的扩大规模的方法。特别是，无酸氧化浸出极大地提高了锂的选择性，避免了因酸的使用而引起的不良缺陷。因此，它被认为是一个非常有前途的解决方案。在工业应用之前，需要进行广泛的实验和理论研究。

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引用次数: 0

China's emissions trading system and green performance: Based on the agent-based stock-flow consistent model 中国排放交易制度与绿色绩效：基于基于主体的存量流量一致性模型

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116731

Pingkuo Liu, Guangze Cai, Linyin Yang

Emissions Trading System (ETS) is a prominent means to achieve carbon emission reduction. Many countries are operating or building the Carbon Emissions Trading Market to optimize economic and environmental benefits. However, there are interactions among national industrial structures. This makes the effects of ETS schemes unpredictable. How to build an ETS that takes into account both effectiveness and efficiency for China has become a key and urgent issue. Based on the reality of China's industrial growth and market construction, this paper sorts out the logical structure of China's ETS, focusing on the power sector as its primary component. An Agent-based Stock-flow Consistent Model including four sector types is developed to systematically analyze the ETS schemes. Simulation results from four distinct ETS schemes show that: (1) From the perspective of system structure, the current China's ETS exhibits institutional and regulatory deficiencies, particularly in policy design and the operationalization of its cap-and-trade framework. The "Porter Effect" hypothesis cannot be realized. (2) From the perspective of scheme effectiveness, implementing schemes that reduce emission benchmark and carbon offset can better achieve both economic and environmental benefits across all time horizons. In addition, the schemes to increase carbon offset, allowance auction, and penalties for exceeding the emission benchmark have certain favorable effects in the short or the long term. It provides decision-making reference for China to build an ETS and form an optimal policy mix.

碳排放交易体系是实现碳减排的重要手段。许多国家正在运营或建设碳排放交易市场，以优化经济和环境效益。然而，各国产业结构之间存在着相互作用。这使得碳排放交易体系的影响难以预测。如何建立一个对中国来说既有效又高效的碳排放交易体系已成为一个关键而紧迫的问题。本文从中国产业增长和市场建设的实际出发，梳理了中国碳排放交易体系的逻辑结构，并以电力行业为主要组成部分。为了系统地分析碳排放交易体系，本文建立了一个包含四种部门类型的基于代理的库存流量一致性模型。结果表明：(1)从制度结构的角度看，当前中国的碳排放交易体系存在制度性和监管缺陷，特别是在政策设计和总量控制与交易框架的运行方面。“波特效应”假说无法实现。(2)从方案有效性来看，实施降低排放基准和碳抵消的方案在所有时间范围内都能更好地实现经济效益和环境效益。此外，增加碳补偿、配额拍卖和超过排放基准的处罚等方案在短期或长期内都有一定的有利效果。为中国构建碳排放交易体系，形成最优政策组合提供决策参考。

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引用次数: 0

Ultrathin two-dimensional Pt/Pd-based nanomaterials with advanced structures for fuel cells electrocatalysis 具有先进结构的超薄二维Pt/ pd基纳米材料用于燃料电池电催化

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116746

Xiyue Zhang, Wen Zhang, Ziyan Zhu, Fei Gao, Yangping Zhang

Ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) Pt/Pd-based nanomaterials have consistently been recognized as the most promising catalysts among noble metals for fuel cell applications. Compared to conventional component and morphology control, recent advances in regulation strategies have further enhanced electrocatalytic performance of 2D Pt/Pd-based nanomaterials. In this review, we summarized the advanced structures of ultrathin 2D Pt/Pd-based nanomaterials including interstitial non-metal atom doping, single-atom alloys, intermetallic phases, high-entropy alloys, core@sub-monolayer shell and Janus heterostructures. Then, their applications in important electrocatalytic reactions of fuel cells, such as oxygen reduction reaction, hydrogen oxidation reaction, ethanol oxidation reaction and formic acid oxidation reaction were discussed. Finally, we outlined the challenges and potential research directions in this emerging field, including reliable synthesis methods, catalytic mechanism and practical application.

超薄二维（2D）铂/钯基纳米材料一直被认为是燃料电池应用中最有前途的贵金属催化剂。与传统的组分和形态控制相比，调控策略的最新进展进一步提高了二维Pt/ pd基纳米材料的电催化性能。本文综述了超薄二维Pt/ pd基纳米材料的先进结构，包括间隙非金属原子掺杂、单原子合金、金属间相、高熵合金、core@sub-monolayer壳层和Janus异质结构。然后讨论了它们在燃料电池重要电催化反应中的应用，如氧还原反应、氢氧化反应、乙醇氧化反应和甲酸氧化反应。最后，我们概述了这一新兴领域面临的挑战和潜在的研究方向，包括可靠的合成方法、催化机理和实际应用。

引用次数: 0

Low-dimensional materials for reversible hydrogen storage: A review of design principles, storage mechanisms, and emerging trends 用于可逆储氢的低维材料：设计原则、储氢机制和新兴趋势的综述

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116743

Che Zhang , Xihao Chen , Yuan Yan , Jiaqing Li , Liang Zhang , Asif Hosen , Chunyang Xia , Yanliang Yi , Peng Gao

Materials-based hydrogen storage is recognized for its high volumetric density, inherent safety, and seamless system integration, offering a practical route toward large-scale hydrogen deployment and deep decarbonization. Low-dimensional materials emerge as especially promising owing to their extensive surface area, tailorable chemistry, and short diffusion distances, which collectively enable high-capacity, reversible, and fast hydrogen storage. While extensive research has been devoted to specific materials, a cohesive understanding that interconnects findings across various material systems and yields transferable design principles remains lacking. This review develops an integrated mechanistic perspective spanning graphene derivatives, CN/BN/BCN frameworks, MXenes, transition-metal dichalcogenides, elemental monolayers, and emerging 2D architectures. The analysis covers polarization-enhanced physisorption, Kubas coordination, catalytic spillover, moderate chemisorption, and interlayer confinement, clarifying how structural motifs and chemical terminations govern adsorption energetics and reversibility. The most promising low-dimensional sorbents combine firmly anchored electropositive sites on graphene and nitrogen-rich frameworks, programmable terminations and galleries in MXenes that operate between physisorption and weak chemisorption, and composite architectures that enhance heat management and packing density. We further identify a shared near-ambient operating window and a set of device-aware metrics (working capacity, kinetics, cycling stability, and volumetric efficiency) as practical benchmarks to guide future synthesis, simulation, and prototype development.

基于材料的储氢以其高体积密度、固有安全性和无缝系统集成而闻名，为大规模氢部署和深度脱碳提供了一条实用的途径。低维材料由于其广泛的表面积、可定制的化学性质和短的扩散距离而显得特别有前途，它们共同实现了高容量、可逆和快速的氢储存。虽然对特定材料进行了广泛的研究，但仍然缺乏将各种材料系统的发现相互联系起来并产生可转移设计原则的凝聚力理解。本文综述了石墨烯衍生物、CN/BN/BCN框架、MXenes、过渡金属二硫族化合物、元素单层和新兴的二维结构的综合机制视角。分析涵盖了极化增强的物理吸附、库巴斯配位、催化溢出、适度化学吸附和层间约束，阐明了结构基序和化学终止如何控制吸附的能量和可逆性。最有前途的低维吸附剂结合了石墨烯和富氮框架上牢固固定的正电位点、MXenes中在物理吸附和弱化学吸附之间运行的可编程终端和通道，以及增强热管理和包装密度的复合结构。我们进一步确定了一个共享的近环境操作窗口和一组设备感知指标（工作能力、动力学、循环稳定性和体积效率）作为指导未来合成、模拟和原型开发的实用基准。

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引用次数: 0

A comprehensive review of islanding detection methods: Transition to intelligent classifier based approaches 孤岛检测方法的综合综述：过渡到基于智能分类器的方法

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116732

Ramswarup Kumar, Jitendra Kumar, U.K. Sinha

When a distributed energy resource (DER), such as a grid-tied inverter, identifies an island that is isolated from the main and stops energizing the power system, this is known as unintentional islanding. Maintaining local load supply is a significant obstacle in contemporary distribution networks. When the local generation is aligned with the local load, requiring islanding detection, it becomes more challenging, creating a non-detection zone. Therefore, stable, reliable, and effective islanding detection systems are crucial to prevent islanding and ensure the electrical grid runs safely. This study reviews the progression of islanding detection approaches, grouping them into remote, local, and intelligent classifier-based approaches. While traditional schemes have dominated historically, intelligent classifier-based approaches are gaining prominence due to their enhanced capabilities. This paper discusses the move toward intelligent approaches, highlighting their key advantages, difficulties, and future avenues for research. This paper is comprehensively analysing- AI based islanding detection techniques developed over the last decade with a strong emphasis on feature selection, critical electrical parameters, existing challenges, and emerging future research needs. Finally, an Optuna-optimized SVM case study is included to illustrate the detection performance of intelligent IDSs in this review.

当分布式能源（DER）（例如并网逆变器）识别出与主电源隔离的孤岛并停止为电力系统供电时，这被称为无意孤岛。维持本地负荷供应是当代配电网的一个重大障碍。当本地发电与本地负载对齐时，需要孤岛检测，这变得更具挑战性，创建了一个非检测区域。因此，稳定、可靠、有效的孤岛检测系统对于防止孤岛，保障电网安全运行至关重要。本研究回顾了孤岛检测方法的进展，将它们分为远程、本地和基于智能分类器的方法。虽然传统方案在历史上占主导地位，但基于智能分类器的方法由于其增强的功能而日益突出。本文讨论了智能方法的发展，强调了它们的主要优势、困难和未来的研究方向。本文全面分析了过去十年来发展起来的基于人工智能的孤岛检测技术，重点关注特征选择、关键电气参数、现有挑战和新兴的未来研究需求。最后，本文通过一个基于optuna优化的SVM案例来说明智能入侵防御系统的检测性能。

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引用次数: 0

Advances and challenges in deep eutectic solvents pretreatment technologies for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass: A comprehensive review 木质纤维素生物质制备生物乙醇的深度共熔溶剂预处理技术进展与挑战综述

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116752

Novia Novia , Asyeni Miftahul Jannah , Elda Melwita , Ahmad Fudholi , Vishnu K. Pareek

The increasing demand for sustainable, renewable energy sources is the primary driver of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). In this context, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) have emerged as a novel, eco-friendly alternative, offering low toxicity, biodegradability, adjustable properties, and a significant lignin solubilization capability compared to traditional pretreatment methods. Therefore, this article thoroughly reviews recent developments in DES pretreatment technologies, including design and formulation, biomass fractionation mechanisms, and impacts on enzymatic hydrolysis, including fermentation efficiency. Several choline chloride-based and natural DES types have considerably enhanced cellulose accessibility and bioethanol production. However, significant challenges persist, such as the need for economical DES synthesis, effective solvent recovery, and scalable processes for industrial applications. The interaction of these solvents with enzymes and microbial systems necessitates further investigation to optimize integrated bioprocesses. Overcoming these challenges through innovative research and process optimization would facilitate the widespread implementation of DES pretreatment. As a result, this enhanced bioethanol production's sustainability, efficiency, and economic viability.

对可持续、可再生能源日益增长的需求是木质纤维素生物质（LCB）生产生物乙醇的主要驱动力。在这种背景下，深度共熔溶剂（DES）作为一种新颖的、环保的替代方案出现了，与传统的预处理方法相比，它具有低毒、可生物降解、可调节的性能和显著的木质素增溶能力。因此，本文全面回顾了DES预处理技术的最新进展，包括设计和配方，生物质分馏机理，以及对酶水解的影响，包括发酵效率。几种氯化胆碱和天然DES类型大大提高了纤维素的可及性和生物乙醇的生产。然而，重大的挑战仍然存在，例如需要经济的DES合成，有效的溶剂回收和工业应用的可扩展工艺。这些溶剂与酶和微生物系统的相互作用需要进一步研究以优化综合生物过程。通过创新研究和工艺优化来克服这些挑战，将有助于DES预处理的广泛应用。因此，这提高了生物乙醇生产的可持续性、效率和经济可行性。

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引用次数: 0

How to address the anode dilemma and explore future prospects of microbial fuel cells 如何解决阳极困境，探索微生物燃料电池的未来前景

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116745

Wei Liu , Yu Zhou , Tingrui Yang , Xuelan Xu , Jingjing Lin , Yingying Zheng , Mingxuan Guo , Yuankai Huang , Yinuo Xie , Haiqing Liu , Min Chen , Wenqian Huang , Dai Kuang , Xinlong Tian , Qianfeng Xia

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), a type of bioelectrochemical energy technology that uses microorganisms to convert organic waste into electricity, have received widespread attention in recent years. In particular, the anode of MFC is not only the interface for electron transfer, but also a key component to enhance the overall performance. It has important significance for the practical application of MFC technology. However, research on MFC anodes faces numerous challenges, including sluggish interfacial kinetics, unstable biofilms, mass transfer losses, and high scale–up costs. This paper reviews recent advances in anode improvement and summarizes the mechanisms underlying performance enhancements achieved with advanced electrodes. Furthermore, material synthesis strategies, advanced characterization analysis, cross–scale numerical simulation, and a comprehensive evaluation system are proposed to address anode dilemma, providing valuable insights for the future development and application of MFCs.

微生物燃料电池（MFCs）是一种利用微生物将有机废弃物转化为电能的生物电化学能源技术，近年来受到广泛关注。特别是MFC的阳极不仅是电子传递的接口，而且是提高整体性能的关键部件。这对MFC技术的实际应用具有重要意义。然而，MFC阳极的研究面临着许多挑战，包括界面动力学缓慢、生物膜不稳定、传质损失和放大成本高。本文综述了阳极改进的最新进展，并总结了先进电极性能提高的机制。在此基础上，提出了解决阳极困境的材料合成策略、先进的表征分析、跨尺度数值模拟和综合评价体系，为mfc的未来发展和应用提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Spray and combustion characteristics of PODE fuel under high-pressure high-temperature compression ignition engine conditions: A review 高压高温压缩点火发动机工况下PODE燃料的喷射与燃烧特性研究进展

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116728

Mohamed Khalaf , Tiemin Xuan , Zhixia He , Qian Wang

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE_n/OMEx) are increasingly recognized as promising low-emission alternatives or blending components for petroleum diesel, supported by favorable physicochemical characteristics and a strong potential to reduce particulate matter and greenhouse-gas emissions while improving energy security through fuel diversification. This review synthesizes evidence from approximately 300 studies to evaluate PODE across the full value chain, encompassing feedstock options, production routes, techno-economic considerations, catalytic synthesis pathways, and the chemical-kinetic understanding of combustion. Particular emphasis is placed on how PODE's defining properties, high oxygen content, absence of C–C bonds, and elevated cetane number translate into distinct spray and combustion behavior in compression-ignition engines. Compared with conventional diesel, variations in density, viscosity, volatility, and surface tension shape atomization quality, spray penetration, droplet size, and mixing processes, which in turn influence ignition, heat-release characteristics, combustion efficiency, and emissions formation. The review integrates experimental diagnostics (including optical studies), computational fluid dynamics, and mechanistic analyses to consolidate current knowledge and identify critical gaps that limit technological readiness, particularly material compatibility concerns associated with fuel polarity and the need for injection-system optimization to ensure long-term durability and stable spray patterns. By consolidating these opportunities and challenges under realistic operating conditions, this work provides a coherent framework to guide future research on tailored combustion strategies and engine designs, supporting the broader adoption of PODE-based fuels in cleaner, more efficient transportation energy systems.

聚氧二甲基醚（PODEn/OMEx）越来越被认为是有前途的低排放替代品或石油柴油的混合成分，具有良好的物理化学特性和减少颗粒物和温室气体排放的强大潜力，同时通过燃料多样化提高能源安全。这篇综述综合了大约300项研究的证据，以评估PODE在整个价值链上的价值，包括原料选择、生产路线、技术经济考虑、催化合成途径以及对燃烧的化学动力学理解。特别强调的是PODE的定义性质，高氧含量，缺乏C-C键，十六烷值升高如何转化为压缩点火发动机中独特的喷雾和燃烧行为。与传统柴油相比，密度、粘度、挥发性和表面张力的变化会影响雾化质量、喷雾渗透、液滴大小和混合过程，进而影响点火、放热特性、燃烧效率和排放形成。该评估整合了实验诊断（包括光学研究）、计算流体动力学和机理分析，以巩固现有知识，并确定限制技术成熟度的关键差距，特别是与燃料极性相关的材料兼容性问题，以及为确保长期耐用性和稳定的喷射模式而对喷射系统进行优化的需求。通过在现实运行条件下整合这些机遇和挑战，这项工作为指导未来定制燃烧策略和发动机设计的研究提供了一个连贯的框架，支持在更清洁、更高效的交通能源系统中更广泛地采用基于pode的燃料。

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引用次数: 0

Challenges in large-scale application of phase change materials with shallow geothermal energy system for building heating/cooling: A systematic review 相变材料与浅层地热能系统在建筑采暖/制冷中的大规模应用：系统综述

IF 16.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2026.116724

Z. Zhou , Y. Wang , Y. Tao , Weilan Wu , Gang Wu , Songping Chen

Combining phase change materials (PCMs) with shallow geothermal energy (SGE) systems offers a promising solution to thermal imbalance and efficiency degradation in both heating and cooling applications, yet large-scale implementation remains limited. This review systematically examines the characteristics, application modes, and key challenges of different PCMs. Organic PCMs provide good stability but suffer from low thermal conductivity, while inorganic PCMs face issues of corrosion and phase separation. Modified PCMs can mitigate leakage and enhance performance, though standardized preparation methods are still lacking. In practice, PCMs are applied either as heat transfer media (e.g., borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), earth air heat exchangers (EAHEs)) or as energy storage modules (ESMs). Major challenges include cost reduction, environmental risk assessment, structural innovation to balance thermal conductivity and soil isolation, long-term performance prediction under cyclic loading, and alignment of phase change processes with dynamic energy demand. Future development is expected to focus on data-driven load optimization and integration with other renewable energy sources. This article outlines a research pathway emphasizing scalable manufacturing, environmental safety, and multi-scale modeling to accelerate the transition of PCM-SGE systems from experimental studies to practical applications.

相变材料（PCMs）与浅层地热能（SGE）系统的结合为解决供热和制冷应用中的热平衡和效率下降问题提供了一个有希望的解决方案，但大规模实施仍然有限。本文系统地探讨了不同PCMs的特点、应用模式和主要挑战。有机pcm稳定性好，但导热系数低，而无机pcm面临腐蚀和相分离的问题。改进的PCMs可以减少泄漏并提高性能，尽管标准化的制备方法仍然缺乏。在实践中，pcm被用作传热介质（例如，钻孔热交换器（BHEs），土壤空气热交换器（eahs））或储能模块（esm）。主要挑战包括降低成本、环境风险评估、结构创新以平衡导热性和土壤隔离、循环载荷下的长期性能预测，以及根据动态能源需求调整相变过程。预计未来的发展将集中在数据驱动的负荷优化和与其他可再生能源的整合上。本文概述了一条研究途径，强调可扩展制造、环境安全和多尺度建模，以加速PCM-SGE系统从实验研究向实际应用的过渡。

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引用次数: 0