Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/03769836221108351
K. Yadav
A study of the events at both Ambala and Meerut indicates that the sepoys’ plan was to rise in revolt while the Europeans were attending the Sunday church services. They wanted to catch them, unaware and unguarded. The uprising of the sepoys at Ambala in the morning and at Meerut in the evening is explained by this fact. The rest of the details of the uprising were to be worked out locally by the leaders in the two cantonments. The existence of a premeditated plan of rising at Meerut—the 20th N.I. and 11th N.I. would rise and the 3rd Light Cavalry would follow them after releasing their fellows from the jail, was confessed by a native officer of the 3rd L.C. to Lt. Gough. The final part of the plan involved going to Delhi after completely destroying the Europeans at the two stations. The British were, however, too alert to be caught napping at Ambala, and the sepoys failed to translate their plans into action. But they succeeded at Meerut. Had the Ambala troops succeeded like those at Meerut, the British would have found their work of a century undone overnight.
{"title":"1857 Uprising: ‘The Outburst’ in Haryana","authors":"K. Yadav","doi":"10.1177/03769836221108351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03769836221108351","url":null,"abstract":"A study of the events at both Ambala and Meerut indicates that the sepoys’ plan was to rise in revolt while the Europeans were attending the Sunday church services. They wanted to catch them, unaware and unguarded. The uprising of the sepoys at Ambala in the morning and at Meerut in the evening is explained by this fact. The rest of the details of the uprising were to be worked out locally by the leaders in the two cantonments. The existence of a premeditated plan of rising at Meerut—the 20th N.I. and 11th N.I. would rise and the 3rd Light Cavalry would follow them after releasing their fellows from the jail, was confessed by a native officer of the 3rd L.C. to Lt. Gough. The final part of the plan involved going to Delhi after completely destroying the Europeans at the two stations. The British were, however, too alert to be caught napping at Ambala, and the sepoys failed to translate their plans into action. But they succeeded at Meerut. Had the Ambala troops succeeded like those at Meerut, the British would have found their work of a century undone overnight.","PeriodicalId":41945,"journal":{"name":"Indian Historical Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"S69 - S80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90643018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/03769836221096236
Pratibha
In this article, an attempt has been made to make a nuanced study of the images portrayed of the shaikh by Hamid Qalandar and his protagonist, Shaikh Nasiruddin, in the malfuzat of the shaikh entitled Khairul Majalis. It highlights that the shaikh willingly chose the path of faqr (poverty), faqa (deprivation/hunger) and wanted to renounce duniya wa khalq (world and people), which resulted in an antipathy towards shughl (government service) and the state and all its institutions. Fawaid-al-Fuad, malfuzat of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya, constructed the rudimentary tariqa—in effect, a powerful, rudimentary preliminary lineage of the Chishti silsila was constructed. Khairul Majalis effectively highlights the virtues of Shaikh Nasiruddin, and thus he successfully claims to tap into the paradigm of conduct of an ‘ideal murid’—an embodiment of an ‘ideal murid’—stringently following the different principles and practices of Chishti silsila so clearly laid out in Fawaid-al-Fuad—thus a ‘worthy successor’. The didactic and discursive nature of the Khairul Majalis and the malfuzat genre, in general, is evident. These hagiological work(s) need to be studied in the context in which it/they emerged, and the intentions of the hagiographer, the background and/or agenda in presenting the text must be taken into account before reaching any conclusions based on it. As evident, the malfuzat strives to draw out the best traits of the respective protagonist to hold them up as a model of piety and a recipient of divine grace. In the process, they accentuate the construct of the paradigm of conduct appropriate to a Shaikh.
{"title":"Khairul Majalis: Highlighting the Virtues of Shaikh Nasiruddin Chiragh-i-Dehli","authors":"Pratibha","doi":"10.1177/03769836221096236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03769836221096236","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, an attempt has been made to make a nuanced study of the images portrayed of the shaikh by Hamid Qalandar and his protagonist, Shaikh Nasiruddin, in the malfuzat of the shaikh entitled Khairul Majalis. It highlights that the shaikh willingly chose the path of faqr (poverty), faqa (deprivation/hunger) and wanted to renounce duniya wa khalq (world and people), which resulted in an antipathy towards shughl (government service) and the state and all its institutions. Fawaid-al-Fuad, malfuzat of Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya, constructed the rudimentary tariqa—in effect, a powerful, rudimentary preliminary lineage of the Chishti silsila was constructed. Khairul Majalis effectively highlights the virtues of Shaikh Nasiruddin, and thus he successfully claims to tap into the paradigm of conduct of an ‘ideal murid’—an embodiment of an ‘ideal murid’—stringently following the different principles and practices of Chishti silsila so clearly laid out in Fawaid-al-Fuad—thus a ‘worthy successor’. The didactic and discursive nature of the Khairul Majalis and the malfuzat genre, in general, is evident. These hagiological work(s) need to be studied in the context in which it/they emerged, and the intentions of the hagiographer, the background and/or agenda in presenting the text must be taken into account before reaching any conclusions based on it. As evident, the malfuzat strives to draw out the best traits of the respective protagonist to hold them up as a model of piety and a recipient of divine grace. In the process, they accentuate the construct of the paradigm of conduct appropriate to a Shaikh.","PeriodicalId":41945,"journal":{"name":"Indian Historical Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"86 - 102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84592920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/03769836221096246
Nadara Ashafaque
This article studies Dutch East India Company’s interest in Bengal and their relations with local Mughal officials during the seventeenth century. The Dutch faced constant problems with the local officials. The Dutch tried to win favour from the Mughal Emperor in order to carry on its trade smoothly. Therefore, they procured farmans (royal decree issued by emperor) from the Mughal Emperor to reduce custom duties or sought imperial protection and patronage for safe passage of their goods from place to place and very helpful orders (parwanas, nishans) from several succeeding Subahdars which put the Dutch position in Bengal on a firmer footing. In spite of Imperial farmans and grants, local officials along the Hugli were inclined to hinder the Dutch vessels carrying grain, opium, saltpetre and sugar. However, the Dutch could overcome these difficulties with their own brand of commercial diplomacy, sometimes using threats, at other times with presents and bribes. Seldom did they interfere in the politics of Bengal, preferring always to focus on their trade. Like the Dutch, other European companies were also traded there and established factories in the region of Bengal. The most effectual weapons in the hands of the Company were the system of ‘passports’. Under this system, the European companies insisted that local traders intending to send ships to other ports whether in India or abroad must first obtain their permission in a document called the ‘passport’ or the ‘pass’.
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Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/03769836221105972
Smritikumar Sarkar
This is an outline of the early rebellions against the East India Company that broke out in the region, comprised of the present-day Bangladesh, and Indian states of West Bengal and Odisha. Organised by a wide range of people, from ascetics, peasants, landlords to discontented nobles; these primordial rebellions summed up some of their responses to the new revenue regime, land-settlements, dispossessions, and fiscal issues, in the first hundred years of the company’s rule. The complex composition pattern of the rebellions, including ideological issues, has been analysed with reference to the Sannyasi and Fakir rebellions, due to wide research attention they received earlier. Important shreds of the history of anti-colonialism at the regional level, these rebellions not only represented elements of continuity linking them to the Great Tumult of 1857, but also contributed to the broader national movements.
{"title":"Revisiting the Early Anti-colonial Rebellions in Bengal and Odisha, 1760–1856","authors":"Smritikumar Sarkar","doi":"10.1177/03769836221105972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03769836221105972","url":null,"abstract":"This is an outline of the early rebellions against the East India Company that broke out in the region, comprised of the present-day Bangladesh, and Indian states of West Bengal and Odisha. Organised by a wide range of people, from ascetics, peasants, landlords to discontented nobles; these primordial rebellions summed up some of their responses to the new revenue regime, land-settlements, dispossessions, and fiscal issues, in the first hundred years of the company’s rule. The complex composition pattern of the rebellions, including ideological issues, has been analysed with reference to the Sannyasi and Fakir rebellions, due to wide research attention they received earlier. Important shreds of the history of anti-colonialism at the regional level, these rebellions not only represented elements of continuity linking them to the Great Tumult of 1857, but also contributed to the broader national movements.","PeriodicalId":41945,"journal":{"name":"Indian Historical Review","volume":"16 1","pages":"S9 - S31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90270853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/03769836221105964
Khwairakpam Premjit Singh
In the game of the ‘have and have nots’ of the texts, the illiterate communities remain the victims. Who produced whose text and ‘interest’ are similarly important in order to understand the reliability of text sources. Jadonang, a highlander messiah cum non-violence freedom fighter was caught, tried, and hanged. This article delves into Jadonang’s trial from an alternative historical perspective, rather than simply accepting Jadonang as the murderer. The testimony of 23 defendants at the trial indicated possibilities of incorporating entire colonial state mechanisms into the construction of facts in order to crush the Zeliangrong movement forever.
{"title":"Making of a Primitive Bandit Criminal: Trial of Jadonang in the British Colonial Court","authors":"Khwairakpam Premjit Singh","doi":"10.1177/03769836221105964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03769836221105964","url":null,"abstract":"In the game of the ‘have and have nots’ of the texts, the illiterate communities remain the victims. Who produced whose text and ‘interest’ are similarly important in order to understand the reliability of text sources. Jadonang, a highlander messiah cum non-violence freedom fighter was caught, tried, and hanged. This article delves into Jadonang’s trial from an alternative historical perspective, rather than simply accepting Jadonang as the murderer. The testimony of 23 defendants at the trial indicated possibilities of incorporating entire colonial state mechanisms into the construction of facts in order to crush the Zeliangrong movement forever.","PeriodicalId":41945,"journal":{"name":"Indian Historical Review","volume":"304 1","pages":"S139 - S153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76441778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/03769836221099345
A. K. Thakur
Jangkhomang Guite, Against State, Against History: Freedom, Resistance, and Statelessness in Upland Northeast India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2019, 364 pp., ₹1,095, ISBN: 9780199489411.
{"title":"Book review: Jangkhomang Guite, Against State, Against History: Freedom, Resistance, and Statelessness in Upland Northeast India","authors":"A. K. Thakur","doi":"10.1177/03769836221099345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03769836221099345","url":null,"abstract":"Jangkhomang Guite, Against State, Against History: Freedom, Resistance, and Statelessness in Upland Northeast India, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2019, 364 pp., ₹1,095, ISBN: 9780199489411.","PeriodicalId":41945,"journal":{"name":"Indian Historical Review","volume":"3 1","pages":"174 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88095338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.1177/03769836221115896
P. Roy
Netaji’s Secret Service ‘Indian National Army’ essentially revolutionary organisation. It is well known the leftist played a crucial role in Subhas Bose getting elected as the President of the Tripuri Congress. In 1939 found the Left Consolidation Committee (LCC), but the tenuous coalition of the leftists in the Committee soon broke but CPI remained with Bose. However, after the Second World War broke out, Bose decided to leave India. The Communists helped Subhas in his escape; the main operator was Achhar Singh Chhina, who was best known by the Soviets as Larkin, Akbar Mia of Forward Bloc and Ajoy Ghosh of CPI. Bose’s after the escape to contact the Soviet leaders for enlisting them as India’s ally, was also helped by the communists. In the War theatre, Subhas Bose Was in favour of Link. Before his departure, All India Revolutionary Committee code-named ‘MARY’ in Delhi communicated with Kabul link station codenamed ‘OlIVER’ and with German link codenamed ‘TOM’. T. Holt Writes ‘channel “SILVER” was one of the great deception double agent channels of the war, real name Bhagat Ram Talwar’. 1 ‘SILVER’ the game Master, one of the closest person of Bose, was a communist, a Master of disguise, Knowledgeable about the various revolutionaries Movements in India. Silver kept the soviet posted on his work as the Link between the Axis legation in Kabul and Bose sympathisers in India. Silver’s intelligence system as a high-grade source. But Silver remained a Communist first and foremost, and whenever he entered Afghanistan, practical control passed to the Soviets. Eventually Bose could make his way to Rangoon where a new arrangement was made by the Axis. Subhas codenamed ‘RHINO’ sponsored by the Japanese and codename ‘ELEPHANT’ sponsored by the Germans to remain in touch with ‘MARY’ in Delhi. Netaji set up a pro-Axis Provisional Government of Free India in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. PG operated successfully military deception plans with military intelligent tactics. Netaji began to broadcast anti-British Propaganda as the Voice of Azad Hind. He made it clear that neither his armed forces nor his Azad Hind Radio Service could be used for anti-Soviet purposes. Unfortunately, the strategic deception role of Netaji remained secret for decades.
{"title":"Indian National Army: Netaji’s Secret Service","authors":"P. Roy","doi":"10.1177/03769836221115896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/03769836221115896","url":null,"abstract":"Netaji’s Secret Service ‘Indian National Army’ essentially revolutionary organisation. It is well known the leftist played a crucial role in Subhas Bose getting elected as the President of the Tripuri Congress. In 1939 found the Left Consolidation Committee (LCC), but the tenuous coalition of the leftists in the Committee soon broke but CPI remained with Bose. However, after the Second World War broke out, Bose decided to leave India. The Communists helped Subhas in his escape; the main operator was Achhar Singh Chhina, who was best known by the Soviets as Larkin, Akbar Mia of Forward Bloc and Ajoy Ghosh of CPI. Bose’s after the escape to contact the Soviet leaders for enlisting them as India’s ally, was also helped by the communists. In the War theatre, Subhas Bose Was in favour of Link. Before his departure, All India Revolutionary Committee code-named ‘MARY’ in Delhi communicated with Kabul link station codenamed ‘OlIVER’ and with German link codenamed ‘TOM’. T. Holt Writes ‘channel “SILVER” was one of the great deception double agent channels of the war, real name Bhagat Ram Talwar’. 1 ‘SILVER’ the game Master, one of the closest person of Bose, was a communist, a Master of disguise, Knowledgeable about the various revolutionaries Movements in India. Silver kept the soviet posted on his work as the Link between the Axis legation in Kabul and Bose sympathisers in India. Silver’s intelligence system as a high-grade source. But Silver remained a Communist first and foremost, and whenever he entered Afghanistan, practical control passed to the Soviets. Eventually Bose could make his way to Rangoon where a new arrangement was made by the Axis. Subhas codenamed ‘RHINO’ sponsored by the Japanese and codename ‘ELEPHANT’ sponsored by the Germans to remain in touch with ‘MARY’ in Delhi. Netaji set up a pro-Axis Provisional Government of Free India in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. PG operated successfully military deception plans with military intelligent tactics. Netaji began to broadcast anti-British Propaganda as the Voice of Azad Hind. He made it clear that neither his armed forces nor his Azad Hind Radio Service could be used for anti-Soviet purposes. Unfortunately, the strategic deception role of Netaji remained secret for decades.","PeriodicalId":41945,"journal":{"name":"Indian Historical Review","volume":"5 1","pages":"S168 - S192"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74392966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.1177/03769836221096231
Nassif Muhammed Ali
Kerala, towards the end of the nineteenth century, witnessed an awakening which left impressions on all the walks of the society. The advent of modernity, which was triggered by the British rule as well the state’s attempt to widen education and welfare measures, initiated reform movements among almost all the communities. The accessibility to modern education and resultant exposure to scientific, philosophic and humanistic values as well as ideas such as liberty, equality, secularism and individualism changed the perception of men and women towards the society and towards the self. This also resulted in the formation and spread of media and journalism, which in turn led to the rise of humour magazines and eventually, cartoons in Malayalam. However, the perception of these media and medium towards the other aspects of modernity was quite complex to say the least. The western educated woman and man, it can be found, have been featured in quite a number of cartoons across magazines. The article, therefore, focuses on the representations of changing gender relations in the Malayali society through cartoons published in humour magazines (Sanjayan, Vishwaroopam, Naradar and Sarasan) from late 1930s to 1960s. Starting with Sanjayan, these cartoons targeted the ‘modern’ women and men, albeit in different ways. Those on women lampooned their emancipation, education, access to the public sphere etc. and its perceived effect on the sociocultural setup, especially within and in relation to the institutions of marriage and family. On the other hand, men were ridiculed for their westernisation and emasculation.
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