Pub Date : 2026-03-19DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13574
Mengying Jiang,Yuanyuan Liu,Yuxuan Xue,Mei Zhang,Jiayu Liu,Liping Wu,Tingting Zheng,Song Wang
This study aims to find a natural food-derived angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide through the enzyme-lactobacillus step-by-step fermentation of soybean meal. Fermentation enhanced the flavor of soybean meal peptides and encouraged their continued metabolism to produce additional tiny peptides, according to nontargeted metabolomics research. Bioinformatics screening yielded two new ACE inhibitory peptides: Lys-Leu-Gly-Lys-Phe-Phe (KLGKFF) and Ala-Ile-Pro-Val-Asn-Lys-Pro-Gly-Arg-Phe (AIPVNKPGRF). According to in vitro activity testing, both of them contributed to noncompetitive ACE inhibition and had high ACE inhibitory abilities (in vitro ACE inhibition rates were 63.93 ± 0.15% and 57.55 ± 0.09%). These two peptides might successfully alleviate Ang II-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. The two can control the blood pressure homeostasis system by controlling the expression of molecules associated with vasodilation and vasoconstriction, according to studies on molecular mechanisms. These results suggest that KLGKFF and AIPVNKPGRF are safe and effective natural antihypertensive peptides with potential utility in the development of functional foods and drugs.
{"title":"Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides from the Soybean Meal: Screening, Interaction, and Their Protective Effects on Ang II-Induced EA.Hy926 Injury.","authors":"Mengying Jiang,Yuanyuan Liu,Yuxuan Xue,Mei Zhang,Jiayu Liu,Liping Wu,Tingting Zheng,Song Wang","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13574","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to find a natural food-derived angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide through the enzyme-lactobacillus step-by-step fermentation of soybean meal. Fermentation enhanced the flavor of soybean meal peptides and encouraged their continued metabolism to produce additional tiny peptides, according to nontargeted metabolomics research. Bioinformatics screening yielded two new ACE inhibitory peptides: Lys-Leu-Gly-Lys-Phe-Phe (KLGKFF) and Ala-Ile-Pro-Val-Asn-Lys-Pro-Gly-Arg-Phe (AIPVNKPGRF). According to in vitro activity testing, both of them contributed to noncompetitive ACE inhibition and had high ACE inhibitory abilities (in vitro ACE inhibition rates were 63.93 ± 0.15% and 57.55 ± 0.09%). These two peptides might successfully alleviate Ang II-induced endothelial cell dysfunction. The two can control the blood pressure homeostasis system by controlling the expression of molecules associated with vasodilation and vasoconstriction, according to studies on molecular mechanisms. These results suggest that KLGKFF and AIPVNKPGRF are safe and effective natural antihypertensive peptides with potential utility in the development of functional foods and drugs.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate-driven freeze–thaw (FT) cycles amplify the combined toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) in crops. TBP is a common plasticizer. Our multiomics study reveals that PS and TBP form complexes via van der Waals forces, enhancing PS uptake in rye roots. Coexposure induces severe oxidative stress (H2O2: 1.35-, 4.71-fold → 9.04-fold), suppresses photosynthesis, and activates antioxidant defenses, with FT conditions intensifying these effects. TBP restructures the root endophytic microbiome, enriching TBP-degrading bacteria (Acidovorax, Massilia). Transcriptomic analysis identifies jasmonic and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways as central coordinators of plant defense through reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and metabolic reprogramming. These findings demonstrate that FT cycles exacerbate NPs-plasticizer toxicity through three interconnected mechanisms: physicochemical complex formation, root microbiome remodeling, and hormonal signaling crosstalk. The study provides crucial mechanistic insights for assessing climate-pollution risks in cold-region agriculture, highlighting the need to consider pollutant interactions under dynamic environmental conditions.
{"title":"Toxicity of Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Tributyl Phosphate to Rye under Freeze–Thaw Cycles: Implications for Crop Safety and Mechanistic Insights from Transcriptome and Root Microbiome","authors":"Ningning Xing, Jinke Hu, Guozhang Bao, Xuanhao Zhang, Xinrui Huo, Yuqi Wen, Xinmeng Li, Yebin Tang, Wenbo Liu","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14574","url":null,"abstract":"Climate-driven freeze–thaw (FT) cycles amplify the combined toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) in crops. TBP is a common plasticizer. Our multiomics study reveals that PS and TBP form complexes via van der Waals forces, enhancing PS uptake in rye roots. Coexposure induces severe oxidative stress (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>: 1.35-, 4.71-fold → 9.04-fold), suppresses photosynthesis, and activates antioxidant defenses, with FT conditions intensifying these effects. TBP restructures the root endophytic microbiome, enriching TBP-degrading bacteria (<i>Acidovorax</i>, <i>Massilia</i>). Transcriptomic analysis identifies jasmonic and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways as central coordinators of plant defense through reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and metabolic reprogramming. These findings demonstrate that FT cycles exacerbate NPs-plasticizer toxicity through three interconnected mechanisms: physicochemical complex formation, root microbiome remodeling, and hormonal signaling crosstalk. The study provides crucial mechanistic insights for assessing climate-pollution risks in cold-region agriculture, highlighting the need to consider pollutant interactions under dynamic environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-19DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17494
Haoran Yan,Yongli Ye,Jian Ji,Jin Ye,Jia-Sheng Wang,Xiulan Sun
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a widespread mycotoxin in cereals that poses severe health risks to humans and animals. However, its masked forms often escape routine detection, leading to an underestimation of contamination levels. To elucidate this masking mechanism, the noncovalent interactions between FB1 and gliadin were investigated. The results indicate that FB1 binds to gliadin through a static quenching mechanism, forming a stable ground-state complex. This spontaneous and exothermic binding is primarily driven by hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the binding of FB1 induces an apparent redistribution of the protein's secondary structure, characterized by an increase in α-helix content and a reduce in β-sheet content. Spatially, FB1 anchors itself within a hydrophobic pocket of gliadin and is stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds. Revealing the formation mechanism of this FB1-protein complex provides a critical molecular basis for improving mycotoxin extraction methods and accurately assessing true fumonisin exposure in wheat-based products.
{"title":"Mechanistic Insights into Masked Fumonisin B1-Gliadin Complex Formation in Wheat.","authors":"Haoran Yan,Yongli Ye,Jian Ji,Jin Ye,Jia-Sheng Wang,Xiulan Sun","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17494","url":null,"abstract":"Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a widespread mycotoxin in cereals that poses severe health risks to humans and animals. However, its masked forms often escape routine detection, leading to an underestimation of contamination levels. To elucidate this masking mechanism, the noncovalent interactions between FB1 and gliadin were investigated. The results indicate that FB1 binds to gliadin through a static quenching mechanism, forming a stable ground-state complex. This spontaneous and exothermic binding is primarily driven by hydrogen bonds. Additionally, the binding of FB1 induces an apparent redistribution of the protein's secondary structure, characterized by an increase in α-helix content and a reduce in β-sheet content. Spatially, FB1 anchors itself within a hydrophobic pocket of gliadin and is stabilized by a network of hydrogen bonds. Revealing the formation mechanism of this FB1-protein complex provides a critical molecular basis for improving mycotoxin extraction methods and accurately assessing true fumonisin exposure in wheat-based products.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"195 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pesticide residues in edible mushrooms are receiving more attention. Herein, sixty-two pesticide residues in edible mushrooms were analyzed, and chronic, acute, and cumulative dietary exposure risks were assessed. As a whole, 15 pesticides were identified, and nearly 20% of the samples contained one or more pesticide residues. The fungicide carbendazim was the most frequently detected pesticide, with a detection rate reaching 6.73%. Among different varieties, maximum residue limits (MRLs) were exceeded in 20% of A. bisporus samples for emamectin-benzoate and in 11.6% of A. blazei Murill samples for carbofuran. The risk assessment results revealed that exposure to pesticide residues in edible mushrooms did not pose an unacceptable health risk, even in the worst-case scenario. But combined with the results of many unregistered pesticide residues, multiple pesticide residues, and pesticide residues exceeding MRLs occurred in some samples, appropriate management guidelines on the pesticide use for edible mushroom cultivation are urgent.
{"title":"Pesticide Residues in Edible Mushrooms: A Health Hazard?","authors":"Qinghua Yao,Desen Su,Xiuxian Lin,Hui Xu,Yunyun Zheng,Minmin Huang,Yuwei Xiao,Ming Jiang","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c14125","url":null,"abstract":"Pesticide residues in edible mushrooms are receiving more attention. Herein, sixty-two pesticide residues in edible mushrooms were analyzed, and chronic, acute, and cumulative dietary exposure risks were assessed. As a whole, 15 pesticides were identified, and nearly 20% of the samples contained one or more pesticide residues. The fungicide carbendazim was the most frequently detected pesticide, with a detection rate reaching 6.73%. Among different varieties, maximum residue limits (MRLs) were exceeded in 20% of A. bisporus samples for emamectin-benzoate and in 11.6% of A. blazei Murill samples for carbofuran. The risk assessment results revealed that exposure to pesticide residues in edible mushrooms did not pose an unacceptable health risk, even in the worst-case scenario. But combined with the results of many unregistered pesticide residues, multiple pesticide residues, and pesticide residues exceeding MRLs occurred in some samples, appropriate management guidelines on the pesticide use for edible mushroom cultivation are urgent.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
α-Lipoic acid (α-LA) is a natural dietary antioxidant with metal-chelating properties. Inorganic arsenic, a prevalent environmental contaminant in agricultural products, induces systemic oxidative damage upon chronic exposure. However, whether α-LA mitigates arsenic-induced multiorgan toxicity and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study integrated network analysis with in vivo and in vitro validation to investigate this issue. Our results showed that α-LA significantly enhanced systemic antioxidant defenses and alleviated arsenic-induced damage in multiple organs, particularly the liver and kidneys. Mechanistically, α-LA promoted nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and subsequent upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Importantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 significantly inhibited the protective effects of α-LA. These findings reveal that α-LA counteracts arsenic-induced multiorgan oxidative damage by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis, highlighting its potential as an intervention for populations exposed to agricultural arsenic and warranting further clinical investigation.
{"title":"α-Lipoic Acid Activates the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway to Ameliorate Arsenic-Induced Multiorgan Oxidative Damage","authors":"Chuan Qin, Xiuli Yang, Mengling Chen, Lichao Lei, Linli Cai, Yunke Wang, Haoyu Li, Zhou Yang, Zhenglin Wei, Zhen Zhou, Changsong Wang, Bing Liang","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01702","url":null,"abstract":"α-Lipoic acid (α-LA) is a natural dietary antioxidant with metal-chelating properties. Inorganic arsenic, a prevalent environmental contaminant in agricultural products, induces systemic oxidative damage upon chronic exposure. However, whether α-LA mitigates arsenic-induced multiorgan toxicity and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study integrated network analysis with in vivo and in vitro validation to investigate this issue. Our results showed that α-LA significantly enhanced systemic antioxidant defenses and alleviated arsenic-induced damage in multiple organs, particularly the liver and kidneys. Mechanistically, α-LA promoted nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and subsequent upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Importantly, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 significantly inhibited the protective effects of α-LA. These findings reveal that α-LA counteracts arsenic-induced multiorgan oxidative damage by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis, highlighting its potential as an intervention for populations exposed to agricultural arsenic and warranting further clinical investigation.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-19DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01019
Hang Yang,Tianci Li,Jiaxin Tian,Yanxiao Li,Xiaoting Liu,Qiaojuan Yan,Shaoqing Yang
Rational design was performed to enhance the thermostability and catalytic efficiency of a GH family 10 xylanase (PaXyn10A) from Paecilomyces aerugineus. By identification of flexible regions and avoidance of functionally conflicting sites via molecular dynamics simulations and sequence alignment, the mutant PaXyn10A D68F/S95A was obtained. The optimum temperature of PaXyn10AD68F/S95A was increased by 5 °C, and the thermal inactivation half-lives at 50 °C was increased by 11.5 times when compared to that of PaXyn10A. Meanwhile, PaXyn10AD68F/S95A showed a 2.1-fold increase in specific activity as well as a 3.9-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. Under optimal conditions, an XOS yield of 64.27% from corn stover was obtained via the combination of PaXyn10AD68F/S95A hydrolysis and steam explosion. These findings demonstrate that computational-simulation-guided rigidification of flexible regions via rational point mutagenesis is an effective strategy to enhance both the thermostability and catalytic efficiency of GH10 xylanases.
{"title":"Rational Design of Flexible Regions in a GH10 Xylanase from Paecilomyces aerugineus to Improve Its Thermostability, Catalytic Efficiency, and XOS Production from Corn Stover.","authors":"Hang Yang,Tianci Li,Jiaxin Tian,Yanxiao Li,Xiaoting Liu,Qiaojuan Yan,Shaoqing Yang","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6c01019","url":null,"abstract":"Rational design was performed to enhance the thermostability and catalytic efficiency of a GH family 10 xylanase (PaXyn10A) from Paecilomyces aerugineus. By identification of flexible regions and avoidance of functionally conflicting sites via molecular dynamics simulations and sequence alignment, the mutant PaXyn10A D68F/S95A was obtained. The optimum temperature of PaXyn10AD68F/S95A was increased by 5 °C, and the thermal inactivation half-lives at 50 °C was increased by 11.5 times when compared to that of PaXyn10A. Meanwhile, PaXyn10AD68F/S95A showed a 2.1-fold increase in specific activity as well as a 3.9-fold increase in catalytic efficiency. Under optimal conditions, an XOS yield of 64.27% from corn stover was obtained via the combination of PaXyn10AD68F/S95A hydrolysis and steam explosion. These findings demonstrate that computational-simulation-guided rigidification of flexible regions via rational point mutagenesis is an effective strategy to enhance both the thermostability and catalytic efficiency of GH10 xylanases.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-19DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c05889
Adam H Keith,Farzana Kastury,Albert L Juhasz
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of anthropogenic chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment. This review examined potential human exposure to PFAS through consumption of food plants, collating PFAS-plant bioaccumulation data, and highlighting the influence of different uptake factors. For commonly measured PFAS, significantly higher concentrations were reported in vegetative plants than in other edible portions. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values were calculated using minimum and maximum PFAS-plant bioaccumulation values and food consumption data for 3 countries. Food plants contributed the greatest EDI of any exposure route, accounting for up to 91.9% and 99.5% under maximum and minimum exposure conditions, respectively. In Australia and the US, wheat was the largest contributor to ∑PFAS maximum EDI from food plants, contributing 82.5-83.9%, due to the high consumption rate of wheat products. Due to regional differences in food consumption between northern and southern China, significant differences in PFAS EDIs were calculated.
{"title":"Review: Potential of Food Plants to Contribute to Human Intake of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.","authors":"Adam H Keith,Farzana Kastury,Albert L Juhasz","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c05889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c05889","url":null,"abstract":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of anthropogenic chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment. This review examined potential human exposure to PFAS through consumption of food plants, collating PFAS-plant bioaccumulation data, and highlighting the influence of different uptake factors. For commonly measured PFAS, significantly higher concentrations were reported in vegetative plants than in other edible portions. Estimated daily intake (EDI) values were calculated using minimum and maximum PFAS-plant bioaccumulation values and food consumption data for 3 countries. Food plants contributed the greatest EDI of any exposure route, accounting for up to 91.9% and 99.5% under maximum and minimum exposure conditions, respectively. In Australia and the US, wheat was the largest contributor to ∑PFAS maximum EDI from food plants, contributing 82.5-83.9%, due to the high consumption rate of wheat products. Due to regional differences in food consumption between northern and southern China, significant differences in PFAS EDIs were calculated.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are high-value lanostane-type triterpenoids derived from Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) with broad applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals, yet their low natural abundance limits industrial production. In this study, an integrated life-cycle multiomics analysis combining metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics was conducted across six developmental stages in four G. lucidum strains to elucidate regulatory mechanisms governing GA biosynthesis. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified candidate cytochrome P450 enzymes and transcription factors associated with GA accumulation. A Zn2Cys6-type transcription factor, Zn2Cys6_61, was identified as a central regulator and functionally validated through overexpression and RNA interference. Genetic manipulation of Zn2Cys6_61 expression significantly altered GA levels, with overexpression markedly enhancing GA accumulation. Further analysis demonstrated that Zn2Cys6_61 directly binds to and activates the promoter of squalene synthase, a key enzyme in triterpenoid backbone biosynthesis. Together, these findings identify Zn2Cys6_61 as an effective engineering target and provide a transcription factor-based strategy for improving GA production in medicinal mushrooms.
{"title":"Multiomics Analysis across the Life Cycle Identifies Zn2Cys6_61 as a Target for Enhancing Triterpenoid Production in Ganoderma lucidum","authors":"Yihong Li, Liwei Liu, Miaoqing Li, Jing Xu, Jihong Yang, Xinyu He, Wan Yang, Wei Li, Rui Zhang, Lisa Mao, Haisheng Yang, Shasha Zhou, Yuejiao Shi, Ying Wang, Zongsuo Liang, Zongqi Yang, Zhenhao Li, Dongfeng Yang","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c17368","url":null,"abstract":"Ganoderic acids (GAs) are high-value lanostane-type triterpenoids derived from <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i> (<i>G. lucidum</i>) with broad applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals, yet their low natural abundance limits industrial production. In this study, an integrated life-cycle multiomics analysis combining metabolomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics was conducted across six developmental stages in four <i>G. lucidum</i> strains to elucidate regulatory mechanisms governing GA biosynthesis. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis identified candidate cytochrome P450 enzymes and transcription factors associated with GA accumulation. A Zn<sub>2</sub>Cys<sub>6</sub>-type transcription factor, Zn<sub>2</sub>Cys<sub>6</sub>_61, was identified as a central regulator and functionally validated through overexpression and RNA interference. Genetic manipulation of Zn<sub>2</sub>Cys<sub>6</sub>_61 expression significantly altered GA levels, with overexpression markedly enhancing GA accumulation. Further analysis demonstrated that Zn<sub>2</sub>Cys<sub>6</sub>_61 directly binds to and activates the promoter of squalene synthase, a key enzyme in triterpenoid backbone biosynthesis. Together, these findings identify Zn<sub>2</sub>Cys<sub>6</sub>_61 as an effective engineering target and provide a transcription factor-based strategy for improving GA production in medicinal mushrooms.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147478735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-19DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13216
Luke K Ackerman,Peter F Scholl,Clark D Ridge,Jennifer Janovick,Iris Yourick,Victoria Anderson,Ann M Knolhoff,Katherine Carlos
Recently, polymeric PFAS-containing grease-proofers were removed from the U.S. food contact market. Validated methods are needed to monitor the removal of polymeric grease-proofers containing 6:2-fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2-FTOH) from fiber-based food packaging. Small-molecule extraction methods are neither specific nor rapid enough to screen for the intentional use of polymers. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) approaches have shown promise for screening polymeric grease-proofers containing 6:2-FTOH but require method validation for regulatory implementation. A hydrolysis isotope dilution DART-MS (ID-DART-MS) method was refined to meet the FDA compound identification and validation guidelines. Method validation experiments demonstrated that hydrolyzable 6:2-FTOH from grease-proofers was identified across all fiber-based food packaging types with less than 5% false positive or negative rates (95% confidence) and a linear response across 4 μg/kg-130 mg/kg hydrolyzed 6:2-FTOH. The method reliably identified six different fluorotelomer-containing grease-proofers with 14 min/sample of effort, making it fit to assess incidence and removal of these PFAS-based grease-proofers.
{"title":"Validating Direct Mass Spectrometry Screening for Grease-Proofers Containing 6:2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol in Fiber-Based Food Packaging.","authors":"Luke K Ackerman,Peter F Scholl,Clark D Ridge,Jennifer Janovick,Iris Yourick,Victoria Anderson,Ann M Knolhoff,Katherine Carlos","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13216","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, polymeric PFAS-containing grease-proofers were removed from the U.S. food contact market. Validated methods are needed to monitor the removal of polymeric grease-proofers containing 6:2-fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2-FTOH) from fiber-based food packaging. Small-molecule extraction methods are neither specific nor rapid enough to screen for the intentional use of polymers. Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) approaches have shown promise for screening polymeric grease-proofers containing 6:2-FTOH but require method validation for regulatory implementation. A hydrolysis isotope dilution DART-MS (ID-DART-MS) method was refined to meet the FDA compound identification and validation guidelines. Method validation experiments demonstrated that hydrolyzable 6:2-FTOH from grease-proofers was identified across all fiber-based food packaging types with less than 5% false positive or negative rates (95% confidence) and a linear response across 4 μg/kg-130 mg/kg hydrolyzed 6:2-FTOH. The method reliably identified six different fluorotelomer-containing grease-proofers with 14 min/sample of effort, making it fit to assess incidence and removal of these PFAS-based grease-proofers.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2026-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147483408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-18DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c13077
Yang Li,Nana Gao,Xu Liu,Heping Bai,Jungang Kang,Xiaodan Wang
Mancozeb (MCZ), a broad-spectrum dithiocarbamate fungicide, raises significant concerns regarding its potential hepatotoxicity. Despite their extensive agricultural application, the mechanisms underlying MCZ-induced intergenerational liver injury remain poorly understood. Here, we integrated network toxicology, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and animal experiments to elucidate MCZ-induced hepatotoxicity in F1 male offspring. Based on the predictions from ADMETlab 3.0 and protein-protein interaction network analysis, AKT1, TP53, MAPK1/3, and ESR1 were identified as core targets. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations further validated the binding affinity of MCZ for these key proteins. Multiomics integration revealed steroid hormone biosynthesis as the central pathway mediating MCZ-induced liver damage. Subsequent animal experiments confirmed this mechanistic framework, highlighting the critical role of disrupted steroid hormone biosynthesis in MCZ-induced liver injury. This study establishes the mechanistic basis of MCZ-induced developmental exposure-associated hepatotoxicity in F1 male offspring, offering valuable insights for future toxicological investigations and environmental risk assessments of dithiocarbamate fungicides.
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