Pub Date : 2025-04-19DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12905
Yizhou Fan, Zhiqiang Xiong, Xintian Du, Xin Song, Guangqiang Wang, Yongjun Xia, Lianzhong Ai
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by Lacticaseibacillus casei have great potential for application in the food industry. However, the transcriptional regulation of EPS biosynthesis in L. casei remains unclear. Here, the transcription profile of the eps gene cluster was characterized in L. casei. Co-transcriptional analysis suggested that EPSs harbor three operons controlled by promoters P2169–2170, P2185–2186, and P2189–2190, respectively. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that EpsA, the sole transcriptional regulator in the eps gene cluster, directly binds promoters P2169–2170 and P2189–2190. Overexpression of epsA increased the EPS titer (243.60 mg/L) with significantly enhanced expression of three eps genes, suggesting EpsA as a transcriptional activator for EPS biosynthesis. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that 67 genes were significantly changed with the epsA knockout, especially 16 genes associated with EPS biosynthesis. This indicated that EpsA may be a global/pleiotropic regulator. Collectively, our findings lay the foundation for elucidating the transcriptional regulation of EPS biosynthesis in L. casei.
{"title":"LytR Family Transcriptional Regulator EpsA Positively Regulates Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis in Lacticaseibacillus casei","authors":"Yizhou Fan, Zhiqiang Xiong, Xintian Du, Xin Song, Guangqiang Wang, Yongjun Xia, Lianzhong Ai","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12905","url":null,"abstract":"Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by <i>Lacticaseibacillus casei</i> have great potential for application in the food industry. However, the transcriptional regulation of EPS biosynthesis in <i>L. casei</i> remains unclear. Here, the transcription profile of the <i>eps</i> gene cluster was characterized in <i>L. casei</i>. Co-transcriptional analysis suggested that EPSs harbor three operons controlled by promoters P<sub>2169–2170</sub>, P<sub>2185–2186</sub>, and P<sub>2189–2190</sub>, respectively. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that EpsA, the sole transcriptional regulator in the <i>eps</i> gene cluster, directly binds promoters P<sub>2169–2170</sub> and P<sub>2189–2190</sub>. Overexpression of <i>epsA</i> increased the EPS titer (243.60 mg/L) with significantly enhanced expression of three <i>eps</i> genes, suggesting EpsA as a transcriptional activator for EPS biosynthesis. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that 67 genes were significantly changed with the <i>epsA</i> knockout, especially 16 genes associated with EPS biosynthesis. This indicated that EpsA may be a global/pleiotropic regulator. Collectively, our findings lay the foundation for elucidating the transcriptional regulation of EPS biosynthesis in <i>L. casei</i>.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glyphosate nonselectively inhibits most herbaceous plants by targeting 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Introducing glyphosate-resistant EPSPS genes into crops imparts herbicide resistance, essential for molecular breeding. In this study, we enhanced the EPSPS from Halomonas sp. through directed evolution. After two screening rounds, the best variant (HoEPSPS-4M) with four mutations (G112A, M155 V, I285F, D326E) exhibited a 22-fold increase in glyphosate resistance (kcat/Km × Ki) and a 2.3-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km). Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) showed a 1.7-fold reduction in glyphosate binding affinity. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations revealed that the G112A mutation at the active site decreased glyphosate binding, while distal mutations modulated enzymatic activity by altering protein dynamics and functional networks. Overexpression of HoEPSPS-4 M in Nicotiana benthamiana conferred high glyphosate resistance, demonstrating its potential for developing herbicide-resistant crops. This work expands genetic resources for glyphosate resistance and provides insights into optimizing resistance and enzymatic efficiency by protein engineering.
{"title":"Engineering 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate Synthases from Halomonas sp. for Augmenting Glyphosate-Resistance without Activity Penalty","authors":"Yunhao He, Yu Hua, Xinyi Chen, Xin Zhang, Lei Lei, Yongjun Lin, Gaobing Wu","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00610","url":null,"abstract":"Glyphosate nonselectively inhibits most herbaceous plants by targeting 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Introducing glyphosate-resistant EPSPS genes into crops imparts herbicide resistance, essential for molecular breeding. In this study, we enhanced the EPSPS from <i>Halomonas</i> sp. through directed evolution. After two screening rounds, the best variant (<i>Ho</i>EPSPS-4M) with four mutations (G112A, M155 V, I285F, D326E) exhibited a 22-fold increase in glyphosate resistance (<i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>/<i>K</i><sub>m</sub> × <i>K</i><sub><i>i</i></sub>) and a 2.3-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency (<i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>/<i>K</i><sub>m</sub>). Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) showed a 1.7-fold reduction in glyphosate binding affinity. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations revealed that the G112A mutation at the active site decreased glyphosate binding, while distal mutations modulated enzymatic activity by altering protein dynamics and functional networks. Overexpression of <i>Ho</i>EPSPS-4 M in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> conferred high glyphosate resistance, demonstrating its potential for developing herbicide-resistant crops. This work expands genetic resources for glyphosate resistance and provides insights into optimizing resistance and enzymatic efficiency by protein engineering.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-19DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5c01310
Ting-Ting Wen, Yu-Meng Yang, Yi-Xin Zhang, Meng-Qian Liu, Zhuo-Yu Qian, Zi-Ying Zhang, Cai-Hong Dong, Lei Sun, Lin Xu, Wen-Jing Sun, Feng-Jie Cui
The membrane-integrated β-1,3-glucan synthase is the key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the core component β-1,3-glucan of the fungal cell wall. To date, the precise and targeted insertion of the β-1,3-glucan synthase gene into the genomes of edible fungi for safe and predictable overexpression has been extremely difficult due to the large DNA sequences (>5.0 kb) encoding the multitransmembrane domains and large molecular weights. In the present study, a large 5.9 kb DNA sequence of the membrane-bound β-1,3-glucan synthase gene CmGls was successfully and precisely inserted at a genomic safe harbor site CmSh1 of the C. militaris genome for the first time. By comparing mycelial and fermentation performance, overexpression of the β-1,3-glucan synthase gene CmGls resulted in rapid radial growth with a more pronounced yellowish color and increased resistance to cell wall stresses. Overexpression of CmGls significantly improved exopolysaccharide production with higher molecular weights, accompanied by an increase in the transcription levels of genes associated with polysaccharide/glucan synthesis, such as CmPgm, CmPgi, and CmUgp. Our findings provide convincing proof for the elucidation of glucan biosynthetic pathways and a basis for developing safe strains with highly efficient production of polysaccharides/glucans by edible fungi.
{"title":"CRISPR-Cas9/Safe Harbor-Targeted Overexpression of Glucan Synthase Gene CmGls in Edible Mushroom Cordyceps militaris","authors":"Ting-Ting Wen, Yu-Meng Yang, Yi-Xin Zhang, Meng-Qian Liu, Zhuo-Yu Qian, Zi-Ying Zhang, Cai-Hong Dong, Lei Sun, Lin Xu, Wen-Jing Sun, Feng-Jie Cui","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c01310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c01310","url":null,"abstract":"The membrane-integrated β-1,3-glucan synthase is the key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the core component β-1,3-glucan of the fungal cell wall. To date, the precise and targeted insertion of the β-1,3-glucan synthase gene into the genomes of edible fungi for safe and predictable overexpression has been extremely difficult due to the large DNA sequences (>5.0 kb) encoding the multitransmembrane domains and large molecular weights. In the present study, a large 5.9 kb DNA sequence of the membrane-bound β-1,3-glucan synthase gene <i>CmGls</i> was successfully and precisely inserted at a genomic safe harbor site <i>CmSh1</i> of the <i>C. militaris</i> genome for the first time. By comparing mycelial and fermentation performance, overexpression of the β-1,3-glucan synthase gene <i>CmGls</i> resulted in rapid radial growth with a more pronounced yellowish color and increased resistance to cell wall stresses. Overexpression of <i>CmGls</i> significantly improved exopolysaccharide production with higher molecular weights, accompanied by an increase in the transcription levels of genes associated with polysaccharide/glucan synthesis, such as <i>CmPgm, CmPgi</i>, and <i>CmUgp.</i> Our findings provide convincing proof for the elucidation of glucan biosynthetic pathways and a basis for developing safe strains with highly efficient production of polysaccharides/glucans by edible fungi.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c13281
Kadsada Sala, Salila Pengthaisong, Chamaipon Beagbandee, James R. Ketudat Cairns
Plant β-xylosidases are less well characterized for hemicellulose degradation than their microbial counterparts. To address this, a broadly expressed rice (Oryza sativa) glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) β-xylosidase designated OsXyl1 was expressed in heterologous Pichia pastoris. OsXyl1 showed maximal enzyme activity at pH 4.0 and 60 °C. It was relatively stable at 30–50 °C. It hydrolyzed 4NP-β-d-xylopyranoside (4NPXyl) and β-1,4-linked xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with degrees of polymerization (DP) of 2–6. OsXyl1 hydrolylsis of 4NPXyl was much more rapid and specific than that of other 4NP glycosides with an apparent kcat/Km value of 19.0 mM–1 s–1. OsXyl1 had similar specificity toward XOS having DP values of 2–5 with apparent kcat/Km values of 2.6–4.2 mM–1 s–1. OsXyl1 was also efficient at transglycosylating short alcohols with 4NPXyl and XOS xylosyl donors. Therefore, rice OsXyl1 β-xylosidase may function in recycling of xylans in plant cell wall recycling and it may be applied for transglycosylation of alcohol acceptors.
{"title":"Expression and Characterization of a Rice β-Xylosidase with Xylooligosaccharide Hydrolysis and Transglycosylation Activities","authors":"Kadsada Sala, Salila Pengthaisong, Chamaipon Beagbandee, James R. Ketudat Cairns","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.4c13281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c13281","url":null,"abstract":"Plant β-xylosidases are less well characterized for hemicellulose degradation than their microbial counterparts. To address this, a broadly expressed rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3) β-xylosidase designated OsXyl1 was expressed in heterologous <i>Pichia pastoris</i>. OsXyl1 showed maximal enzyme activity at pH 4.0 and 60 °C. It was relatively stable at 30–50 °C. It hydrolyzed 4NP-β-<span><i>d</i></span>-xylopyranoside (4NPXyl) and β-1,4-linked xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with degrees of polymerization (DP) of 2–6. OsXyl1 hydrolylsis of 4NPXyl was much more rapid and specific than that of other 4NP glycosides with an apparent <i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>/<i>K</i><sub>m</sub> value of 19.0 mM<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>. OsXyl1 had similar specificity toward XOS having DP values of 2–5 with apparent <i>k</i><sub>cat</sub>/<i>K</i><sub>m</sub> values of 2.6–4.2 mM<sup>–1</sup> s<sup>–1</sup>. OsXyl1 was also efficient at transglycosylating short alcohols with 4NPXyl and XOS xylosyl donors. Therefore, rice OsXyl1 β-xylosidase may function in recycling of xylans in plant cell wall recycling and it may be applied for transglycosylation of alcohol acceptors.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"75 5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causative agent of anthracnose, poses a significant threat to agricultural production. Previous studies identified 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene as a potent antifungal compound that downregulates the expression of the subtilase gene Cg043, although the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we generated Cg043 knockout mutants (ΔCg043) and found that their sensitivity to 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene was significantly reduced, identifying Cg043 as a key molecular target. Phenotypic assays and transcriptomic analyses revealed that Cg043 downregulation inhibits hyphal growth, spore production, and germination while impairing cell wall and membrane integrity and reducing pathogenicity. Furthermore, functional verification of the signal peptide and subcellular localization analysis confirmed that Cg043 is a secreted protein specifically localized to the plant cell nucleus, suggesting its role in virulence. These findings elucidate a novel antifungal mechanism by which 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene suppresses the growth, development, and pathogenicity of C. gloeosporioides via Cg043 downregulation, highlighting a promising molecular target for sustainable anthracnose management.
{"title":"Functional Characterization of the Subtilase Gene Cg043 Downregulated by 4-Ethyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene in the Growth and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides","authors":"Jiahao Lai, Bing Liu, Guihong Xiong, Shuilin Song, Youxin Yang, Hongyi Wei, Shuilong Xie, Junxi Jiang","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c00433","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i>, the causative agent of anthracnose, poses a significant threat to agricultural production. Previous studies identified 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene as a potent antifungal compound that downregulates the expression of the subtilase gene <i>Cg043</i>, although the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we generated <i>Cg043</i> knockout mutants (Δ<i>Cg043</i>) and found that their sensitivity to 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene was significantly reduced, identifying <i>Cg043</i> as a key molecular target. Phenotypic assays and transcriptomic analyses revealed that <i>Cg043</i> downregulation inhibits hyphal growth, spore production, and germination while impairing cell wall and membrane integrity and reducing pathogenicity. Furthermore, functional verification of the signal peptide and subcellular localization analysis confirmed that Cg043 is a secreted protein specifically localized to the plant cell nucleus, suggesting its role in virulence. These findings elucidate a novel antifungal mechanism by which 4-ethyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene suppresses the growth, development, and pathogenicity of <i>C. gloeosporioides</i> via <i>Cg043</i> downregulation, highlighting a promising molecular target for sustainable anthracnose management.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c11864
Jan Steck, Hendrik Eichhöfer, Mirko Bunzel
For the structural characterization of the fiber polysaccharides of berry fruits in general and their xyloglucan architecture in particular, chokeberries, cranberries, raspberries, and red currants were subjected to monomer analysis after acid hydrolysis (HPAEC-PAD), methylation analysis (GC-FID/MS), and a specific xyloglucanoligosaccharide profiling approach (HPAEC-PAD/MS). The characterization was carried out on the whole fruit and on macroscopic fruit components: the fruit pulp and press residues, the latter being separated into seeds and seedless residues (mainly epidermal and vascular tissues). The complementary data provide a comprehensive insight into the cell wall polysaccharide architecture of these frequently consumed and fiber-rich plant foods. In addition to their substantial structural variability, their cell walls were found to be less rich in xyloglucans and galacturonic acid containing polysaccharides than expected for fruits of dicotyledonous plants. Furthermore, the botanically diverse fruit types were classified with respect to their xyloglucan architecture in accordance with taxonomy: chokeberries, raspberries, and red currants exhibited XXXG-type fucogalactoxyloglucans. Differently, cranberries demonstrated a unique diversity of both arabino- and fucogalactoxyloglucans.
{"title":"Comprehensive Characterization of the Polysaccharide Composition and Xyloglucan Architecture of Four Berry Fruits and Their Macroscopic Fruit Components","authors":"Jan Steck, Hendrik Eichhöfer, Mirko Bunzel","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.4c11864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c11864","url":null,"abstract":"For the structural characterization of the fiber polysaccharides of berry fruits in general and their xyloglucan architecture in particular, chokeberries, cranberries, raspberries, and red currants were subjected to monomer analysis after acid hydrolysis (HPAEC-PAD), methylation analysis (GC-FID/MS), and a specific xyloglucanoligosaccharide profiling approach (HPAEC-PAD/MS). The characterization was carried out on the whole fruit and on macroscopic fruit components: the fruit pulp and press residues, the latter being separated into seeds and seedless residues (mainly epidermal and vascular tissues). The complementary data provide a comprehensive insight into the cell wall polysaccharide architecture of these frequently consumed and fiber-rich plant foods. In addition to their substantial structural variability, their cell walls were found to be less rich in xyloglucans and galacturonic acid containing polysaccharides than expected for fruits of dicotyledonous plants. Furthermore, the botanically diverse fruit types were classified with respect to their xyloglucan architecture in accordance with taxonomy: chokeberries, raspberries, and red currants exhibited XXXG-type fucogalactoxyloglucans. Differently, cranberries demonstrated a unique diversity of both arabino- and fucogalactoxyloglucans.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12228
Sören Otto, Beate Berkelmann-Löhnertz, Bianca May, Randolf Kauer, Ralf Schweiggert
This study investigated the translocation and persistence of inorganic phosphonate in container-grown vines of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Riesling after foliar and soil applications over two consecutive years. Phosphonate concentrations were monitored in leaves, petioles, grape canes, shoot tips, inflorescences, and berries during the season, applying an identical total amount of 3 or 4 sprays of 0.54 or 0.4% (w/v, aq) phosphonate, respectively. The overall uptake of inorganic phosphonate into the leaves was either identical (year 1) or substantially lower (year 2) when spraying 3 times (0.54%) instead of 4 times (0.4%) as expressed by the area under the concentration vs time curve. Residues found in leaves at the end of the vegetation period were also lower when spraying 3 times. Across both years, residues in berries were also significantly lower when applying the 0.54% phosphonate solution (20.2–30.9 mg/kg) 3 times as compared with the 4× application of 0.4% phosphonate (38.5–40.6 mg/kg). Soil applications resulted in a comparably low overall uptake but still yielding measurable residues in berries (6.0 ± 1.2 mg/kg). Further data on grape cane, shoot tips, and inflorescences supported the hypothesis that phosphonate residues in the plant and, ultimately, in the berries and the resulting products might be significantly reduced when spraying 3 times (0.54%) instead of 4 times (0.4%).
{"title":"Impact of Spray Concentration and Application Frequency to Modulate Phosphonic Acid Residues in Container-Grown Grapevines","authors":"Sören Otto, Beate Berkelmann-Löhnertz, Bianca May, Randolf Kauer, Ralf Schweiggert","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c12228","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the translocation and persistence of inorganic phosphonate in container-grown vines of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. cv. Riesling after foliar and soil applications over two consecutive years. Phosphonate concentrations were monitored in leaves, petioles, grape canes, shoot tips, inflorescences, and berries during the season, applying an identical total amount of 3 or 4 sprays of 0.54 or 0.4% (w/v, aq) phosphonate, respectively. The overall uptake of inorganic phosphonate into the leaves was either identical (year 1) or substantially lower (year 2) when spraying 3 times (0.54%) instead of 4 times (0.4%) as expressed by the area under the concentration vs time curve. Residues found in leaves at the end of the vegetation period were also lower when spraying 3 times. Across both years, residues in berries were also significantly lower when applying the 0.54% phosphonate solution (20.2–30.9 mg/kg) 3 times as compared with the 4× application of 0.4% phosphonate (38.5–40.6 mg/kg). Soil applications resulted in a comparably low overall uptake but still yielding measurable residues in berries (6.0 ± 1.2 mg/kg). Further data on grape cane, shoot tips, and inflorescences supported the hypothesis that phosphonate residues in the plant and, ultimately, in the berries and the resulting products might be significantly reduced when spraying 3 times (0.54%) instead of 4 times (0.4%).","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ultrasonic extraction has the advantage of higher efficiency in the extraction of F. velutipes polysaccharides (FVP), but the structure and activities with application value of FVP extracted by ultrasound (FVPUs) were unclear. FVPUs were separated into FVPU1 and FVPU2 and subjected to structural analysis, anti-inflammatory activity, and intestinal mucosal protection activity research. Compared to FVPU1, FVPU2 exhibited a higher molecular weight, smaller crystallinity index, higher contents of galactose, mannose, and fucose, a more stable triple helix structure, and stronger binding ability to Congo red and calcium ions. The research disclosed that FVPU2 demonstrated significant activity in alleviating the abnormal surge of NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. This outcome was accomplished through the suppression of the overactive TLR4/MyD88/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, FVPU2 decreased the death rate of intestinal cells and enhanced the expression of Occludin, ZO-1, trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) (p < 0.05). This study sought to advance the comprehension of the relationship between the structure and anti-inflammatory and intestinal protection activities of F. velutipes polysaccharides, contributing valuable insights to the field of food science.
{"title":"Exploring the Structure–Activity Relationship of F. velutipes Polysaccharide: A Novel Promising Anti-Inflammatory and Intestinal Barrier-Protective Molecule Extracted by Ultrasound","authors":"Xin Chen, Jingsi Zhang, Qiping Zhan, Qiuhui Hu, Liyan Zhao","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.5c01560","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5c01560","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic extraction has the advantage of higher efficiency in the extraction of <i>F. velutipes</i> polysaccharides (FVP), but the structure and activities with application value of FVP extracted by ultrasound (FVPUs) were unclear. FVPUs were separated into FVPU1 and FVPU2 and subjected to structural analysis, anti-inflammatory activity, and intestinal mucosal protection activity research. Compared to FVPU1, FVPU2 exhibited a higher molecular weight, smaller crystallinity index, higher contents of galactose, mannose, and fucose, a more stable triple helix structure, and stronger binding ability to Congo red and calcium ions. The research disclosed that FVPU2 demonstrated significant activity in alleviating the abnormal surge of NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. This outcome was accomplished through the suppression of the overactive TLR4/MyD88/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, FVPU2 decreased the death rate of intestinal cells and enhanced the expression of Occludin, ZO-1, trefoil factor-3 (TFF-3), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and prostaglandin E synthase 2 (PTGES2) (<i>p</i> < 0.05). This study sought to advance the comprehension of the relationship between the structure and anti-inflammatory and intestinal protection activities of <i>F. velutipes</i> polysaccharides, contributing valuable insights to the field of food science.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c11652
Jin Deng, Nan Ma, Yuze Jia, Lu Dong, Yan Zhang, Yi Ren, Xiaolu Shi, Yingshuang Lu, Shuo Wang
This study investigated the impact of oxygen concentrations during baking on flavor, sensory perception, and acrylamide content in butter cookies. Cookies were baked at 190 and 210 °C under three oxygen levels (5, 10, and 21%). Key quality parameters, including moisture content, texture, color, flavor volatiles, and acrylamide content, were measured, and sensory evaluation was conducted using 55 judges. Principal component analysis was implemented to elucidate relationships among physicochemical properties, aroma profiles, and safety metrics. Results demonstrated that baking under low oxygen concentrations significantly reduced acrylamide formation, exemplified by a reduction from 95.8 to 58.5 μg/kg at 190 °C and 116.6 to 53.1 μg/kg at 210 °C, respectively. Notably, baking at 190 °C with 5% oxygen was identified as the optimal condition, balancing sensory quality and safety by minimizing the formation of harmful substances. These findings provide a promising strategy for improving the safety and quality of baked goods through controlled oxygen levels during processing.
{"title":"Advancing Butter Cookie Quality: Low-Oxygen Baking as a Dual Approach for Sensory Enhancement and Acrylamide Mitigation","authors":"Jin Deng, Nan Ma, Yuze Jia, Lu Dong, Yan Zhang, Yi Ren, Xiaolu Shi, Yingshuang Lu, Shuo Wang","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.4c11652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c11652","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the impact of oxygen concentrations during baking on flavor, sensory perception, and acrylamide content in butter cookies. Cookies were baked at 190 and 210 °C under three oxygen levels (5, 10, and 21%). Key quality parameters, including moisture content, texture, color, flavor volatiles, and acrylamide content, were measured, and sensory evaluation was conducted using 55 judges. Principal component analysis was implemented to elucidate relationships among physicochemical properties, aroma profiles, and safety metrics. Results demonstrated that baking under low oxygen concentrations significantly reduced acrylamide formation, exemplified by a reduction from 95.8 to 58.5 μg/kg at 190 °C and 116.6 to 53.1 μg/kg at 210 °C, respectively. Notably, baking at 190 °C with 5% oxygen was identified as the optimal condition, balancing sensory quality and safety by minimizing the formation of harmful substances. These findings provide a promising strategy for improving the safety and quality of baked goods through controlled oxygen levels during processing.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"267 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
β-Glucans derived from yeast are recognized as beneficial food additives. This study evaluated crude β-glucan extracts from Pichia kudriavzevii DPUL-51–6Y, Kluyveromyces marxianus DPUL-F15, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DPUL-C6 strains for their anticolitis potential. Chemical analysis revealed that β-glucan was the primary component (71.88–78.47% purity). Notably, the S. cerevisiae extract displayed superior thermal stability and hydration capacity. In RAW264.7 macrophages, β-glucan pretreatment at 100 μg/mL significantly reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide production and pro-inflammatory cytokines by suppressing NF-κB signaling through the reduction of p65 and IκB-α while simultaneously activating the Nrf2 and AHR pathways. In DSS-induced colitis BALB/c mice, oral administration of crude β-glucans alleviated intestinal damage by enhancing tight junction protein expression and restoring gut microbiota composition, characterized by an increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella. These effects were correlated with the increased production of microbial metabolites, including indole-3-lactic acid, indole-3-β-acrylic acid, tryptophol, and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids). Mechanistically, β-glucan mitigated colitis through the dual activation of Nrf2/AHR pathways and the inhibition of NF-κB. This study suggests that yeast-derived β-glucan plays a significant role in mitigating the inflammatory response and may alleviate ulcerative colitis by reshaping the microbial community and metabolite profiles in the host intestinal tract.
{"title":"β-Glucan Extracted from Pichia kudriavzevii DPUL-51–6Y, Kluyveromyces marxianus DPUL-F15, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae DPUL-C6 Shows Ameliorating Effects on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis on BALB/c Mice","authors":"Yuguang Zhu, Dashuai He, Xiaoxi Gao, Arong Wang, Jiang Yu, Sihan Wang, Baosheng Cui, Guangqing Mu, Changlu Ma, Yanfeng Tuo","doi":"10.1021/acs.jafc.4c13044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c13044","url":null,"abstract":"β-Glucans derived from yeast are recognized as beneficial food additives. This study evaluated crude β-glucan extracts from <i>Pichia kudriavzevii</i> DPUL-51–6Y, <i><i>Kluyveromyces marxianus</i></i> DPUL-F15, and <i><i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i></i> DPUL-C6 strains for their anticolitis potential. Chemical analysis revealed that β-glucan was the primary component (71.88–78.47% purity). Notably, the <i><i>S. cerevisiae</i></i> extract displayed superior thermal stability and hydration capacity. In RAW264.7 macrophages, β-glucan pretreatment at 100 μg/mL significantly reduced LPS-induced nitric oxide production and pro-inflammatory cytokines by suppressing NF-κB signaling through the reduction of p65 and IκB-α while simultaneously activating the Nrf2 and AHR pathways. In DSS-induced colitis BALB/c mice, oral administration of crude β-glucans alleviated intestinal damage by enhancing tight junction protein expression and restoring gut microbiota composition, characterized by an increased abundance of <i>Lactobacillus</i> and <i>Prevotella</i>. These effects were correlated with the increased production of microbial metabolites, including indole-3-lactic acid, indole-3-β-acrylic acid, tryptophol, and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids). Mechanistically, β-glucan mitigated colitis through the dual activation of Nrf2/AHR pathways and the inhibition of NF-κB. This study suggests that yeast-derived β-glucan plays a significant role in mitigating the inflammatory response and may alleviate ulcerative colitis by reshaping the microbial community and metabolite profiles in the host intestinal tract.","PeriodicalId":41,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143846656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：