Subject. Considered together with assets, liabilities, financial results, cash flows give a comprehensive view of the company's position and its market value. Such estimates are important for strategic management and should be based on the reliable information, which may proceed from strategic management reporting. Objectives. I outline aspects for structuring the cash flow information as part of strategic management reporting. Methods. Practical recommendations are based on proceedings of the Russian and foreign scholars, methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization. Results. The article presents methodological principles for structuring the cash flow information, which are focused on aspects, subjects of strategic control and regulation, key strategic benchmarks of net cash flows, its balance, significance for key strategic values, as they shape the structure, content and purpose of the strategic management statement on cash flows. Conclusions and Relevance. The aspects for structuring the cash flow information help develop methodological principles for strategic management reporting and accounting and improve the quality of information supplied for strategic management. The findings are of practical significance for enhancing strategic management reporting on cash flows so as to improve the quality of available information for assessing the financial position and an increment of the market value of a company.
{"title":"The structuring of cash flow information as part of strategic management accounting","authors":"Lyudmila V. Shalaevа","doi":"10.24891/IA.24.5.509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24891/IA.24.5.509","url":null,"abstract":"Subject. Considered together with assets, liabilities, financial results, cash flows give a comprehensive view of the company's position and its market value. Such estimates are important for strategic management and should be based on the reliable information, which may proceed from strategic management reporting.\u0000Objectives. I outline aspects for structuring the cash flow information as part of strategic management reporting.\u0000Methods. Practical recommendations are based on proceedings of the Russian and foreign scholars, methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization.\u0000Results. The article presents methodological principles for structuring the cash flow information, which are focused on aspects, subjects of strategic control and regulation, key strategic benchmarks of net cash flows, its balance, significance for key strategic values, as they shape the structure, content and purpose of the strategic management statement on cash flows.\u0000Conclusions and Relevance. The aspects for structuring the cash flow information help develop methodological principles for strategic management reporting and accounting and improve the quality of information supplied for strategic management. The findings are of practical significance for enhancing strategic management reporting on cash flows so as to improve the quality of available information for assessing the financial position and an increment of the market value of a company.","PeriodicalId":42055,"journal":{"name":"Intelligenza Artificiale","volume":"22 1","pages":"509-523"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46543566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subject. This article discusses the issue of defining the Fair Value concept, its similarity and identification with the concept of Market Value. It examines the specifics of each particular value, defines the concept of Fair Value, and analyzes approaches (methods) of fair value valuation, clarifies existing problems of determining fair value for the purposes of IFRS application. Objectives. The article aims to define the notion of Fair Value and appropriate use in accounting, as well as explore approaches to assess fair value. Methods. For the study, we used a comparative analysis. Results. The article says of many inconsistencies in the valuation of fair value, starting with the lack of a clear definition of fair value in IFRS, which is actually identified with the concept of market value. It proposes a refined definition of fair value and identifies fundamental differences between fair and market values, which are based on the procedures used in their assessment. Conclusions. Fair and market values are two different types of valuation. Fair value can be the same as market value, but only if there is an active market available. There is no single concept of Fair Value presented in scientific and special literature. The same approaches are used in fair (IFRS) and market (valuation standards) assessments, but the methods described for each approach are not always the same.
{"title":"Defining the Fair Value concept for IFRS application","authors":"M. Gorodilov, Anna A. Radevich","doi":"10.24891/IA.24.5.575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24891/IA.24.5.575","url":null,"abstract":"Subject. This article discusses the issue of defining the Fair Value concept, its similarity and identification with the concept of Market Value. It examines the specifics of each particular value, defines the concept of Fair Value, and analyzes approaches (methods) of fair value valuation, clarifies existing problems of determining fair value for the purposes of IFRS application.\u0000Objectives. The article aims to define the notion of Fair Value and appropriate use in accounting, as well as explore approaches to assess fair value.\u0000Methods. For the study, we used a comparative analysis.\u0000Results. The article says of many inconsistencies in the valuation of fair value, starting with the lack of a clear definition of fair value in IFRS, which is actually identified with the concept of market value. It proposes a refined definition of fair value and identifies fundamental differences between fair and market values, which are based on the procedures used in their assessment.\u0000Conclusions. Fair and market values are two different types of valuation. Fair value can be the same as market value, but only if there is an active market available. There is no single concept of Fair Value presented in scientific and special literature. The same approaches are used in fair (IFRS) and market (valuation standards) assessments, but the methods described for each approach are not always the same.","PeriodicalId":42055,"journal":{"name":"Intelligenza Artificiale","volume":"22 1","pages":"575-591"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48844713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subject. Currently, it is still important to choose how depreciation is charged, since this exactly reflects how future economic benefits of fixed assets are allocated over time. Amendments to the Russian laws on the use of Federal Accounting Standard (FAS) 6/2020 Fixed Assets helped update not only the procedure, but also the terminology. This totally influence how depreciation is recognized as per accounting policies of a firm. Objectives. The study focuses on the specifics of regulation and accounting for depreciation of fixed assets. Methods. The methodology includes the methods of analysis, systematization, comparison and generalization of regulatory sources and scientific literature on the subject. Results. We conducted the critical analysis of FAS 6/2020 in terms of using depreciation aspects, which relate to the useful life of a fixed asset, its drop value and depreciation method. Having analyzed regulatory documents, we summarized requirements to the useful life of fixed assets. Conclusions and Relevance. Practical issues of the drop value assessment should be resolved with respect to international practices. We also suggest non-governmental regulators of the Russian accounting practice should outline guidelines for the assessment of the drop value. There are still pending issues concerning the calculation of depreciation when a fixed asset is not used each day of a month. The depreciation calculation method should be stipulated in accounting policies, like aspects of revising depreciation elements. Considering the use of FAS 6/2020, accounting policies should be updated to formulate the content of changed aspects. The findings may prove useful to accountants when updating accounting policies on the use of depreciation methods in 2022 and onward.
{"title":"Federal Accounting Standard 6/2020: Disputable issues of using some aspects of depreciation of fixed assets","authors":"E. Kopylova, Tat'yana I. Kopylova","doi":"10.24891/IA.24.5.548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24891/IA.24.5.548","url":null,"abstract":"Subject. Currently, it is still important to choose how depreciation is charged, since this exactly reflects how future economic benefits of fixed assets are allocated over time. Amendments to the Russian laws on the use of Federal Accounting Standard (FAS) 6/2020 Fixed Assets helped update not only the procedure, but also the terminology. This totally influence how depreciation is recognized as per accounting policies of a firm.\u0000Objectives. The study focuses on the specifics of regulation and accounting for depreciation of fixed assets.\u0000Methods. The methodology includes the methods of analysis, systematization, comparison and generalization of regulatory sources and scientific literature on the subject.\u0000Results. We conducted the critical analysis of FAS 6/2020 in terms of using depreciation aspects, which relate to the useful life of a fixed asset, its drop value and depreciation method. Having analyzed regulatory documents, we summarized requirements to the useful life of fixed assets.\u0000Conclusions and Relevance. Practical issues of the drop value assessment should be resolved with respect to international practices. We also suggest non-governmental regulators of the Russian accounting practice should outline guidelines for the assessment of the drop value. There are still pending issues concerning the calculation of depreciation when a fixed asset is not used each day of a month. The depreciation calculation method should be stipulated in accounting policies, like aspects of revising depreciation elements. Considering the use of FAS 6/2020, accounting policies should be updated to formulate the content of changed aspects. The findings may prove useful to accountants when updating accounting policies on the use of depreciation methods in 2022 and onward.","PeriodicalId":42055,"journal":{"name":"Intelligenza Artificiale","volume":"22 1","pages":"548-574"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43570803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subject. In the article, I select and substantiate an effective strategy for innovation. To control its implementation, there should be a reliable database, which may proceed from modern statistical accounting as it splits the governance into financial responsibility centers. Objectives. I substantiate ways to sort out the data flow as part of strategic management accounting by innovation center, considering the strategic management system decentralized by financial responsibility centers. Methods. To set up practical guidelines, I referred to proceedings of the Russian and foreign scholars. I used methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization. Results. I indicate how the accountable competence of the innovation center can be structured, so as to determine the goal, objectives, functions and aspects it is to deal with. The article also presents the composition and scope of strategic management accounting the center is to keep. Conclusions and Relevance. The focus areas to be structured in the accountable competence of the innovation center will contribute to the advancement of methodological principles of strategic management accounting and reporting, a better quality of information supplied for the strategic management system and the higher efficiency of administrative decisions on innovation. The findings are of practical importance for adjusting the development of the innovation strategy and control over the performance and efficiency of investment processes and, consequently, the increment in the market value of the company.
{"title":"The innovation center as part of strategic management accounting","authors":"Lyudmila V. Shalaevа","doi":"10.24891/IA.24.4.407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24891/IA.24.4.407","url":null,"abstract":"Subject. In the article, I select and substantiate an effective strategy for innovation. To control its implementation, there should be a reliable database, which may proceed from modern statistical accounting as it splits the governance into financial responsibility centers.\u0000Objectives. I substantiate ways to sort out the data flow as part of strategic management accounting by innovation center, considering the strategic management system decentralized by financial responsibility centers.\u0000Methods. To set up practical guidelines, I referred to proceedings of the Russian and foreign scholars. I used methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization.\u0000Results. I indicate how the accountable competence of the innovation center can be structured, so as to determine the goal, objectives, functions and aspects it is to deal with. The article also presents the composition and scope of strategic management accounting the center is to keep.\u0000Conclusions and Relevance. The focus areas to be structured in the accountable competence of the innovation center will contribute to the advancement of methodological principles of strategic management accounting and reporting, a better quality of information supplied for the strategic management system and the higher efficiency of administrative decisions on innovation. The findings are of practical importance for adjusting the development of the innovation strategy and control over the performance and efficiency of investment processes and, consequently, the increment in the market value of the company.","PeriodicalId":42055,"journal":{"name":"Intelligenza Artificiale","volume":"22 1","pages":"407-421"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44171286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subject. This article deals with the issues of accounting and write-offs of management costs and disclosure in reporting, their role for top managers, as well as improving the delineation and qualification of the types of costs to be accounted for as managerial, and the impact of the proposed approaches on reporting performance. Objectives. The article aims to justify the need for a clearer definition of management costs and a more logical, cost-effective division of costs into production and management ones. Methods. For the study, I used the systems approach, logical generalization and abstraction. Results. The study shows that not all expenses that organizations account for as the management ones are actual. Many of the costs relate to production activities. Since the methodological guidelines for accounting for material and operational costs have been abolished in connection with the adoption of FSBU 5 – Inventories, they may not be applied any more. Conclusions and Relevance. The subject terminology and a clear concept of management costs need to be defined. IFRS 2 – Inventories gives a more logical notion of management costs in combination with administrative costs. This makes it possible to adapt the accounting according to the Russian standards to the running accounting practice with a minimum recalculation. The presented study results are intended to develop theoretical views on the formation of the actual cost of finished products, the full cost of implementation and interpretation of these indicators for management. The results can be used for scientific and practical activities related to financial and management accounting research.
{"title":"Management expenses in the context of Federal Accounting Standard (FSBU) 5/2019 – Inventories","authors":"T. Serebryakova","doi":"10.24891/IA.24.4.392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24891/IA.24.4.392","url":null,"abstract":"Subject. This article deals with the issues of accounting and write-offs of management costs and disclosure in reporting, their role for top managers, as well as improving the delineation and qualification of the types of costs to be accounted for as managerial, and the impact of the proposed approaches on reporting performance.\u0000Objectives. The article aims to justify the need for a clearer definition of management costs and a more logical, cost-effective division of costs into production and management ones.\u0000Methods. For the study, I used the systems approach, logical generalization and abstraction.\u0000Results. The study shows that not all expenses that organizations account for as the management ones are actual. Many of the costs relate to production activities. Since the methodological guidelines for accounting for material and operational costs have been abolished in connection with the adoption of FSBU 5 – Inventories, they may not be applied any more.\u0000Conclusions and Relevance. The subject terminology and a clear concept of management costs need to be defined. IFRS 2 – Inventories gives a more logical notion of management costs in combination with administrative costs. This makes it possible to adapt the accounting according to the Russian standards to the running accounting practice with a minimum recalculation. The presented study results are intended to develop theoretical views on the formation of the actual cost of finished products, the full cost of implementation and interpretation of these indicators for management. The results can be used for scientific and practical activities related to financial and management accounting research.","PeriodicalId":42055,"journal":{"name":"Intelligenza Artificiale","volume":"22 1","pages":"392-406"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49558864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. V. Arzhenovskii, T. Sinyavskaya, A. V. Bakhteev
Subject. We typified persons charged with financial reporting, who are more than inclined to misstatement risk due to fraud. Objectives. We herein develop a methodological framework for determining types of people charged with financial reporting. The typification is based on behavioral traits of the inclination to material misstatement risk. Methods. We applied multivariate statistical methods of factor and cluster analyses on the basis of empirical data we gathered in the survey of 515 employees charged with financial reporting. Results. As we found, if a person charged with financial reporting has some behavioral traits admitting the possibility of taking risk and an expectation of remaining unpunished and a pathological monetary type in case of legislative illiteracy, these signs mean the inclination to material misstatement risk due to fraud. Such people account for nine percent of the sample. One third of the sample is made up of people who are not inclined to risk at all. The neutral group in terms of the above risk comprises slightly more than one third. The remaining people (about 23 percent) can be qualified as suspicious in terms of their inclination to the above risk, which should be a reason for additional auditing procedures. Conclusions. Being not very difficult, the proposed methodological framework helps improve the efficacy of risk assessment procedures during audits. From perspectives of the inclination to business risk, determining types of employees charged with financial reports allows to decide on the necessity of additional auditing procedures when setting up the audit strategy and planning to cushion the material misstatement risks due to fraud.
{"title":"Determining a typology of behavioral traits indicating the inclination to material misstatement risk among those charged with financial reporting","authors":"S. V. Arzhenovskii, T. Sinyavskaya, A. V. Bakhteev","doi":"10.24891/IA.24.4.422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24891/IA.24.4.422","url":null,"abstract":"Subject. We typified persons charged with financial reporting, who are more than inclined to misstatement risk due to fraud.\u0000Objectives. We herein develop a methodological framework for determining types of people charged with financial reporting. The typification is based on behavioral traits of the inclination to material misstatement risk.\u0000Methods. We applied multivariate statistical methods of factor and cluster analyses on the basis of empirical data we gathered in the survey of 515 employees charged with financial reporting.\u0000Results. As we found, if a person charged with financial reporting has some behavioral traits admitting the possibility of taking risk and an expectation of remaining unpunished and a pathological monetary type in case of legislative illiteracy, these signs mean the inclination to material misstatement risk due to fraud. Such people account for nine percent of the sample. One third of the sample is made up of people who are not inclined to risk at all. The neutral group in terms of the above risk comprises slightly more than one third. The remaining people (about 23 percent) can be qualified as suspicious in terms of their inclination to the above risk, which should be a reason for additional auditing procedures.\u0000Conclusions. Being not very difficult, the proposed methodological framework helps improve the efficacy of risk assessment procedures during audits. From perspectives of the inclination to business risk, determining types of employees charged with financial reports allows to decide on the necessity of additional auditing procedures when setting up the audit strategy and planning to cushion the material misstatement risks due to fraud.","PeriodicalId":42055,"journal":{"name":"Intelligenza Artificiale","volume":"22 1","pages":"422-437"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41932030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subject. This article considers Goodwill as an indicator of the organization's market capitalization and internally created Goodwill as a set of transaction expenses, and discusses the dual nature of Goodwill as an economic resource of the organization. Objectives. The article aims to explore the economic content of the Goodwill category and interpret it in terms of accounting considering differences in the measurement of Goodwill value as a result of a business merger transaction and internally created Goodwill that shapes its value by capitalizing transaction expenses. The article also aims to prove the need to reflect Goodwill in financial statements as an indicator of the organization's market capitalization and internally created Goodwill as a set of transaction expenses. Methods. To methodologically substantiate the economic category of Goodwill, we used the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, International Concept of Integrated Reporting, institutional economics, and the International Financial Reporting Standards. Results. The article proves the dual nature of the economic category of Goodwill, which is crucial in the development of the methodological provision of this category in the organization's accounting and financial reporting system and the assessment of its value. Conclusions. Lack of transparency in the financial statements of individual economic entities and consolidated reporting of the group's enterprises allows for combining different economic resources in one item, for example, Intangible Assets. The inclusion of Goodwill, which is the result of a business merger transaction, does not correspond to its economic content, as Goodwill in this case is part of the investment made by the investor in the object of investment. Even for this reason alone, this figure should be reflected in the structure of financial capital.
{"title":"The duality of goodwill assessment in financial accounting and reporting","authors":"V. Plotnikov, O. Plotnikova","doi":"10.24891/IA.24.4.372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24891/IA.24.4.372","url":null,"abstract":"Subject. This article considers Goodwill as an indicator of the organization's market capitalization and internally created Goodwill as a set of transaction expenses, and discusses the dual nature of Goodwill as an economic resource of the organization.\u0000Objectives. The article aims to explore the economic content of the Goodwill category and interpret it in terms of accounting considering differences in the measurement of Goodwill value as a result of a business merger transaction and internally created Goodwill that shapes its value by capitalizing transaction expenses. The article also aims to prove the need to reflect Goodwill in financial statements as an indicator of the organization's market capitalization and internally created Goodwill as a set of transaction expenses.\u0000Methods. To methodologically substantiate the economic category of Goodwill, we used the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, International Concept of Integrated Reporting, institutional economics, and the International Financial Reporting Standards.\u0000Results. The article proves the dual nature of the economic category of Goodwill, which is crucial in the development of the methodological provision of this category in the organization's accounting and financial reporting system and the assessment of its value.\u0000Conclusions. Lack of transparency in the financial statements of individual economic entities and consolidated reporting of the group's enterprises allows for combining different economic resources in one item, for example, Intangible Assets. The inclusion of Goodwill, which is the result of a business merger transaction, does not correspond to its economic content, as Goodwill in this case is part of the investment made by the investor in the object of investment. Even for this reason alone, this figure should be reflected in the structure of financial capital.","PeriodicalId":42055,"journal":{"name":"Intelligenza Artificiale","volume":"22 1","pages":"372-391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46794564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subject. This article discusses the issues of reflection of information on settlements with equity construction investors both on off-balance and balance sheet accounts of the developer. Objectives. The article aims to determine the extent of the transition to project financing of housing construction using escrow accounts, explore options for accounting for incoming funds of equity construction investors, and develop a methodology that helps avoid tampering with the balance sheet total of developers. Methods. For the study, we used induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, and the calculation and graphic, monographic, and accounting and analytical methods. Results. In some cases, the findings have revealed significant discrepancies the way funds available to escrow accounts get accounted for. An analysis of the causes of these deviations confirms the need to develop an off-balance sheet accounting methodology. Conclusions and Relevance. The updated methodology is structured in such a way that the investors' funds are accounted by the developer in one account, another account is used for settlements with the equity construction investors, and the funds placed by the bank on the escrow accounts are reflected in the off-balance sheet of the developer, without misrepresenting the balance sheet total. The results can be used in the theory and practice of construction companies in the process of accounting and reporting by business entities of various forms of ownership, as well as for further scientific developments and practical applications.
{"title":"Debating points of accounting to reflect escrow account transactions by the developer organization","authors":"M. Safonova, Yuliya Marchenko","doi":"10.24891/IA.24.4.438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24891/IA.24.4.438","url":null,"abstract":"Subject. This article discusses the issues of reflection of information on settlements with equity construction investors both on off-balance and balance sheet accounts of the developer.\u0000Objectives. The article aims to determine the extent of the transition to project financing of housing construction using escrow accounts, explore options for accounting for incoming funds of equity construction investors, and develop a methodology that helps avoid tampering with the balance sheet total of developers.\u0000Methods. For the study, we used induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, and the calculation and graphic, monographic, and accounting and analytical methods.\u0000Results. In some cases, the findings have revealed significant discrepancies the way funds available to escrow accounts get accounted for. An analysis of the causes of these deviations confirms the need to develop an off-balance sheet accounting methodology.\u0000Conclusions and Relevance. The updated methodology is structured in such a way that the investors' funds are accounted by the developer in one account, another account is used for settlements with the equity construction investors, and the funds placed by the bank on the escrow accounts are reflected in the off-balance sheet of the developer, without misrepresenting the balance sheet total. The results can be used in the theory and practice of construction companies in the process of accounting and reporting by business entities of various forms of ownership, as well as for further scientific developments and practical applications.","PeriodicalId":42055,"journal":{"name":"Intelligenza Artificiale","volume":"22 1","pages":"438-458"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44348006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Subject. The article discusses compliance procedures for improving the internal control system and accommodating to the specifics of exporting enterprises' financial and business operations. Objectives. The study is intended to formulate a methodological framework of compliance control to check whether exporting enterprises are compliant with financial laws. Methods. The study is based on the methods of comparison, checkerboard analysis, planning, classification, grouping, summary and systematization. Results. I formulated a compliance control program, which would account for the specifics of the exporting enterprise's financial and business operations, business processes of the exporting activity and compliance risk (associated with taxes, customs, currency, contractual obligations). The article enlists working papers needed to summarize results of tax, currency and accounting compliance procedures. I set forth a methodological approach based on the checkerboard analysis of reconciliation and comparison of export documents. Conclusions and Relevance. Exporting enterprises need the compliance control procedures to mitigate the probability of compliance risks and eliminate financial implications, such as fines, penalties for legislative and contractual breaches. Based on the proposed compliance procedure, the compliance control system will allow the exporting enterprise to gain a positive business reputation in the Russian and foreign distribution markets, and create an image of a bona fide and law-abiding taxpayer. The findings can be used to perform internal controls at exporting enterprises.
{"title":"The practical specifics of compliance procedures as part of internal control of organizations' exports","authors":"V. Yakimova","doi":"10.24891/IA.24.4.459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24891/IA.24.4.459","url":null,"abstract":"Subject. The article discusses compliance procedures for improving the internal control system and accommodating to the specifics of exporting enterprises' financial and business operations.\u0000Objectives. The study is intended to formulate a methodological framework of compliance control to check whether exporting enterprises are compliant with financial laws.\u0000Methods. The study is based on the methods of comparison, checkerboard analysis, planning, classification, grouping, summary and systematization.\u0000Results. I formulated a compliance control program, which would account for the specifics of the exporting enterprise's financial and business operations, business processes of the exporting activity and compliance risk (associated with taxes, customs, currency, contractual obligations). The article enlists working papers needed to summarize results of tax, currency and accounting compliance procedures. I set forth a methodological approach based on the checkerboard analysis of reconciliation and comparison of export documents.\u0000Conclusions and Relevance. Exporting enterprises need the compliance control procedures to mitigate the probability of compliance risks and eliminate financial implications, such as fines, penalties for legislative and contractual breaches. Based on the proposed compliance procedure, the compliance control system will allow the exporting enterprise to gain a positive business reputation in the Russian and foreign distribution markets, and create an image of a bona fide and law-abiding taxpayer. The findings can be used to perform internal controls at exporting enterprises.","PeriodicalId":42055,"journal":{"name":"Intelligenza Artificiale","volume":"22 1","pages":"459-486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2021-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46198620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Kalinin, Aleksandr Kulakov, A. A. Pavlov, S. Potryasaev, B. Sokolov
. In modern conditions, in the field of the creation and use of existing and advanced space vehicles (SV), the issues of autonomy and survivability acquire particular relevance in the development and operation of small-mass spacecraft (SMS) for Earth remote sensing (ERS). The specificity of the small spacecraft lies in the fact that it is difficult to directly apply to the process of their creation the standard practice of using the system for ensuring the reliability of the rocket and space industry due to the lack of the ability to provide full structural redundancy of its onboard systems (OBS) associated with mass-dimensional and other restrictions. In this case, the tasks of developing model-algorithmic methods and approaches to ensuring the required level of indicators of structural reliability, survivability and, in general, the effectiveness of the functioning of the MCA OBS become of particular relevance. The problem of increasing the level of indicators of autonomy, survivability, efficiency of functioning of complex technical objects (CTO), which, in particular, SMS belong, is considered in the scientific literature in conjunction with solving problems of control, assessment and technical diagnostics of the state of the CTO reconfiguration (structural, functional, structural-functional reconfiguration) of CTO structures, management of its reserves, alternative and multi-mode control, analysis of fault tolerance and disaster recovery of CTO. However, all of these studies are fragmented, both at the methodological and methodological and technological levels. The article provides a generalized description of the combined methods and algorithms developed by the authors for solving the problems of synthesis of technologies and programs for controlling the OS reconfiguration to increase the survivability of the SMS. At the same time, these tasks are solved not in isolation, but in a comprehensive manner within the framework of the general problem of proactive management of the structural dynamics of SMS with or without the use of GCC tools, which ensures the efficiency, validity, completeness, isolation and consistency of synthesized management decisions. The novelty of the approach proposed in the article is that its authors, based on the concepts of integrated (system) modeling, proactive control of the structural dynamics of the OS SMS, as well as the intellectualization of the processes of proactive control of the OS SMS, developed methods and algorithms for the synthesis of technologies and programs. Control of the reconfiguration of the MCS BS, providing, firstly, the situational choice of the optimal sequence of operations and the allocation of SMS resources with and without the use of GCC facilities, and, secondly, effective parrying not only of the calculated ones, but also off-design emergency flight situations (EFS), as well as the operational restoration of the operability of its OS. The constructiveness of the proposed approac
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