Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281827
N. Chekh
The article analyzes the play prerequisites for the creation, methods of implementation and conditions of perception of B. Mіkhaіlov’s and S. Bratkov’s works — multimedia installations ‘Sacrifice to the God of War’ and ‘Box for Three Letters’, presented in the exhibition project ‘Alchemical Surrender’ of the Soros Center for Contemporary Art in Sevastopol in 1994. As a result of the research, it was found that S. Bratkov and B. Mikhaіlov had chosen ‘non-photographic’ as an artistic language for the project ‘Alchemical surrender’ — the language of carnival forms and carnival symbols. The multimedia installation ‘Sacrifice to the God of War’ combines the following forms of folk ridiculous carnival culture: theatrical and spectacular forms — happening, recorded on video, and three art objects — assemblages created on the basis of photographic images. The multimedia installation ‘A Box for Three Letters’ combines different forms of folk ridiculous carnival culture: theatrical and spectacular forms — happening recorded on video, art objects (box, board, etc.); verbal-laughter work — a parodic statement depicted on the board, as well as one of the forms of familiar-square speech. In both installations, the mythology of matriarchy gets its generalization and completion in the ambivalent image of the Big Mother — Mother Earth. The author managed to show the applicability of the M. Bakhtin’s concept of ‘culture of popular laughter’, as well as the O. Losev’s hermeneutics of the ancient myth, etc. as a critical discourses for the analysis of works and projects of contemporary art, for example, as the project Kiev SCCA ‘Alchemical surrender’ (1994).
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Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281831
Y. Ishchenko
The article is devoted to reflections on the problems raised in S. V. Taranov’s book “Should Be”. Critically interpreted author’s concept of the philosophical understanding of God from the point of view of revealing the divine as the horizon of human existence. The correctness and heuristics of the author’s proposed approach to the understanding of such an understanding in the context of the “ontological triad” “Nothing-Being-Existence” is shown, which is interpreted with the help of the “anthropological-hermeneutic” key “Question-Answer-Decision”. From here, according to the critic, a meaningful perspective of the development of “philosophical theodicy” into a kind of anthropodicy opens up. At the same time, the article also contains self-criticism, because any interpretation always includes the interpreter himself, therefore, in the interpretation itself, the problem of choosing a methodological and worldview position arises. hence the problem of responsibility.
本文致力于对S. V. Taranov的《应该是》一书中提出的问题进行反思。从揭示神性作为人类存在的视界的角度,批判性地阐释了作者对上帝的哲学理解。在“无-有-存在”的“本体论三位一体”背景下,作者提出的理解这种理解的方法的正确性和启发式得到了证明,并借助“人类学-解释学”的关键“问题-答案-决定”进行了解释。在批评家看来,从这里,开辟了一个“哲学神正论”向一种人正论发展的有意义的视角。同时,文章也包含着自我批评,因为任何阐释都包含着阐释者自己,因此,在阐释本身,就产生了方法论和世界观立场的选择问题。因此就有了责任问题。
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Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281816
O.D. Kyrylyuk
In 1770, in the garden of the Okhtyrka Trinity Monastery near Kharkiv, Skovoroda experienced a stunning shock. He suddenly felt free and invigorated, and a strange movement took place inside him, which filled him with strange power. Some kind of inner fire engulfed him, he lost the feeling of his own body, the whole world disappeared for him and he began to circle in the space of Being. After that, his soul was filled with love for Holy Spirit. These feelings were so strong, but he burst into tears. That is, he had a certain breakthrough in his vision of God. Skovoroda himself points out such an important detail – all this happened to him in one moment. suddenly, instantly, in the blink of an eye. Exaíphnes (Plato), rhope (Bible), moment (Latin authors), ojeblikket (Kierkegaard), Аugenblick (Heidegger) or in English “in the blink of an eye“, “moment of vision“, “glance of an eye“, “instance“, “suddenness“, “decisive moment“, or, in Ukrainian, ‘за миг ока’, ‘на млі ока’, ‘миттєво’, ‘за мить’, or in Russian, ‘моментально’, ‘в мновение ока’, etc. – all these words and terms are different titular names of the same concept “moment”, which expresses the any thing’s transition from the one state to a different another condition. The peculiarity of this instant transition is that it is timeless, atemporal. Look, if it had temporal dimensions, then the transition from one state to another should lead to such a situation6 when the thing would combine both states, past and future. For example, a thing that started to move had to move and be at rest at the same time. The same applies to the transition from our world to the divine world or from a sinful man to a saint. So, the “moment” is atemporal and timeless. Entering the moment and staying in it means falling out of time and joining eternity. Unlike all theoretical researchers of the “moment”, Hryhoriy Skovoroda was the only one who actually experienced this “moment” (Ojeblikket, Augenblick) as a miracle of transition from fallen temporality to divine eternity. In addition, Skovoroda experienced a stunning epiphany (this is the another meaning of Heidegger’s Augenblick) and underwent something similar to a bodily and spiritual transfiguration.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281830
E. N. Tigerstedt, Sergiy Shevtsov, Vasyl Matskiv
The book by E. N. Tigerstedt Interpreting Plato sums up the development of Platonic studies and heritage in understanding Plato’s philosophy over the previous two hundred years. The Finnish researcher builds his review on the methodological principles not only of individual researchers, but also of entire areas. A literary critic and editor by profession, E. N. Tigerstedt carried the love of antiquity through his whole life, and this book of his was both the result of his research and life.
E. N. Tigerstedt所著的《解释柏拉图》一书总结了过去200年来柏拉图研究的发展和对柏拉图哲学的理解。这位芬兰研究人员不仅根据个别研究人员的方法原则,而且根据整个领域的方法原则进行评论。E. N. Tigerstedt是一位文学评论家和专业编辑,他一生都热爱古代,他的这本书既是他研究的结果,也是他生活的结果。
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Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281817
Yuliia Hrybkova, Maryia Kashuba
Thoughts of Skovoroda on the improvement of human and society were considered in this article. Skovoroda, like the European enlighteners, considered the contemporary society and human to be imperfect. French enlighteners sought to improve a person through education and scientific knowledge, believed that an educated person could create a perfect society and linked the progress of society with the activity of the mind. Skovoroda chose his own path - he believed that scientific knowledge and education cannot make a person happy and perfect. He called a person to self-discovery, to reveal the true divine nature in oneself, which will determine a person’s related work. Only a related occupation can make a person happy, therefore perfect, and such a person will create a perfect society. In Skovoroda, knowledge and education are associated with material goods and honors, which give rise to envy and enmity between people. Skovoroda considered people who strive for material goods and fame to be a crowd, who is not capable of thinking and improving, unable to create a progressive and perfect society. The thoughts of the Ukrainian philosopher look utopian, but they help to understand the current state of consumerist society, where aggression, hatred and envy prevail.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281825
Anna Misyun
The article is devoted to the problems of art in the third space, that understood as a special reality created by IT. Both the new organization of the artistic communication of the author – the work – the public, and the new expressive and technical possibilities of the art itself are considered. The purpose of the overview is to establish a correlation between the understanding of cyber reality and the new conditions of existence of the artistic artifact, to identify the features of virtual communication about art. The postcolonial third space theory of H. K. Bhabha is considered, which is the basis for the study of “zones of communication” and the virtual construction of the dialogue between individuals/cultures. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the practices of third space American theorist and art practice Randall Packer. An important aspect is the use of multimedia art itself in the practice of its site “The Third Space Network”, the reality of which depends significantly on information network technologies. Cyber reality ensures the relevance of modern art in the network, the main features of which are erasing the lines between expressive means of different types of art, active communication of artists – the public, the absence of a fourth wall, etc.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281826
K. Zolotarova
What better way to tell about the time than a real “historical witness” – a product of that time, for the people of that time?! As such a “witness” in this small researched book from the 40s of the 20th century – Charles Dickens “A Tale of Two Cities”, published by “Blackie & Son Limited (London and Glasgow)”. Thanks to this book, it was possible to touch on the “wartime” publishing industry, consider the main challenges faced by the book publishing industry and explore non-standard solutions for a decent response to these challenges in Great Britain. In addition, people who felt the need for books despite all the difficulties and dangers brought by “wartime” – the Second World War – become a real inspiration. This book, which in this study dates from the early 1940s, is an example of the publishing standard – the Agreement – which was introduced in Great Britain during the Second World War. Namely, the Book Production War Economy Agreement (1942), which was concluded between the publishers (Publisher Association) of Great Britain and the state leadership (represented by the Ministry of Supply). This agreement, which was mainly of a recommendatory nature, was primarily related to the rationalization of the use of resources necessary for the publishing of book products (regulating and standardizing printed publications that would respond to the main challenges in limited economic conditions). It should be noted separately that the agreement was initiated by the Association itself, because it was a response to the unfair (in the opinion of publishers) distribution of paper, namely to Paper rationing, which was introduced by The British Ministry of Information [Holman 2005]. In this context, the earlier creation of The Paper Control Committee, which controlled the use of paper by publishers and acted as their defender before the Ministry of Supply [Vassilopoulos 2021], should be considered. Speaking about the demand for books during the Second World War in Great Britain, one should note the incessant thirst for reading, learning new things, and searching for “answers to questions that concern us now” [Hench 2010]. It seems that there were already enough exciting events in everyday life, but it was precisely in the times when the war dragged on and there was no visible end or finale, and society began to tire of uncertainty and the constant feeling of “calm before the storm”, books became a real salvation from difficult to perceive and understand reality – a new reality. This explains the constantly growing demand for books of various formats and genres in the 1940s.
还有什么比一个真正的“历史见证人”——一个那个时代的产物,一个那个时代的人——更好的方式来讲述那个时代呢?在这本由Blackie & Son Limited (London and Glasgow)出版的20世纪40年代的小书中,作为这样一个“见证人”——查尔斯·狄更斯的《双城记》(a Tale of Two Cities)。多亏了这本书,才有可能触及“战时”出版业,考虑图书出版业面临的主要挑战,并探索非标准的解决方案,以体面地应对英国的这些挑战。此外,尽管“战时”——第二次世界大战带来了种种困难和危险,但人们仍然感到需要书籍,这成为一种真正的灵感。在这项研究中,这本书可以追溯到20世纪40年代初,是出版标准——《协议》——的一个例子,该标准在第二次世界大战期间在英国引入。即《图书生产战争经济协定》(1942),由英国出版商(出版商协会)与国家领导(以供应部为代表)签订。这项协定主要是一项建议性质的协定,主要是关于使出版图书产品所需资源的使用合理化(管制和标准化印刷出版物,以应付有限经济条件下的主要挑战)。应该单独指出的是,该协议是由协会自己发起的,因为它是对纸张不公平(在出版商看来)分配的回应,即对英国信息部引入的纸张配给的回应[Holman 2005]。在这种背景下,应该考虑早期创建的纸张控制委员会,该委员会控制出版商对纸张的使用,并在供应部(Vassilopoulos 2021)面前充当他们的捍卫者。谈到第二次世界大战期间英国对书籍的需求,人们应该注意到对阅读、学习新事物和寻找“我们现在关心的问题的答案”的持续渴望[Hench 2010]。日常生活中似乎已经有了足够多的精彩事件,但恰恰是在战争旷日持久,看不到明显的结局和结局,社会开始厌倦不确定性和“暴风雨前的平静”的持续感觉的时候,书籍才真正成为难以感知和理解现实的救赎——一种新的现实。这解释了20世纪40年代对各种格式和体裁书籍的需求不断增长的原因。
{"title":"PUBLISHING INDUSTRY IN WARTIME: CHARLES DICKENS “A TALE OF TWO CITIES”","authors":"K. Zolotarova","doi":"10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281826","url":null,"abstract":"What better way to tell about the time than a real “historical witness” – a product of that time, for the people of that time?! As such a “witness” in this small researched book from the 40s of the 20th century – Charles Dickens “A Tale of Two Cities”, published by “Blackie & Son Limited (London and Glasgow)”.\u0000Thanks to this book, it was possible to touch on the “wartime” publishing industry, consider the main challenges faced by the book publishing industry and explore non-standard solutions for a decent response to these challenges in Great Britain. In addition, people who felt the need for books despite all the difficulties and dangers brought by “wartime” – the Second World War – become a real inspiration.\u0000This book, which in this study dates from the early 1940s, is an example of the publishing standard – the Agreement – which was introduced in Great Britain during the Second World War. Namely, the Book Production War Economy Agreement (1942), which was concluded between the publishers (Publisher Association) of Great Britain and the state leadership (represented by the Ministry of Supply). This agreement, which was mainly of a recommendatory nature, was primarily related to the rationalization of the use of resources necessary for the publishing of book products (regulating and standardizing printed publications that would respond to the main challenges in limited economic conditions). It should be noted separately that the agreement was initiated by the Association itself, because it was a response to the unfair (in the opinion of publishers) distribution of paper, namely to Paper rationing, which was introduced by The British Ministry of Information [Holman 2005].\u0000In this context, the earlier creation of The Paper Control Committee, which controlled the use of paper by publishers and acted as their defender before the Ministry of Supply [Vassilopoulos 2021], should be considered.\u0000Speaking about the demand for books during the Second World War in Great Britain, one should note the incessant thirst for reading, learning new things, and searching for “answers to questions that concern us now” [Hench 2010]. It seems that there were already enough exciting events in everyday life, but it was precisely in the times when the war dragged on and there was no visible end or finale, and society began to tire of uncertainty and the constant feeling of “calm before the storm”, books became a real salvation from difficult to perceive and understand reality – a new reality. This explains the constantly growing demand for books of various formats and genres in the 1940s.","PeriodicalId":42106,"journal":{"name":"Doxa Comunicacion","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91316448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281828
V. Levchenko
The article is divided to the problems related to the studying the phenomenon of the museum and its place in the socio-cultural space. The museum is one of the fundamental socio-cultural institutions that designed to present, preserve and distribute cultural, historical and artistic values. There are the museums that should determine what is a cultural value that is a worthy representation of national and universal cultural codes. The development of museums demonstrates their ability to transform reality in a special way, namely, to endow reality with specific properties in relation to the cultural memorial value of their authentic representatives. Modern museology defines such a process as museumization, which transforms reality into “cultural meta-reality”. The author refers to the researching museological conception of Z. Z. Stransky, one of the founders of modern museology. The concepts introduced by Stransky to studying the museum as a cultural institution, despite their debatable in special literature, are an effective tool for understanding museumness as a characteristic of individual human existence. To solve this problem, Stranskyi proposes several new scientific concepts – “cultural meta-reality”. “musealization”, “museum development of reality”, “musealite”. It can be argued that every person can potentially act as a “museum”. Some objects surrounding a person can lose their everyday meaning, transforming into “museum objects” and they are acquiring new value and status. Nowadays the museum is transformed from exclusively a repository of memory into a special space aimed to determining orientations to Future.
{"title":"MUSEALIZATION IN THE SYSTEM OF SENSES OF CULTURAL MEMORY","authors":"V. Levchenko","doi":"10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281828","url":null,"abstract":"The article is divided to the problems related to the studying the phenomenon of the museum and its place in the socio-cultural space. The museum is one of the fundamental socio-cultural institutions that designed to present, preserve and distribute cultural, historical and artistic values. There are the museums that should determine what is a cultural value that is a worthy representation of national and universal cultural codes. The development of museums demonstrates their ability to transform reality in a special way, namely, to endow reality with specific properties in relation to the cultural memorial value of their authentic representatives. Modern museology defines such a process as museumization, which transforms reality into “cultural meta-reality”. The author refers to the researching museological conception of Z. Z. Stransky, one of the founders of modern museology. The concepts introduced by Stransky to studying the museum as a cultural institution, despite their debatable in special literature, are an effective tool for understanding museumness as a characteristic of individual human existence. To solve this problem, Stranskyi proposes several new scientific concepts – “cultural meta-reality”. “musealization”, “museum development of reality”, “musealite”. It can be argued that every person can potentially act as a “museum”. Some objects surrounding a person can lose their everyday meaning, transforming into “museum objects” and they are acquiring new value and status. Nowadays the museum is transformed from exclusively a repository of memory into a special space aimed to determining orientations to Future.","PeriodicalId":42106,"journal":{"name":"Doxa Comunicacion","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84436009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281824
A. Afanasiev, I. Vasilenko
Metanarratives with their highest values act as a kind of foundation, a means of substantiating other narratives and, in general, a justification of a certain order of the world and society in the human imagination. Modern scientific and technical civilization found its justification in the metanarratives of Modern, which accumulate the highest values: humanism, truth, goodness, beauty and other universal civilizational ideals that contribute to the existence and development of mankind. Metanarratives are also embodied in political doctrines, where ideology is used to interpret metanarratives in a certain way in a favorable light for certain circles and strata. This is how very different strategic narratives emerge, which sometimes distort human values. Since the state has great levers of influence, from legislation to propaganda, especially in a totalitarian or authoritarian society, it can subjugate national and cultural values, even present its narrow group interests as national or even universal. Then the strategic narrative serves as a metanarrative. Enlightenment metanarratives were realized not only in universal, democratic ideals and state-building, but also in totalitarian, fascist, marxist, racist worldviews and practices with corresponding strategic narratives. If we add to this the global problems caused by the development of scientific and technological civilization, which is also a consequence of the project of modernity, the emergence of postmodernity with its total irony towards this project and in general towards science, reason, progress, seems natural. But gradually it becomes clear that humanity cannot do without metanarratives with humanistic values as a fundamental justification of human activity, especially overcoming civilizational challenges. Therefore, metamodernity is expected to emerge first as a feeling and then as a comprehension of the need for humanistic metanarratives. It is natural that the first steps are made in painting and literature as the most sensitive areas of the human spirit. This is a kind of return to the metanarratives of the Medern. Metanarratives of the Age of Reason and Enlightenment have stood the test of time. Despite significant distortions in the strategic narratives of various ideologies and attempts of general denial in postmodernism, they demonstrate viability as a way to justify universal ideals, preserve humanity and survival of mankind.
{"title":"THE VARIABILITY OF THE FATE OF METANARRATIVES","authors":"A. Afanasiev, I. Vasilenko","doi":"10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281824","url":null,"abstract":"Metanarratives with their highest values act as a kind of foundation, a means of substantiating other narratives and, in general, a justification of a certain order of the world and society in the human imagination. Modern scientific and technical civilization found its justification in the metanarratives of Modern, which accumulate the highest values: humanism, truth, goodness, beauty and other universal civilizational ideals that contribute to the existence and development of mankind.\u0000Metanarratives are also embodied in political doctrines, where ideology is used to interpret metanarratives in a certain way in a favorable light for certain circles and strata. This is how very different strategic narratives emerge, which sometimes distort human values. Since the state has great levers of influence, from legislation to propaganda, especially in a totalitarian or authoritarian society, it can subjugate national and cultural values, even present its narrow group interests as national or even universal. Then the strategic narrative serves as a metanarrative.\u0000Enlightenment metanarratives were realized not only in universal, democratic ideals and state-building, but also in totalitarian, fascist, marxist, racist worldviews and practices with corresponding strategic narratives. If we add to this the global problems caused by the development of scientific and technological civilization, which is also a consequence of the project of modernity, the emergence of postmodernity with its total irony towards this project and in general towards science, reason, progress, seems natural.\u0000But gradually it becomes clear that humanity cannot do without metanarratives with humanistic values as a fundamental justification of human activity, especially overcoming civilizational challenges. Therefore, metamodernity is expected to emerge first as a feeling and then as a comprehension of the need for humanistic metanarratives. It is natural that the first steps are made in painting and literature as the most sensitive areas of the human spirit. This is a kind of return to the metanarratives of the Medern.\u0000Metanarratives of the Age of Reason and Enlightenment have stood the test of time. Despite significant distortions in the strategic narratives of various ideologies and attempts of general denial in postmodernism, they demonstrate viability as a way to justify universal ideals, preserve humanity and survival of mankind.","PeriodicalId":42106,"journal":{"name":"Doxa Comunicacion","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86589423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-05DOI: 10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281819
S. Shevtsov
Russia’s military aggression in Ukraine has given rise to much speculation about its causes and aims. The accessibility of the modern media allows to freely hear the voices of both sides which creates a unique situation in many ways. Among the many theories and hypotheses about the causes and goals of this war, there is no consensus for any of the warring parties. The options and hypotheses expressed differ noticeably from each other even within each of the countries. This article attempts to classify the expressed points of view on the causes and goals of the war for the Russian and Ukrainian sides. It is noted that Russia, having started the war, has a lot more versions than Ukraine. For the Ukrainian side, the war is predominantly perceived through the formula ‘we have been attacked and we defend ourselves, our land, and our way of life’. Meanwhile, the question of why Russia carried out the attack is much more difficult. In this article, the author identifies six levels of social existence, into which the suggested versions can be distributed. These six levels are: individual, group, political, ideological, geopolitical, and civilizational. The article suggests that the cause cannot be limited to one level, it is important for the aggressor to justify its actions on all six levels. It is noteworthy that for Russia the economic level is not significant, in fact, most of the Russian war opponents are at this level, while for Ukraine the economic level matters a lot. According to the author of the article, only religion can unite six such different levels. Therefore, he suggests, for Russia, this war is of religious nature although it is not connected with religion and does not have a religious form. The author finds this situation paradoxical and ugly.
{"title":"ONTOLOGICAL DRIFT OF CAUSES","authors":"S. Shevtsov","doi":"10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18524/2410-2601.2022.1(37).281819","url":null,"abstract":"Russia’s military aggression in Ukraine has given rise to much speculation about its causes and aims. The accessibility of the modern media allows to freely hear the voices of both sides which creates a unique situation in many ways. Among the many theories and hypotheses about the causes and goals of this war, there is no consensus for any of the warring parties. The options and hypotheses expressed differ noticeably from each other even within each of the countries. This article attempts to classify the expressed points of view on the causes and goals of the war for the Russian and Ukrainian sides. It is noted that Russia, having started the war, has a lot more versions than Ukraine. For the Ukrainian side, the war is predominantly perceived through the formula ‘we have been attacked and we defend ourselves, our land, and our way of life’. Meanwhile, the question of why Russia carried out the attack is much more difficult. In this article, the author identifies six levels of social existence, into which the suggested versions can be distributed. These six levels are: individual, group, political, ideological, geopolitical, and civilizational. The article suggests that the cause cannot be limited to one level, it is important for the aggressor to justify its actions on all six levels. It is noteworthy that for Russia the economic level is not significant, in fact, most of the Russian war opponents are at this level, while for Ukraine the economic level matters a lot. According to the author of the article, only religion can unite six such different levels. Therefore, he suggests, for Russia, this war is of religious nature although it is not connected with religion and does not have a religious form. The author finds this situation paradoxical and ugly.","PeriodicalId":42106,"journal":{"name":"Doxa Comunicacion","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82731347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}