Ovim se radom analizira ograničavanje pojma i položaja stranke u postupcima ishođenja građevinskih dozvola prema odredbama Zakona o gradnji, a u odnosu na Zakon o općem upravnom postupku. Premda je Zakon o općem upravnom postupku čl. 3/1. predvidio mogućnost odstupanja od vlastitih odredbi, odredbama Zakona o gradnji kojima se definira stranka u postupcima ishođenja građevinskih dozvola ide se izvan pretpostavki spomenutog članka. Iako se ova tematika analizirala u hrvatskoj pravnoj teoriji, do danas nije provedena nikakva inicijativa radi korekcije tih odredaba Zakona o gradnji. Autorica stoga nadograđuje ovu tematiku analizirajući pojam i položaj stranke iz izdvojenih izvora upravnog prava Europske unije, relevantnih odredaba Zakona o općem upravnom postupku te sudske prakse. Nakon provedene teorijske analize, proučavanjem dijela rezultata empirijskog istraživanja utvrđuje se i određena razina neučinkovitosti u provođenju navedenih odredbi Zakona o gradnji.
{"title":"Stranka u postupku ishođenja građevinske dozvole","authors":"Marijeta Vitez Pandžić","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Ovim se radom analizira ograničavanje pojma i položaja\u0000stranke u postupcima ishođenja građevinskih dozvola prema\u0000odredbama Zakona o gradnji, a u odnosu na Zakon o\u0000općem upravnom postupku. Premda je Zakon o općem upravnom\u0000postupku čl. 3/1. predvidio mogućnost odstupanja\u0000od vlastitih odredbi, odredbama Zakona o gradnji kojima\u0000se definira stranka u postupcima ishođenja građevinskih\u0000dozvola ide se izvan pretpostavki spomenutog članka. Iako\u0000se ova tematika analizirala u hrvatskoj pravnoj teoriji, do\u0000danas nije provedena nikakva inicijativa radi korekcije tih\u0000odredaba Zakona o gradnji. Autorica stoga nadograđuje\u0000ovu tematiku analizirajući pojam i položaj stranke iz izdvojenih\u0000izvora upravnog prava Europske unije, relevantnih\u0000odredaba Zakona o općem upravnom postupku te sudske\u0000prakse. Nakon provedene teorijske analize, proučavanjem\u0000dijela rezultata empirijskog istraživanja utvrđuje se i određena razina neučinkovitosti u provođenju navedenih\u0000odredbi Zakona o gradnji.","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46070910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Brezovnik, Ž. Oplotnik, Franjo Mlinarič, Srečko Aleksander Padovnik, Mateja Finžgar
The paper examines whether the system implemented for financing local communities (municipalities) in Slovenia in the period 2010-2016 is compliant with the European Charter of Local Self-Government. We examined the cost coverage for performing the tasks of municipalities, the cost structure and the rate of interconnections between the budgeted funds under the eligible expenditure mechanism and the data collected on costs by municipality. Our hypothesis states that the principles whereby funding would be commensurate with tasks were not fulfilled in the period between 2010 and 2016 in the Republic of Slovenia given that the average per capita costs exceeded the funding under eligible expenditure. The discrepancy had increased from the previously examined period of 2007-2009. The findings show that although the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government have been satisfactorily included in the country’s laws, certain discrepancies have been found with regard to funding where the principle of municipal funding had not adequately been taken into account to ensure that funding is commensurate with the tasks. Between 2010 and 2016, municipalities received less funding than the scope of their tasks would require. The situation deteriorated in 2010–2016with respect to the 2007–2009 period when the existing funding model was introduced. The municipal funding model should be improved so that the eligible expenditure calculation takes into account in real time the real costs needed to perform the tasks of local communities; and the cost structure should be made more homogeneous. The model should be changed to consider and enable the performance of development tasks of municipalities through investments.
{"title":"Financing Municipal Tasks in Slovenia","authors":"B. Brezovnik, Ž. Oplotnik, Franjo Mlinarič, Srečko Aleksander Padovnik, Mateja Finžgar","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The paper examines whether the system implemented for financing local communities (municipalities) in Slovenia in the period 2010-2016 is compliant with the European Charter of Local Self-Government. We examined the cost coverage for performing the tasks of municipalities, the cost structure and the rate of interconnections between the budgeted funds under the eligible expenditure mechanism and the data collected on costs by municipality. Our hypothesis states that the\u0000principles whereby funding would be commensurate with tasks were not fulfilled in the period between 2010 and 2016 in the Republic of Slovenia given that the average per capita costs exceeded the funding under eligible expenditure. The discrepancy had increased from the previously examined period of 2007-2009. The findings show that although the principles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government have been satisfactorily included in the country’s laws, certain discrepancies have been found with regard to funding where the principle of municipal funding had not adequately been taken into account to ensure that funding is commensurate with the tasks. Between 2010 and 2016, municipalities received less funding than the scope of their tasks would require. The situation deteriorated in 2010–2016with respect to the 2007–2009 period when the existing funding model was introduced. The municipal funding model should be improved so that the eligible expenditure calculation takes into account in\u0000real time the real costs needed to perform the tasks of local communities; and the cost structure should be made more homogeneous. The model should be changed to consider and enable the performance of development tasks of municipalities through investments.","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47204263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper the author discusses the Slovenian tax rules on the responsibility of heirs for tax debts that their ancestors (decedents) had at death and also tax debts of the estate. Generally the heirs must fulfil all of them, but two groups of exceptions exist. The first one consists of exceptions applicable to all types of tax debts, e.g., liability only up to the amount of inherited property, liability of each heir in relation to his share of the inherited property, non-liability if the heir transfers the inheritance to the state or the local community, non-liability when the amount of tax is 80 EUR or lower. The second group of exceptions apply only to the personal income tax residents’ liability for that part of the personal income that is taxed annually (employment income, income from economic activity that is established on the basis of actual revenue and expenses, income from basic agricultural and basic forestry activities, income from transfer of property rights, and other income). Since personal circumstances (e.g. living costs, number of children, age) are taken into account when calculating the annual tax base, the legislator believes that part of the personal income tax is a strictly personal obligation by nature. Hence, it ceases to exist when the tax debtor dies. The heirs are responsible for such tax debts only if the tax is either declared by the tax authority or by the deceased when he is still alive. The author of this paper claims that because the responsibility of the heirs depends on the activity of the tax authority or on the deceased taxpayer and not only on the moment of death, the constitutional equality before the law clause is breached.
{"title":"Heirs’ Responsibility for the Decedent’s Tax Debts in the Republic of Slovenia","authors":"Jernej Podlipnik","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the author discusses the Slovenian tax rules on the responsibility of heirs for tax debts that their ancestors (decedents) had at death and also tax debts of the estate. Generally the heirs must fulfil all of them, but two groups of exceptions exist. The first one consists of exceptions applicable to all types of tax debts, e.g., liability only up to the amount of inherited property, liability of each heir in relation to his share of the inherited property, non-liability if the heir transfers the inheritance to the state or the local community, non-liability when\u0000the amount of tax is 80 EUR or lower. The second group of exceptions apply only to the personal income tax residents’ liability for that part of the personal income that is taxed annually (employment income, income from economic activity that is established on the basis of actual revenue and expenses, income from basic agricultural and basic forestry activities, income from transfer of property rights, and other income). Since personal circumstances (e.g. living costs, number of children, age) are taken into account when calculating the annual tax\u0000base, the legislator believes that part of the personal income tax is a strictly personal obligation by nature. Hence, it ceases to exist when the tax debtor dies. The heirs are responsible for such tax debts only if the tax is either declared by the tax authority or by the deceased when he is still alive. The author of this paper claims that because the responsibility of the heirs depends on the activity of the tax authority or on the deceased taxpayer and not only on the moment of death, the constitutional equality before the law clause is breached.","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46993185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although India no more lives in its villages, the rural population is still sizeable and, more importantly, it reels under the pressure of extreme poverty, pitiable basic amenities, and dearth of livelihood opportunities. Urbanisation and urban growth has captured the attention of government and policy makers especially in the post liberalisation period. However, much needs to be done to improve the conditions of the people living in rural areas. Strengthening of village democracy was considered as a possible solution to resolving issues at the grass-roots level. This paved way for the historic 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) in 1993 which sought to empower people at the base of India’s federal polity. Encouraging people’s participation in the process of development, policy making and its implementation was the fundamental objective of this legislation. Twenty- five years have passed since the adoption of the 73rd CAA in 1993 but still much needs to be done. There is an urgent need to transform the rural landscape of India and bring it on a par with its urban counterparts while retaining the soul of rural life. The case of village Punsari from the Sabharkantha District of the state of Gujarat (India) is unique as it stands out as a smart and model village. All the modern amenities found in an urban area are available in this village. Using descriptive analytical framework, the paper aims to argue that such smart villages are a ray of hope for the rural revitalisation in Indian countryside. Semi-structured interviews with the local leaders, officers, and stakeholders form an important part of the research used to generate insights and conclusions. The paper argues that grass-roots leadership, community participation, decentralisation of powers to local bodies in rural areas, and financial support in the form of various government schemes can bring far-reaching changes in the rural landscape of India. Punsari represents a classic example as well as an exemplar of concerted efforts of elected leaders, community people, and government support to bring about transformation and make villages smart as well as sustainable.
{"title":"Emerging Model Villages in India","authors":"S. R. Joshi","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Although India no more lives in its villages, the rural population is still sizeable and, more importantly, it reels under the pressure of extreme poverty, pitiable basic amenities, and dearth of livelihood opportunities. Urbanisation and urban growth has captured the attention of government and policy makers especially in the post liberalisation period. However, much needs to be done to improve the conditions of the people living in rural areas. Strengthening of village democracy\u0000was considered as a possible solution to resolving issues at the grass-roots level. This paved way for the historic 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) in 1993 which sought to empower people at the base of India’s federal polity. Encouraging people’s participation in the process of development, policy making and its implementation was the fundamental objective of this legislation. Twenty- five years have passed since the adoption of the 73rd CAA in 1993 but still much needs to be done. There is an urgent need to transform the rural landscape of India and bring it on a par with its urban counterparts while retaining the\u0000soul of rural life. The case of village Punsari from the Sabharkantha District of the state of Gujarat (India) is unique as it stands out as a smart and model village. All the modern amenities found in an urban area are available in this village. Using descriptive analytical framework, the paper aims to argue that such smart villages are a ray of hope for the rural revitalisation in Indian countryside. Semi-structured interviews with the local leaders, officers, and stakeholders form an important part of the research used to generate insights and conclusions. The\u0000paper argues that grass-roots leadership, community participation, decentralisation of powers to local bodies in rural areas, and financial support in the form of various government schemes can bring far-reaching changes in the rural landscape of India. Punsari represents a classic example as well as an exemplar of concerted efforts of elected leaders, community people, and government support to bring about transformation and make villages smart as well as sustainable.","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45555936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper deals with the necessity of protecting procedural rights of persons or entities connected with terrorism in the course of international sanctions and legal sanctioning on one hand, and the requirement of protecting classified data of the EU member states on the other. When considering the rights of the defendant, one of the biggest issues is the lack of data stemming from the reluctance of the member states to share information from their jurisdiction with either the sanctioned persons or the Court of the European Union. It has arisen from the effort of the member states to protect their classified data, some of which are seen as particularly sensitive from the national security aspect, by their national legal regulations. The most serious issue is distrust of the member states in the Court of the EU, i.e. their doubt whether the EU justice system will be able to protect classified data appropriately. The Court of the European Union has tried to resolve these two conflicting tendencies, thus indirectly widening its jurisdictions to the areas previously reserved for the member states. It has regulated the handling of classified national security data in its practice and its internal regulations, for example in the Rules of Procedure of the General Court of the European Union. In fact, the Court has conditioned the implementation of sanctions on the delivery of such data both to the Court and, although not in all instances, to the persons or entities whom the particular sanctions refer to. The problem could be solved by delivering an unclassified summary of the relevant data in order to provide an explanation as to why the competent body of a member state believes that a person or an entity should be covered with sanctions. Such a summary could be delivered to the Council of the EU, and if necessary, to the Court of the EU and the person or entity contesting the sanctions. Considering the principle of loyal cooperation stipulated in Article 4, Paragraph 3 of the TEU, this should suffice to the Court of the EU.
{"title":"Procesna prava osoba povezanih s terorizmom pri primjeni sankcija naspram povjerljivih podataka država članica EU","authors":"Stjepan Novak","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"The paper deals with the necessity of protecting procedural rights of persons or entities connected with terrorism in the course of international sanctions and legal sanctioning on one hand, and the requirement of protecting classified data of the EU member states on the other. When considering the rights of the defendant, one of the biggest issues is the lack of data stemming from the reluctance\u0000of the member states to share information from their jurisdiction with either the sanctioned persons or the Court of the European Union. It has arisen from the effort of the member states to protect their classified data, some of which are seen as particularly sensitive from the national security aspect, by their national legal regulations. The most serious issue is distrust of the member states in the Court\u0000of the EU, i.e. their doubt whether the EU justice system will be able to protect classified data appropriately. The Court of the European Union has tried to resolve these two conflicting tendencies, thus indirectly widening its jurisdictions to the areas previously reserved for the member states. It has regulated the handling of classified national security data in its practice and its internal regulations, for example in the Rules of Procedure of the General Court of the European\u0000Union. In fact, the Court has conditioned the implementation of sanctions on the delivery of such data both to the Court and, although not in all instances, to the persons or entities whom the particular sanctions refer to. The problem could be solved by delivering an unclassified summary of the relevant data in order to provide an explanation as to why the competent body of a member state believes that a person or an entity should be covered with sanctions. Such a summary could be delivered to the Council of the EU, and if necessary, to the Court of the EU and the person or entity contesting the sanctions. Considering the principle of loyal cooperation stipulated in Article 4, Paragraph 3 of the TEU, this should suffice to the Court of the EU.","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48589179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper contributes to the ongoing debates on the relationship between municipality size and non-electoral citizen participation at the local level. We use the data from Lithuania as a case of strongly consolidated local government structures. We discuss three main points. First, our focus is on the limited question of how municipality size affects the intensity of citizens’ non-electoral participation in local decision-making, taking into account citizens’ participatory capacities, contact with municipal authorities and local agents, and municipal performance evaluations. Second, we consider the specificity of the territorial rescaling policy agenda in Lithuania, which is characterised by the long-term direction of the territorial consolidation process. Third, representative population survey data serve as a reasonable platform for testing the hypothesis on the relationship between different citizen participatory practices and municipality size. We assumed that citizen perceptions of municipal problem-solving capacities, local government accessibility, and assessment of local government performance could vary in municipalities of different size. We also expected to find significant correlation between citizen assessment of municipal performance, local government accessibility (varying by local contact activity), and citizen perception of municipal problem-solving capacities by producing statistical clusters of citizen participatory capacity types. The limitations of quantitative statistical approaches constitute a barrier to explaining the subjective perceptions of local citizens hold about their non-electoral participatory behaviour. Our conclusions demonstrate that the perceived potential of non-electoral democratic participation capacities is relatively limited in both small and large Lithuanian municipalities. Nevertheless, the findings indicate that citizens in large municipalities are more likely to establish local contact activity and have better perceptions of municipal problem-solving capacities than those in small municipalities.
{"title":"Territorial Policy Agenda Revised","authors":"Jurga Bučaite˙-Vilke, A. Lazauskienė","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper contributes to the ongoing debates on the relationship between municipality size and non-electoral citizen participation at the local level. We use the data from Lithuania as a case of strongly consolidated local government structures. We discuss three main points. First, our focus is on the limited question of how municipality size affects the intensity of citizens’ non-electoral participation in local decision-making, taking into account citizens’ participatory capacities, contact with municipal authorities and local agents, and municipal performance evaluations. Second, we consider the specificity of the territorial rescaling policy agenda in Lithuania, which is characterised by the long-term direction of the territorial consolidation process. Third, representative population survey data serve as a reasonable platform for testing the hypothesis on the relationship between different citizen participatory practices and municipality size. We assumed that citizen perceptions of municipal problem-solving capacities, local government accessibility, and assessment of local government performance could vary in municipalities of different size. We also expected to find significant correlation between citizen assessment of municipal performance, local government accessibility (varying by local contact activity), and citizen perception of municipal problem-solving capacities by producing statistical clusters of citizen participatory capacity types. The limitations of quantitative statistical approaches constitute a barrier to explaining the subjective perceptions of local citizens hold about their non-electoral participatory behaviour. Our conclusions demonstrate that the perceived potential of non-electoral democratic participation\u0000capacities is relatively limited in both small and large Lithuanian municipalities. Nevertheless, the findings indicate that citizens in large municipalities are more likely to establish local contact activity and have better perceptions of municipal problem-solving capacities than those in small municipalities.","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.2.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41459320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S obzirom na porast oružanog nasilja na samome početku 2000-ih godina, hrvatsko je Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova 2007. godine u suradnji s Programom Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP-om) pokrenulo nacionalnu strategiju razoružanja koja je uključivala programe dobrovoljnog prikupljanja oružja, zakonsku amnestiju i kampanje s ciljem podizanja svijesti građana. Od početka primjene ove strategije prošlo je 10 godina te se u radu istražuje kako se strategija razvijala, nastoji se procijeniti njezin učinak te ispitati koliko je strategija relevantna i kakvi su učinci njenih komponenti. Autori analiziraju kontekst primjene strategije i važeće politike u državi te su primijenili nekoliko indikatora kako bi procijenili učinak i rezultate programa. Glavni je zaključak rada da je provedba programa dobrovoljnog prikupljanja oružja pod nazivom „Citizen Alert“ i „Disarmament for Development“, primjena zakonske amnestije i provedba kampanje za podizanje svijesti pod nazivom „Manje oružja – manje tragedija“ imala sveukupan pozitivan učinak na sigurnosnu situaciju u Hrvatskoj. S jedne strane provedba svih ovih aktivnosti pripomogla je znatnom i postojanom padu stope kriminala i nasilja, dok je s druge strane rezultirala prikupljanjem velikih količina malog i lakog oružja, streljiva i eksploziva. Autori nisu utvrdili negativne učinke ili posljedice primjene programa. Ipak, učinak programa na stopu oružanog nasilja ne može se promatrati izdvojen iz šireg konteksta jer su se istodobno odvijale strukturne reforme i događale opsežne promjene politika. Sve je to trajalo dulje od jednog desetljeća i utjecalo na više područja, uključujući oružane snage, policiju i pravosudne ustanove. Učinak tako dalekosežnih reformi u sve naprednijem socioekonomskom okružju ne smije se podcijeniti, no pretpostavlja se da u kombinaciji s moćnom strategijom razoružanja predstavljaju nesumnjiv dodatni uspjeh.
S obzirom na porast oružanog nasilja na samome početku 2000 ih godina，hrvatsko je Ministarstvo Unnatarnjih poslova 2007。国家裁军战略与联合国开发计划署（开发计划署）合作，启动了自愿收缴武器、法律大赦和提高认识运动的方案。自该战略实施10年以来，一直在调查该战略是如何演变的，试图评估其影响，并审查该战略的相关性及其组成部分的影响。作者分析了该国政策和关键政策的实施情况，并使用几个指标来评估该方案的影响和结果。主要结论是，实施了一项名为“公民警报和裁军促进发展”的自愿武器收集方案，使用了名为“减少武器-减少悲剧”的法律大赦和提高认识运动“对克罗地亚的安全局势产生了全面的积极影响。一方面，所有这些活动的实施有助于犯罪和暴力的大幅下降，另一方面，它导致收集了大量的小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物。作者尚未确定实施该方案的负面影响。然而武装暴力的程度不能从广泛的背景下观察，因为结构改革是同时进行的，政策也发生了艰难的变化。它花了十多年的时间，影响了更多地区，包括武装部队、警察和司法机构。在先进的社会经济环境中进行如此深远的改革所产生的影响不容低估，但人们认为，再加上强有力的裁军战略，能否取得进一步的成功是不确定的。
{"title":"Croatian Disarmament Strategies in the 21st Century","authors":"Diego Sanjurjo, K. Kožina","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"S obzirom na porast oružanog nasilja na samome početku 2000-ih godina, hrvatsko je Ministarstvo unutarnjih poslova 2007. godine u suradnji s Programom Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP-om) pokrenulo nacionalnu strategiju razoružanja koja je uključivala programe dobrovoljnog prikupljanja oružja, zakonsku amnestiju i kampanje s ciljem podizanja svijesti građana. Od početka primjene ove strategije prošlo je 10 godina te se u radu istražuje kako se strategija razvijala, nastoji se procijeniti njezin učinak te ispitati koliko je strategija relevantna i kakvi su učinci njenih komponenti. Autori analiziraju kontekst primjene strategije i važeće politike u državi te su primijenili nekoliko indikatora kako bi procijenili učinak i rezultate programa. Glavni je zaključak rada da je provedba programa dobrovoljnog prikupljanja oružja pod nazivom „Citizen Alert“ i „Disarmament for Development“, primjena zakonske amnestije i provedba kampanje za podizanje svijesti pod nazivom „Manje oružja – manje tragedija“ imala sveukupan pozitivan učinak na sigurnosnu situaciju u Hrvatskoj. S jedne strane provedba svih ovih aktivnosti pripomogla je znatnom i postojanom padu stope kriminala i nasilja, dok je s druge strane rezultirala prikupljanjem velikih količina malog i lakog oružja, streljiva i eksploziva. Autori nisu utvrdili negativne učinke ili posljedice primjene programa. Ipak, učinak programa na stopu oružanog nasilja ne može se promatrati izdvojen iz šireg konteksta jer su se istodobno odvijale strukturne reforme i događale opsežne promjene politika. Sve je to trajalo dulje od jednog desetljeća i utjecalo na više područja, uključujući oružane snage, policiju i pravosudne ustanove. Učinak tako dalekosežnih reformi u sve naprednijem socioekonomskom okružju ne smije se podcijeniti, no pretpostavlja se da u kombinaciji s moćnom strategijom razoružanja predstavljaju nesumnjiv dodatni uspjeh.","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.1.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41355064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the approximately two and a half decades since 1990, Slovenia has undergone a series of unprecedented historical events and has often been characterised as a success story. In the field of local self-government, major legal changes occurred several years before the ratification of the ECLSG. Nevertheless, these changes were already in line with this document. The paper focuses on the assessment of the development of Slovenian local self-government in the light of ECLSG’s provisions on subsidiarity and financial autonomy. As to the first, it may be concluded that, according to internationally established quantitative indicators of decentralisation, Slovenia belongs to the group of centralised states. The share of local (subnational) expenditure as a share of total public expenditure is at around 20%, while the share of local (subnational) expenditure as a share of GDP accounts for approximately 10%. General government employment as a percentage of total employment is at around 17%, of which only 24% are local employees. As to the second, the Slovenian Constitution goes beyond the requirements of the ECLSG on financial resources; however, the legislative implementation of these provisions has always been problematic. In general, the autonomy of municipalities on the expenditure side is much better than on the revenue side. Given the situation of public finances in Slovenia and global development trends, with the increasing complexity of local governance, major shifts in the municipal finance model cannot be expected, especially not in the direction of providing significantly higher financial autonomy or a significantly higher volume of own tax resources. However, it is important to upgrade the system towards the redistribution of existing tax resources between the state and local units by strengthening the elements of the tax autonomy of municipalities. Based on all of the above, it may be concluded that Slovenia is having difficulty with the implementation of both the principle of subsidiarity and principle of financial autonomy. A look behind the curtain therefore relativises the “success story” label.
{"title":"Twenty Years of the European Charter of Local Self-Government in Slovenia","authors":"Iztok Rakar","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"In the approximately two and a half decades since 1990, Slovenia has undergone a series of unprecedented historical events and has often been characterised as a success story. In the field of local self-government, major legal changes occurred several years before the ratification of the ECLSG. Nevertheless, these changes were already in line with this document. The paper focuses on the assessment of the development of Slovenian local self-government in the light of ECLSG’s provisions on subsidiarity and financial autonomy. As to the first, it may be concluded that, according to internationally established quantitative indicators of decentralisation, Slovenia belongs to the group of centralised states. The share of local (subnational) expenditure as a share of total public expenditure is at around 20%, while the share of local (subnational) expenditure as a share of GDP accounts for approximately 10%. General government employment as a percentage of total employment is at around 17%, of which only 24% are local employees. As to the second, the Slovenian Constitution goes beyond the requirements of the ECLSG on financial resources; however, the legislative implementation of these provisions has always been problematic. In general, the autonomy of municipalities on the expenditure side is much better than on the revenue side. Given the situation of public finances in Slovenia and global development trends, with the increasing complexity of local governance, major shifts in the municipal finance model cannot be expected, especially not in the direction of providing significantly higher financial autonomy or a significantly higher volume of own tax resources. However, it is important to upgrade the system towards the redistribution of existing tax resources between the state and local units by strengthening the elements of the tax autonomy of municipalities. Based on all of the above, it may be concluded that Slovenia is having difficulty with the implementation of both the principle of subsidiarity and principle of financial autonomy. A look behind the curtain therefore relativises the “success story” label.","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.1.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45580350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper is about organising knowledge on the functioning of the public sector. This knowledge is not contained within a single discipline but within many empirical disciplines ranging from law, economics, management, and political science to sociology, psychology, and the like. This knowledge is clustered and scientifically organised in the field of Public Administration (PA). This paper is also relevant for knowledge about the content of policies, in which case knowledge provided by the field of PA must be added to specific knowledge of the relevant policy field, for example, education, health, security, agriculture, and so on. To make the field of PA fit for purpose, i.e., to develop grounded and evidence-based reform policies for a functional public sector of the future, there is a need to reflect thoroughly on how to organise supply and demand and the match between these, not just with regard to data and information but useful knowledge as well. To do this, it is necessary to study the shifting mechanisms of PA knowledge supply, demand, and their match (or mismatch). A set of eleven “lessons” for stakeholders in the field of PA knowledge has been formulated.
{"title":"Dissemination of Scientific Knowledge on Reforming Public Administration","authors":"G. Bouckaert","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is about organising knowledge on the functioning of the public sector. This knowledge is not contained within a single discipline but within many empirical disciplines ranging from law, economics, management, and political science to sociology, psychology, and the like. This knowledge is clustered and scientifically organised in the field of Public Administration (PA). This paper is also relevant for knowledge about the content of policies, in which case knowledge provided by the field of PA must be added to specific knowledge of the relevant policy field, for example, education, health, security, agriculture, and so on. To make the field of PA fit for purpose, i.e., to develop grounded and evidence-based reform policies for a functional public sector of the future, there is a need to reflect thoroughly on how to organise supply and demand and the match between these, not just with regard to data and information but useful knowledge as well. To do this, it is necessary to study the shifting mechanisms of PA knowledge supply, demand, and their match (or mismatch). A set of eleven “lessons” for stakeholders in the field of PA knowledge has been formulated.","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.1.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43981286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zagovara se potreba strožeg i sustavnijeg pristupa komparativnim istraživanjima lokalne politike, tj. istraživanjima koja se bave akterima, instrumentima, institucijama i procesima u lokalnom sustavu upravljanja. Navode se prednosti takvog pristupa (prisutne kad se metodologija istraživanja bavi deskriptivnim, eksplanativnim i pragmatičkim pitanjima) kao i njegovi nedostaci (mnogobrojne teorije srednjeg dometa i kompromisi nužno prisutni u metodologiji komparativnih istraživanja).Rad nudi pregled komparativnih istraživanja lokalne politike te specificira tri razvojne faze. Prve dvije faze se bave izazovom klasifikacije (gdje postoje deskriptivnija i eksplanativnija varijanta, a obje imaju temelje u starom institucionalizmu), dok se treća faza bavi teorijskim razvojem (i opis i objašnjenje imaju temelj u novom institucionalizmu). Za svaku se fazu navodi jedan ili više reprezentativnih slučajeva kako bi se predočila složenost i dostignuća svake faze. Što se tiče klasifikacije, u radu se nastoji prikazati kako klasični kategorijski pristup usmjeren na zapadne zemlje polako postaje raznovrsniji i uključuje slučajeve iz ostalih dijelova Europe. Istodobno postupno jača prisutnost unutarupravne perspektive, ponekad u kombinaciji s njenim ranijim ekvivalentom u integriranijim oblicima lokalne demokracije. Što se tiče teorijskog razvoja, dolazi do prijelaza s koncepta vladanja (governing) i njegovih varijanti na governance koncept te se suvremene analize sve se više bave posljedicama empirijski dokazanog udaljavanja od koncepta vladanja. Rad također nudi nekoliko prijedloga za poboljšanje istraživanja, posebno u pogledu tumačenja (primjerice višerazinsko s fokusom na lokalno upravljanje), teorija (predlaže se razvoj i provjera empirijskih implikacija ili prijedloga koji će biti održivi na više razina i unutar razina), oblikovanja (predlaže se iskoristiti dodanu vrijednost brojnosti i blizine predmeta istraživanja) i mjerenja (bavljenje pitanjima ekvivalencije).
{"title":"Doing Comparative Research on Local Politics","authors":"Kristof Steyvers","doi":"10.31297/HKJU.19.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31297/HKJU.19.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Zagovara se potreba strožeg i sustavnijeg pristupa komparativnim istraživanjima lokalne politike, tj. istraživanjima koja se bave akterima, instrumentima, institucijama i procesima u lokalnom sustavu upravljanja. Navode se prednosti takvog pristupa (prisutne kad se metodologija istraživanja bavi deskriptivnim, eksplanativnim i pragmatičkim pitanjima) kao i njegovi nedostaci (mnogobrojne teorije srednjeg dometa i kompromisi nužno prisutni u metodologiji komparativnih istraživanja).Rad nudi pregled komparativnih istraživanja lokalne politike te specificira tri razvojne faze. Prve dvije faze se bave izazovom klasifikacije (gdje postoje deskriptivnija i eksplanativnija varijanta, a obje imaju temelje u starom institucionalizmu), dok se treća faza bavi teorijskim razvojem (i opis i objašnjenje imaju temelj u novom institucionalizmu). Za svaku se fazu navodi jedan ili više reprezentativnih slučajeva kako bi se predočila složenost i dostignuća svake faze. Što se tiče klasifikacije, u radu se nastoji prikazati kako klasični kategorijski pristup usmjeren na zapadne zemlje polako postaje raznovrsniji i uključuje slučajeve iz ostalih dijelova Europe. Istodobno postupno jača prisutnost unutarupravne perspektive, ponekad u kombinaciji s njenim ranijim ekvivalentom u integriranijim oblicima lokalne demokracije. Što se tiče teorijskog razvoja, dolazi do prijelaza s koncepta vladanja (governing) i njegovih varijanti na governance koncept te se suvremene analize sve se više bave posljedicama empirijski dokazanog udaljavanja od koncepta vladanja. Rad također nudi nekoliko prijedloga za poboljšanje istraživanja, posebno u pogledu tumačenja (primjerice višerazinsko s fokusom na lokalno upravljanje), teorija (predlaže se razvoj i provjera empirijskih implikacija ili prijedloga koji će biti održivi na više razina i unutar razina), oblikovanja (predlaže se iskoristiti dodanu vrijednost brojnosti i blizine predmeta istraživanja) i mjerenja (bavljenje pitanjima ekvivalencije).","PeriodicalId":42223,"journal":{"name":"Croatian and Comparative Public Administration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2019-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.31297/HKJU.19.1.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43367225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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