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Online Museum Collections as Artifacts: A Case Study of New Guinean Necklaces Illustrating Mathematical Approaches as Diagnostics for Collections Management 在线博物馆藏品作为文物:新几内亚项链的案例研究,说明数学方法作为藏品管理的诊断
Pub Date : 2022-06-07 DOI: 10.1177/15501906221101188
A. Hamilton, Bronwyn Hopwood
Mathematical approaches assessing similarity in terms of culture, geography, and zoological components were applied to nine online collections of New Guinean necklaces. When mapped in multidimensional space for peoples, no strong clustering of collections was found, and for provinces two collections formed a distinct cluster from the rest. In zoological space there was no clustering, but one collection occupied a distinctly separate space. A highly significant (p < .001) effect of collection on the zoological species richness was found. There were significant differences (p < .05) in zoological entropy between several collections, and a degree of uncertainty or surprise in the zoological composition of the necklace collections. The processes behind such patterns are likely complex, and may reflect issues of funding, unconscious bias, and colonial or missionary histories. The methods explored provide diagnostic tools useful for testing the underlying structures and bias of collections.
在文化、地理和动物成分方面评估相似性的数学方法被应用于九个新几内亚项链的在线收藏。当在多维空间中对人群进行映射时,没有发现强烈的集合集群,对于省份来说,两个集合形成了与其他集合不同的集群。在动物空间中,没有聚集性,但一个集合占据了一个明显独立的空间。采集对动物物种丰富度的影响极显著(p < 0.001)。不同藏品之间的动物熵存在显著差异(p < 0.05),项链藏品的动物组成存在一定程度的不确定性或意外性。这种模式背后的过程可能很复杂,可能反映了资金、无意识偏见、殖民或传教历史等问题。所探索的方法提供了有用的诊断工具,用于测试集合的底层结构和偏见。
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引用次数: 0
Walking Books? The Oral History Method at The Hong Kong Heritage Project 走书吗?香港文物计划的口述历史方法
Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1177/15501906221096814
Amelia Allsop
What role can oral history play in business archives and in public history contexts in Hong Kong today? This article addresses the work of The Hong Kong Heritage Project (HKHP), a major business archive and soon-to-be museum and its work in collecting and recording oral histories since 2007. It situates the work of HKHP within the wider Hong Kong cultural context and investigates the methodologies used by the project to record 530 oral history interviews, the largest collection of oral histories held by a private cultural institution in Hong Kong. In addition, the article examines the challenges and opportunities of collecting oral history in a for-profit environment and the application and uses of oral history in exhibition contexts as a tool to foster audience engagement as well as to encourage understanding and empathy for history as well as other people.
口述历史在今天香港的商业档案和公共历史中扮演什么角色?本文介绍香港文物计划(即将成为博物馆的大型商业档案馆)自2007年以来收集和记录口述历史的工作。它将香港文化计划的工作置于更广泛的香港文化背景下,并调查该计划所使用的方法,以记录530个口述历史访谈,这是香港私人文化机构所拥有的最大的口述历史收藏。此外,本文还探讨了在营利性环境中收集口述历史的挑战和机遇,以及口述历史在展览背景下的应用和使用,作为促进观众参与以及鼓励对历史和其他人的理解和同情的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Plaques Portraying Late Porcelain Production in Jingdezhen 描绘景德镇晚期瓷器生产的牌匾
Pub Date : 2022-04-21 DOI: 10.1177/15501906221089573
Shirley Maloney Mueller
Although there are many illustrations of porcelain production in Jingdezhen before the mid-nineteenth Century, late handcrafted porcelain production scenes are unknown. Here, I describe a recently discovered set of seventeen handcrafted porcelain plaques datable from the end of the nineteenth to the first part of the twentieth century which fill in that gap. These plaques are unique in that they are three dimensional, carved rather than molded, and sagger production is emphasized, a characteristic not found on earlier depictions. Furthermore, Chinese script on each plaque describes the step(s) of porcelain production portrayed. In summary, these plaques are not only additive to previous depictions of Jingdezhen porcelain production but historically significant in that they portray a later date than those described earlier.
虽然景德镇19世纪中叶以前的瓷器制作有很多插图,但后期手工制作瓷器的场景却鲜为人知。在这里,我描述了一组最近发现的17块手工制作的瓷板,这些瓷板可以追溯到19世纪末到20世纪初,填补了这一空白。这些牌匾的独特之处在于它们是三维的,是雕刻而不是模塑的,并且强调下垂的生产,这是早期描绘中没有的特征。此外,每块牌匾上的中文文字描绘了瓷器生产的步骤。综上所述,这些牌匾不仅补充了之前对景德镇瓷器生产的描述,而且具有重要的历史意义,因为它们描绘的日期比之前描述的要晚。
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引用次数: 1
More Than “A Room of Antiquities” at the Global Museum: Constructing New Meanings Through the Provenance Research of an Ancient Egyptian Legacy Collection 在全球博物馆不仅仅是“一间古物的房间”:通过古埃及遗产收藏的来源研究构建新的意义
Pub Date : 2022-03-02 DOI: 10.1177/15501906221081114
Lissette M. Jiménez, Christine A. Fogarty, Edward M. Luby
Non-systematically excavated archaeological legacy collections of antiquities are often undervalued or overlooked by museums because of their unknown provenience and questionable or problematic provenance. This article describes how extensive research into the provenance of an ancient Egyptian legacy collection purchased in Egypt in 1884 by Adolph Sutro that is now stewarded by the Global Museum at San Francisco State University exposes a new expansive research potential for the collection, enabling Museum Studies students and faculty and museum staff to construct innovative interpretive frameworks through integrated Museum Studies curriculum, educational public programming, and exhibitions of the collection in the museum. This case study underscores the importance of provenance research for contextualizing legacy collections and illustrates how this research can be a catalyst for important discussions of the antiquities trade, colonial collecting practices, public educational significance, and ethical collection stewardship, curation, and display.
非系统挖掘的考古遗产文物收藏往往被低估或被博物馆忽视,因为他们的出处不明和可疑或有问题的来源。这篇文章描述了对1884年由阿道夫·苏特罗在埃及购买的古埃及遗产藏品的来源的广泛研究如何揭示了这些藏品的新的广泛研究潜力,使博物馆研究的学生、教师和博物馆工作人员能够通过综合博物馆研究课程、教育公共项目、还有博物馆里的藏品展览。本案例研究强调了文物来源研究对文物收藏背景化的重要性,并说明了这一研究如何能够促进对文物贸易、殖民收藏实践、公共教育意义以及道德收藏管理、策展和展示的重要讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Naturalists on the Endeavour Voyage (1768–1771): Personalities, Pursuits, and Problems 奋进号航行中的博物学家(1768-1771):个性、追求和问题
Pub Date : 2022-03-02 DOI: 10.1177/15501906221079223
Maureen Lazarus, H. Pardoe
The Endeavour voyage was the first expedition from Britain to carry professional botanists and natural history artists. The main purpose was to observe the Transit of Venus. However, Cook had secret orders to explore and map the elusive southern continent. Joseph Banks, a wealthy naturalist, was consumed with excitement at the prospect of undiscovered plants, animals, and people. He arranged for a party of naturalists to accompany the expedition. Banks employed three artists: Parkinson; Buchan; and Spöring. Daniel Solander was his scientific partner. Contemporary diaries reveal how these men, from different backgrounds and nations, worked together to compile 3,000 specimens and over 1,300 drawings. Banks intended to publish the drawings quickly, but publication was delayed. When Solander died, the publication lost momentum and Banks was preoccupied by other projects. Banks’ Florilegium was finally published over 200 years later, a lasting legacy of the talents, dedication, and bravery of the artists.
“奋进号”远航是英国第一次搭载专业植物学家和自然历史艺术家的探险队。主要目的是观测金星凌日。然而,库克接到了秘密命令,去探索和绘制这片难以捉摸的南部大陆。约瑟夫·班克斯是一位富有的博物学家,他对未被发现的植物、动物和人类的前景充满了兴奋。他安排了一批博物学家陪同探险队。班克斯雇佣了三位艺术家:帕金森;巴肯;和孢子。丹尼尔·索兰德是他的科学伙伴。当代日记揭示了这些来自不同背景和国家的人是如何一起工作的,他们收集了3000个标本和1300多幅图画。银行打算迅速公布这些图纸,但公布被推迟了。索兰德去世后,这本杂志失去了动力,班克斯则忙于其他项目。班克斯的《花丛》终于在200多年后出版,这是艺术家们的才华、奉献和勇敢的永恒遗产。
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引用次数: 0
The Virtual Platform for Indigenous Art: An Indigenous-led Digital Strategy 原住民艺术的虚拟平台:原住民主导的数位策略
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/15501906211072908
G. McMaster, M. Rattray, Natalja Chestopalova, Brittany Pitseolak Bergin, Mariah Meawasige, Maya Filipp, Yiyi Shao, B. Griebel
Over the past decade, a multitude of digital platforms engaging with Indigenous collections of ancestral belongings have been developed for the public in an effort to reconsider and reconceptualize notions of access and Indigenous ownership in virtual space. An initiative in partnership with the Onsite Gallery, the Virtual Platform for Indigenous Art (VPIA) is a newly developed resource that originates from Dr. Gerald McMaster’s Entangled Gaze Project at the Wapatah Centre for Indigenous Visual Knowledge, OCAD University in Toronto, Canada. VPIA is a strategic digital platform that brings together a specific dataset of Indigenous artworks and cultural belongings that portray European and Asian newcomers to Turtle Island, drawn from global museum collections. The platform’s innovative approach to collections is grounded in a dual record format, where visitors are invited to create a Community-Member profile and contribute knowledge and information to artwork pages that consist of a permanent institutional record and an evolving community-generated VPIA record. The VPIA is intended to bridge communities and institutions to facilitate digital contributions of novel ideas about the Turtle Island contact zone and the implications of the colonial period, from early contact through to the twentieth century.
在过去的十年中,为公众开发了许多与土著祖先物品收藏有关的数字平台,以重新考虑和重新定义虚拟空间中的获取和土著所有权的概念。土著艺术虚拟平台(VPIA)是一项与现场画廊合作的倡议,是一项新开发的资源,起源于加拿大多伦多OCAD大学瓦帕塔土著视觉知识中心Gerald McMaster博士的纠缠凝视项目。VPIA是一个战略性的数字平台,汇集了来自全球博物馆收藏的土著艺术品和文化物品的特定数据集,这些数据集描绘了欧洲和亚洲的新来者来到海龟岛。该平台的收藏创新方法以双重记录格式为基础,邀请访客创建社区成员档案,并向艺术品页面提供知识和信息,这些页面由永久的机构记录和不断发展的社区生成的VPIA记录组成。VPIA旨在为社区和机构提供桥梁,以促进有关海龟岛接触区和殖民时期影响的新想法的数字化贡献,从早期接触到二十世纪。
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引用次数: 0
Sepulcherised Objects and Their Decolonial Futures in African Museums: The “Robert Edward Codrington Collection” at the Zimbabwe Natural History Museum 非洲博物馆中被埋葬的物品及其去殖民化的未来:津巴布韦自然历史博物馆的“罗伯特·爱德华·科德林顿收藏”
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/15501906211073105
J. Mataga, F. M. Chabata, Charity Nyathi
This essay builds on the emerging (museum) decolonizing perspectives to (i) explore the biographical details and modes of curation and classification to which “ethnographic”1 objects collected during the colonial era have been exposed; to (ii) foreground the complexities of inherited colonial museum processes embedded in African urban contexts; and, to (iii) consider alternative modes of engagement with ethnographic objects and local Indigenous communities to challenge the embedded regimes of care and the marginalization rendered to Indigenous epistemologies. One of the biggest questions facing museums in the world today is how to deal with the hordes of objects collected from various Indigenous communities and placed in museums far away from the communities who made and used them. Using the case of an “ethnographic” collection in a former colonial museum, we call for a paradigm shift in museum practices, and challenge the present state of affairs of museum curatorship. We then briefly suggest possible ways in which such museums can confront their imperial histories and unsettle their inherited regimes of care and representation. We call for museums to enter into conversations with communities, listening to them and effecting curatorial activities that re-center local ways of knowing, while embracing the complexities associated with such engagements.
本文以新兴的(博物馆)非殖民化视角为基础:(i)探索殖民时期收集的“民族志”物品所暴露的传记细节、策展和分类模式;(ii)突出非洲城市背景下继承的殖民博物馆进程的复杂性;(iii)考虑与民族志对象和当地土著社区接触的替代模式,以挑战固有的护理制度和土著认识论所带来的边缘化。当今世界博物馆面临的最大问题之一是如何处理从各个土著社区收集的大量物品,这些物品被放置在远离制作和使用它们的社区的博物馆里。以前殖民地博物馆的“民族志”藏品为例,我们呼吁博物馆实践的范式转变,并挑战博物馆馆长的现状。然后,我们简要地提出了一些可能的方法,这些博物馆可以面对他们的帝国历史,并打破他们继承的照顾和代表制度。我们呼吁博物馆与社区进行对话,倾听他们的声音,并开展策展活动,重新以当地的认识方式为中心,同时接受与此类活动相关的复杂性。
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引用次数: 1
Beyond NAGPRA/Not NAGPRA
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/15501906211072916
R. Wheeler, Jaime Arsenault, Marla Taylor
Institutions have been slow to respond to calls from Indigenous nations, organizations, and scholars to require free, prior, and informed consent before authorizing use of their cultural heritage materials in publications, exhibition, and research. In the United States, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 fundamentally changed the relationship between museums, archaeologists, and Indigenous nations, requiring institutions to inventory their collections and consult with descendant communities on repatriation of specific Indigenous collections. In response, institutions and their personnel have come to view Indigenous collections as those subject to NAGPRA and those that are not—NAGPRA/Not NAGPRA. Many Indigenous nations, however, do not accept this demarcation, resulting in continued frustration and trauma for those descendant communities. This case study follows the evolving relationship between the White Earth Band of the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe and the Robert S. Peabody Institute of Archaeology. Beginning with repatriation, the relationship has expanded to consider how the museum and Indigenous nation can collaborate on the care and curation of cultural heritage materials that remain at the Peabody Institute. Most recently, White Earth and the Peabody have executed an MOU that governs how the museum will handle new acquisitions, found-in-collections materials, and donor offers. The relationship with the White Earth also has influenced how the Peabody Institute approaches its holdings of Indigenous cultural heritage materials more broadly, blurring the line between NAGPRA and Not NAGPRA collections. The Peabody Institute is working to revise its collections policy to require free, prior, and informed consent prior to use of Indigenous cultural heritage materials in publications, exhibitions, and research.
土著民族、组织和学者呼吁,在授权在出版、展览和研究中使用其文化遗产材料之前,必须获得自由、事先和知情的同意,而机构对这些呼吁的反应却很慢。在美国,1990年的《美洲原住民坟墓保护与归还法案》从根本上改变了博物馆、考古学家和土著民族之间的关系,要求各机构清点其藏品,并就归还特定的土著藏品与后裔社区进行磋商。作为回应,各机构及其工作人员开始将土著藏品视为受NAGPRA管辖的藏品和非NAGPRA/非NAGPRA的藏品。然而,许多土著民族不接受这种划分,给这些后裔社区带来了持续的挫折和创伤。本案例研究遵循明尼苏达州奇佩瓦部落的白土带与罗伯特s皮博迪考古研究所之间不断发展的关系。从文物归还开始,双方的关系已经扩展到考虑博物馆和土著民族如何在保护和管理皮博迪研究所保留的文化遗产材料方面进行合作。最近,白土博物馆和皮博迪博物馆签署了一份谅解备忘录,规定了博物馆将如何处理新藏品、馆藏中发现的材料和捐赠者的提议。与白色地球的关系也影响了皮博迪研究所如何更广泛地处理其土著文化遗产材料,模糊了NAGPRA和非NAGPRA收藏之间的界限。皮博迪研究所正在努力修改其收藏政策,要求在出版物、展览和研究中使用土著文化遗产材料之前,必须事先获得自由、知情的同意。
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引用次数: 2
Introduction to Section Two 第二部分简介
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.5040/9781501311680.ch-013
Nathan Sentance
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引用次数: 0
Book Review: Museums, Infinity and the Culture of Protocols: Ethnographic Collections and Source Communities 书评:博物馆,无限和协议的文化:民族志收藏和来源社区
Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/15501906211066321
B. Clements
In Museums, Infinity, and the Culture of Protocols: Ethnographic Collections and Source Communities, Howard Morphy expands the idea of the “universal museum” into the “infinite museum.” Because museums have stakeholders who exist around the world and into the distant future, he argues, they are mandated to perpetually preserve collections and collections access. Morphy identifies repatriation and access protocols as threats to museum mandates and the rights of future stakeholders. In this review I will restrict myself to one of several potential discussions of this work: that Morphy’s account does not take the roles of Indigenous sovereignties seriously enough, thus undermining them as bases for heritage governance. Morphy begins by reflecting on his life in museums, from his boyhood fascination with displays at the Pitt Rivers Museum to his professional roles there as a collector, curator, and anthropologist. Then, in the second and third chapters, he lays out an history of anthropological museum collecting to argue that ethnographic museums promote global appreciation for Indigenous cultures. This history, he believes, originated in colonial violence but shifted to anthropological contexts formed by Indigenous agency, partnership, and—increasingly—collaboration. In the fourth chapter, Morphy makes his case for preserving the remains of ancient Indigenous ancestors in museum collections for research. Here he outlines the implications of his “infinity perspective” for the definition and agency of stakeholder groups.1 In the case of reburial for ancestors and their grave goods, “the wish of a particular group to destroy an object may be framed as a denial of the rights of future generations to have a say in the decision and to have access to the objects themselves.”2 Morphy argues in his penultimate chapter for the importance of open access to museum collections. He sees open access as resolving the inequities of cultural gatekeeping and warns that movements toward repatriation and respecting sometimes restrictive protocols “result in the information
在《博物馆、无限和协议文化:民族志收藏和资源社区》一书中,霍华德·莫菲将“通用博物馆”的概念扩展为“无限博物馆”。他认为,因为博物馆的利益相关者遍布世界各地,甚至在遥远的未来,他们有义务永久保存藏品和藏品的访问。Morphy认为遣返和访问协议是对博物馆授权和未来利益相关者权利的威胁。在这篇评论中,我将把自己限制在这项工作的几个潜在讨论之一:Morphy的描述没有足够认真地对待土著主权的角色,从而破坏了它们作为遗产治理基础的作用。Morphy首先回顾了他在博物馆的生活,从他童年对皮特里弗斯博物馆展览的迷恋到他在那里作为收藏家、策展人和人类学家的职业角色。然后,在第二章和第三章中,他列出了人类学博物馆收藏的历史,以论证民族志博物馆促进了全球对土著文化的欣赏。他认为,这段历史起源于殖民暴力,但转移到由土著代理、伙伴关系以及越来越多的合作形成的人类学背景中。在第四章中,Morphy提出了将古代土著祖先的遗骸保存在博物馆以供研究之用的理由。在这里,他概述了他的“无限视角”对利益相关者群体的定义和代理的影响在重新埋葬祖先和他们的坟墓物品的情况下,“一个特定群体想要摧毁一件物品的愿望可能会被认为是否认后代在决定中有发言权和接触这些物品本身的权利。”Morphy在书的倒数第二章论述了开放博物馆藏品的重要性。他认为开放访问解决了文化把关的不公平,并警告说,遣返和尊重有时限制性协议的运动“会导致信息泄露”
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引用次数: 2
期刊
Collections: A Journal for Museum and Archives Professionals
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