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I Act Therefore I Live? Autopoiesis, Sensorimotor Autonomy, and Extended Agency 我行故我在?自生、感官运动自主和延伸代理
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-11 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1847
Barbara Tomczyk
This paper aims to determine whether extended human-machine cognitive systems and group systems can be regarded as autonomous agents. For this purpose, I compare two notions of agency: one developed within analytical philosophy of action and based on the concept of intention, and the other introduced by enactivists via the concepts of autopoiesis and sensorimotor autonomy. I argue that only the latter approach can be used to demonstrate autonomous agency in respect of systems that are not humans as such, though they contain humans as their elements. After introducing Maturana and Varela’s conception of minimal autonomy as a kind of generalization of autopoiesis, I present the three conditions of agency put forward by Barandiaran, Di Paolo and Rohde, noting that they do not invoke the property of being alive as necessary in that respect. I argue that both extended and group systems can satisfy these conditions of agency, even though they are not alive as such. The fulfillment of these conditions, however, is ensured by the autopoietic nature of the living components of these systems. That being said, an autonomous system itself does not need to be alive in the biological sense. Sensorimotor, adaptive agency could emerge out of other processes than those responsible for biological life. The article concludes with a suggestion that this is exactly what will happen if an autonomous system is ever artificially created. It would be functionally indistinguishable from a living organism, though not alive in a biological sense.
本文旨在确定扩展的人机认知系统和群体系统是否可被视为自主代理。为此,我比较了两种代理概念:一种是在分析行动哲学中发展起来的、以意图概念为基础的代理概念,另一种是由制定论者通过自生和感觉运动自主概念引入的代理概念。我认为,只有后一种方法可以用来证明非人类系统的自主能动性,尽管这些系统包含人类这个要素。在介绍了马图拉纳和瓦雷拉的最低限度自主性概念作为自组织的一种概括之后,我介绍了巴兰迪亚兰、迪保罗和罗德提出的三个代理条件,并指出他们在这方面并没有援引 "活着 "这一属性作为必要条件。我认为,扩展系统和群体系统都可以满足这些代理条件,即使它们本身并不是有生命的。然而,这些条件的满足是由这些系统的生命组成部分的自生性质所保证的。尽管如此,自主系统本身并不需要具有生物学意义上的生命。感知运动和自适应机构可以从其他过程中产生,而不是从那些负责生物生命的过程中产生。文章最后提出,如果人工制造出自主系统,就会出现这种情况。它将在功能上与生物有机体无异,尽管不是生物意义上的生命。
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引用次数: 0
Research ethics in a multilingual world: A guide to reflecting on language decisions in all disciplines 多语言世界中的研究伦理:反思所有学科语言决定的指南
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1926
Gabriela Meier, Paulette Birgitte Van der Voet, Tian Yan
Doing research in a globalized context – regardless of the discipline – requires language decisions at different stages of the research process. Many of these language decisions have ethical implications. Existing literature and ethical guidance tend to focus on ethical concerns that arise in communication with participants who use a language different from the main research language. As this article shows, language decisions with potential ethical implications can occur in many additional ways. Two questions guided this work: how do language decisions and research ethics intersect at different stages of the research process, and what potential harm is related to language decisions and how can such concerns be mitigated? Relevant literature – combined with practical research experiences – show that language decisions can potentially result in harm at the conception stage of research projects, when working with participants, during data analysis, interpretation, and dissemination, as well as when managing a research project. Thus, the article highlights that the role of language-related ethical dilemmas is not only organizational (e.g., ensuring participants can understand what the research is about), but also social (e.g., developing trust and relationships in research teams) as well as ideological (e.g., awareness of power structures and diverse worldviews). In order to support researchers in globalized contexts, this article offers a reflective framework that complements regulatory guidance issued by ethical bodies and facilitates a deeper awareness of ethical implications related to language decisions in a multilingual world.
在全球化背景下开展研究--无论学科如何--都需要在研究过程的不同阶段做出语言决定。其中许多语言决定都涉及伦理问题。现有的文献和伦理指导往往侧重于与使用不同于主要研究语言的语言的参与者交流时出现的伦理问题。正如本文所述,具有潜在伦理影响的语言决定可能会以许多其他方式出现。有两个问题引导着这项工作:在研究过程的不同阶段,语言决定和研究伦理如何交织在一起?相关文献--结合实际研究经验--表明,在研究项目的构思阶段,在与参与者合作时,在数据分析、解释和传播过程中,以及在管理研究项目时,语言决定都有可能造成伤害。因此,文章强调,与语言相关的伦理困境的作用不仅体现在组织方面(例如,确保参与者能够理解研究的内容),还体现在社会方面(例如,在研究团队中建立信任和关系)以及意识形态方面(例如,对权力结构和不同世界观的认识)。为了支持全球化背景下的研究人员,本文提供了一个反思框架,该框架是对伦理机构发布的监管指南的补充,有助于加深对多语言世界中与语言决策相关的伦理影响的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Expertise and Expert Authority 专业知识和专家权威
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-05-08 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1972
Udo Schuklenk
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引用次数: 0
Ethical challenges in contemporary social research (editorial) 当代社会研究中的伦理挑战(社论)
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1979
Adrianna Surmiak, Sylwia Męcfal
The importance of ethics in social research has increased in recent years, something reflected, among other things, in the progressive codification and institutionalization of research ethics and the growing literature on this topic. We argue that despite increasing ethical regulation and ethical reflection in social research, ethical challenges also arise, i.e., difficult situations connected with selecting ethically appropriate behavior. The aim of this special issue is to invite social researchers to reflect upon and discuss ethical challenges in contemporary social research. The contributions in this issue concern vulnerability (one critically analyzing it, and another adapting the vulnerability concept to conducting research with people after a laryngectomy), the researcher and participant relationship, research ethics in multilingual world, and the ethicality of data representation where language plays a particular role in creating a form of activist research.
近年来,伦理在社会研究中的重要性与日俱增,这主要体现在研究伦理的逐步编纂和制度化,以及有关这一主题的文献日益增多。我们认为,尽管社会研究中的伦理规范和伦理反思日益增多,但也出现了伦理挑战,即与选择符合伦理的行为有关的困难情况。本特刊旨在邀请社会研究人员反思和讨论当代社会研究中的伦理挑战。本期的文章涉及脆弱性(一篇文章对脆弱性进行了批判性分析,另一篇文章将脆弱性概念应用于对喉切除术后的人进行的研究)、研究者与参与者的关系、多语言世界中的研究伦理以及数据表示的伦理性,其中语言在创建一种积极的研究形式中发挥着特殊作用。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond the participant-researcher division: co-creating ethical relationships through care and rapport in studies of post-laryngectomy communication 超越参与者与研究者之间的分歧:在喉切除术后交流研究中通过关怀和融洽共同创建伦理关系
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1942
Joanna Komorowska-Mach, Adrianna Wojdat, Konrad Zieliński
This article presents the ethical implications for social science research emerging from our study on interpersonal communication after a laryngectomy. By tracing the evolution of our approach through specific research experiences and participant feedback, we provide empirical support for a flexible, multidimensional, and relational understanding of key ethical concepts, such as vulnerability and the researcher-participant relationship. Our approach has shifted from institutionally imposed rigid categorizations and somewhat stereotypical treatment of both the research group and the researcher-participant relationship to an emphasis on building relationships founded on mutual care and rapport. We argue that this revised perspective fosters ethical collaboration that is beneficial and secure for all parties involved, and we offer practical examples of its implementation in research practice.
本文介绍了我们对喉切除术后人际沟通的研究对社会科学研究产生的伦理影响。通过追溯我们的研究方法在具体研究经历和参与者反馈中的演变过程,我们为灵活、多维和关联性地理解关键伦理概念(如脆弱性和研究者与参与者的关系)提供了实证支持。我们的方法已经从机构强加的僵化分类以及对研究小组和研究者与参与者关系的刻板处理,转变为强调建立在相互关心和融洽关系基础上的关系。我们认为,这种经过修订的观点能够促进对所有相关方都有利且安全的伦理合作,我们还提供了在研究实践中实施这种观点的实例。
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引用次数: 0
Ethics as a minor form of politics and theory in activist research 伦理是积极研究中政治和理论的次要形式
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1925
A. Reinertsen, A. Ryen
To do minor activist research is to create and make use of critical neologistic vocabularies hopefully balancing the ascetic impoverishment of direction and syntax in majority vocabularies when conceptualized as universals. To do minor activist research is therefore to unsettle received discourses, narratives, and material social practices of power to develop means of resistance in new and different registers. To do minor activist research is to train the imagination for a collaboratively accomplished re/presentation of data through creating points of encounters, thus engendering an affirmative perspectivist’s ethos. Re/presenting data as a space in which one’s own thinking is challenged, hence providing a perspective of the storying practices across participants and across different disciplinary, ideological, or personal boundaries within the researcher’s and the researched specific positioning. This requires getting everyone to participate in the “analysis” of data, and then getting everyone “inside” the text: situating data-inquiries in immanence. It therefore demands a liberation from old scripts, and challenges how everyone is transformed into text, with perspectivism being simultaneously means and objective for avoiding the reproduction of both old scripts and ethics. Our goal is to enhance (self)reflexivity regarding knowledge production and research methodologies, to influence actual research practices through fostering a more inclusive, open, and collaborative approach to research that transcends traditional boundaries and embraces the fluid and hybrid nature of knowledge production. Ultimately, turning the concept of ethics through minoring into a thinking hub and pedagogy for change.The first and theoretical section is on how to ethically represent data in a new-empiricist and post qualitative environment. We call it data-philosophy. Our ontological approach brings its own concepts, which reflect the perspectives from which we argue. In the three next sections, we follow up by looking more closely into these ideas in re/presenting empirical qualitative research to invite hybrid and fluid configurations. Here, activist research refers to bringing actors into our thinking about the data, to accentuate the collaborative, open to thinking differently through staying close to the data. We then bring it all together in a section on the rebirth of language, to open for what we refer to as a storying personifying, thereby storying data together as a process of becoming, of mutuality and affect as a source of agency. We argue that this creates a theory of science and ethics in data analysis, and in re/presenting data, which are closely entangled.
进行次要活动家研究就是创造和使用批判性的新词汇,希望以此来平衡多数词汇在概念化为普遍性时在方向和句法上的禁欲主义贫乏。因此,开展次要行动主义研究就是要打破已被接受的话语、叙事和权力的物质社会实践,以新的和不同的方式发展抵抗手段。开展小规模行动主义研究,就是要训练想象力,通过创造交汇点,共同完成数据的重新/呈现,从而形成一种积极的视角主义精神。重新/呈现数据是一个挑战自身思维的空间,从而在研究者和被研究者的特定定位中,为不同参与者以及不同学科、意识形态或个人界限提供了讲述故事的视角。这就需要让每个人都参与到数据的 "分析 "中来,然后让每个人都 "进入 "文本:将数据调查置于内在性之中。因此,它要求从旧有的脚本中解放出来,并对如何将每个人转化为文本提出挑战,视角主义同时也是避免旧有脚本和伦理再现的手段和目标。我们的目标是加强对知识生产和研究方法的(自我)反思,通过培养一种更具包容性、开放性和协作性的研究方法来影响实际的研究实践,这种方法超越了传统的界限,拥抱了知识生产的流动性和混合性。最终,通过辅修将伦理概念转化为思维枢纽和变革教学法。第一部分,也是理论部分,是关于如何在新经验主义和后定性环境中以伦理方式表示数据。我们称之为数据哲学。我们的本体论方法带来了自己的概念,这些概念反映了我们的论证视角。在接下来的三节中,我们将更深入地探讨这些理念,重新/呈现实证定性研究,以激发混合和流动的配置。在这里,行动主义研究指的是将行动者带入我们对数据的思考中,以突出合作性,通过贴近数据以开放的方式进行不同的思考。然后,我们在关于语言重生的章节中将这一切融合在一起,为我们所说的 "故事人格化 "开辟道路,从而将数据故事化,使之成为一个相互影响的过程,并将影响作为动力的源泉。我们认为,这将在数据分析和数据再呈现中创建一种科学与伦理理论,而这两者是紧密联系在一起的。
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引用次数: 0
Interrogating the concept of vulnerability in social research ethics 探讨社会研究伦理中的脆弱性概念
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1891
A. Traianou, M. Hammersley
This paper examines the concept of vulnerability in the context of social research ethics. An ambiguity is noted in use of this term: it may refer to an incapacity to provide informed consent to participate in a research project, or it may imply heightened susceptibility to the risk of harm. It is pointed out that vulnerability is a matter of degree, and that there are different sources and types of harm, which must be taken into account in any judgment about whether additional precautions are required to protect particular categories of research participants. Furthermore, such judgments must be sensitive to the particular context in which research is taking place. This is one of several considerations that raise questions about the desirability of the sort of pre-emptive ethical regulation that has become institutionalized in many countries over the past few decades, a form that is more appropriate to medical rather than to social research. However, this is not to deny that a concern with the vulnerability of research participants is necessary on the part of social researchers. Furthermore, it must be recognized that researchers themselves may be vulnerable to harm in the research process. Finally, some discussion is provided of the way in which a concern with vulnerability can conflict with other considerations that researchers need to take into account in doing their work. The key point is that vulnerability is a complex and controversial concept, and it requires careful handling in thinking about social research ethics.
本文探讨了社会研究伦理中的 "脆弱性 "概念。本文指出了这一术语在使用上的模糊性:它可以指没有能力在知情的情况下同意参与研究项目,也可以指更容易受到伤害的风险。有人指出,脆弱性是一个程度问题,有不同的伤害来源和类型,在判断是否需要采取额外的预防措施来保护特定类别的研究参与者时,必须考虑到这一点。此外,此类判断必须对研究进行的特定背景保持敏感。在过去几十年中,许多国家已将这种先发制人的伦理监管制度化,这种形式更适合医学研究,而非社会研究。不过,这并不是否认社会研究人员有必要关注研究参与者的脆弱性。此外,我们还必须认识到,研究人员本身也可能在研究过程中受到伤害。最后,我们还讨论了对脆弱性的关注可能与研究人员在工作中需要考虑的其他因素发生冲突的方式。关键在于,脆弱性是一个复杂而有争议的概念,在思考社会研究伦理问题时需要谨慎处理。
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引用次数: 0
The Natural Probability Theory of Stereotypes 刻板印象的自然概率论
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1944
Jacob Stegenga
A stereotype is a belief or claim that a group of people has a particular feature. Stereotypes are expressed by sentences that have the form of generic statements, like “Canadians are nice.” Recent work on generics lends new life to understanding generics as statements involving probabilities. I argue that generics (and thus sentences expressing stereotypes) can take one of several forms involving conditional probabilities, and these probabilities have what I call a naturalness requirement. This is the natural probability theory of stereotypes. Each of the two components of the theory entails a family of fallacies that contributes to the spurious reinforcement of stereotypes: inferential slippage within and between the different generic forms, and inferential slippage from facts about frequencies of group traits to beliefs about natural propensities or dispositions of groups. Empirical research suggests that we often commit these fallacies. Moreover, this theory can referee a vitriolic debate between some psychologists, who hold that stereotypes are always false and stereotyping is always wrong, and other psychologists, who hold that stereotypes are often accurate and stereotyping is often reasonable.
刻板印象是一种信念或主张,认为一群人具有某种特定的特征。刻板印象是通过具有一般陈述形式的句子来表达的,比如 "加拿大人很好"。最近关于泛型的研究为将泛型理解为涉及概率的陈述注入了新的活力。我认为,泛型(以及表达刻板印象的句子)可以采取涉及条件概率的几种形式之一,而这些概率具有我所说的自然性要求。这就是定型的自然概率理论。该理论的两个组成部分各包含一系列谬误,这些谬误导致了刻板印象的虚假强化:不同一般形式内部和之间的推理滑移,以及从关于群体特征频率的事实到关于群体自然倾向或处置的信念的推理滑移。经验研究表明,我们经常会犯这些谬误。此外,这一理论还能引发一些心理学家和另一些心理学家之间的激烈争论,前者认为刻板印象总是错误的,刻板印象总是错误的,而后者则认为刻板印象往往是准确的,刻板印象往往是合理的。
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引用次数: 0
Programy poszerzonego dostępu jako źródło danych poznawczych 作为认知数据来源的扩展访问计划
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1941
Olga Dryla
Prezentowany tekst jest poświęcony pytaniu, czy terapii przeprowadzanej w ramach programów poszerzonego dostępu może lub powinna towarzyszyć aktywność badawcza. Składa się on z trzech części. W pierwszej zestawiono zadania, którym mogą posłużyć informacje medyczne dotyczące przebiegu programów poszerzonego dostępu, co prowadzi do wniosku, że nawet uwzględniając specyficzne ograniczenia ich wartości poznawczej, tego typu dane mogą znaleźć sensowne zastosowanie. Część drugą poświęcono nielicznym regulacjom prawa europejskiego dotyczącym omawianego zagadnienia oraz przyznającej lekarzom/badaczom szerokie uprawnienia polskiej Ustawie o zawodach lekarza i lekarza dentysty. W ostatniej części artykułu przedstawiono dwa argumenty pozwalające etycznie uzasadnić przyznanie tak szerokich uprawnień badaczom, a co za tym idzie ograniczyć autonomię pacjentów.
本文主要讨论的问题是,扩展计划提供的治疗是否可以或应该与研究活动相结合。全文由三部分组成。第一部分总结了有关扩大使用范围计划的医疗信息所能起到的作用,并得出结论:即使考虑到其认知价值的特殊局限性,这类数据也能得到有意义的使用。文章的第二部分主要介绍了与该问题相关的少数欧洲法律法规以及波兰《医生和牙医职业法》,该法赋予医生/研究人员广泛的权利。文章的最后一部分提出了两个论点,从伦理角度证明赋予研究人员如此广泛的权利从而限制患者自主权是合理的。
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引用次数: 0
Reklamy eksperymentalnych produktów leczniczych i procedur medycznych w świetle polskiego prawa i etyki mediów 从波兰法律和媒体道德角度宣传试验性医药产品和医疗程序
IF 0.3 Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.33392/diam.1868
Paweł Lipowski
Dynamiczny rozwój technologii medycznych, za które możemy uznać stosowanie produktów leczniczych i procedur medycznych, wymaga refleksji odnoszącej się do sposobów zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa potencjalnych beneficjentów tego rodzaju oddziaływań (pacjentów) oraz osób stosujących takie sposoby leczenia (wykonujących zawody medyczne) w wymiarze zarówno prawnym, jak i etycznym. Dotyczy to w szczególności obserwowanego obecnie wpływu mediów na podejmowane w systemie ochrony zdrowia działania oraz indywidualne decyzje pacjentów o stosowaniu oferowanych leków i/lub procedur medycznych.W artykule prezentowane są wybrane przepisy prawne definiujące warunki stosowania produktów leczniczych oraz procedur medycznych o charakterze eksperymentalnym. Podstawowym elementem rozważań jest wskazanie prawnych uwarunkowań dla tego rodzaju wykorzystywania tak rozumianych technologii medycznych, także w szerszym tle – z dokonaniem charakterystyki uwarunkowań etycznych dla przekazu medialnego, w tym zapewnienia jego właściwej jakości dla ochrony zdrowia publicznego.
医疗技术的蓬勃发展(我们可以将其视为医药产品和医疗程序的使用)要求我们从法律和道德两个层面思考如何确保此类互动的潜在受益者(患者)和应用此类治疗的人员(医疗专业人员)的安全。这一点尤其适用于目前所观察到的媒体对医疗保健系统所采取的行动以及患者使用所提供的药物和/或医疗程序的个人决定的影响。文章选取了一些法律条款,界定了使用试验性医药产品和医疗程序的条件。考虑因素的基本要素是指出以这种方式使用医疗技术的法律条件,同时也是在更广泛的背景下--对媒体信息的道德条件进行定性,包括确保其适当的质量以保护公众健康。
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引用次数: 0
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