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Medical Discourse on Suicide in Post-War Britain - To Decriminalize Suicide and Attempted Suicide.
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.733
Hye Jean Hwang

This study aims to reconstruct the medical discourse on suicide in the late 1940s and 1950s and identify the strategies employed by medical professionals to decriminalize suicide. Despite the emergence of suicide as an important social issue in post-war Britain, the subject remained largely outside the purview of the public, policy makers and various specialist groups. However, the medical community approached the topic from a professional perspective, formed collective opinions as a specialist group, and sought to change the status quo and existing laws related to suicide. As a result, they became the only group actively engaged in the movement for suicide law reform. The strategies devised by medical professionals proved effective. They distanced themselves from moral and religious debates, framing suicide as a practical and value-neutral issue. They also adhered to a deterministic paradigm, defining suicide as the result of uncontrollable and, therefore, excusable circumstances. Factors such as mental illness, social isolation, and specific familial background were identified as major contributors to self-destruction. By focusing on cases of attempted suicide, rather than completed suicides, they shifted the debate in their favor. Finally, they argued that decriminalizing suicide would not weaken social control but instead provide a solid foundation for more efficient and powerful regulation. This discourse produced by medical professionals ultimately culminated in the passage of the Suicide Act 1961.

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引用次数: 0
Modern Medical and Hygiene Exhibitions of the Japanese Colonial Period.
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.641
Gijae Seo

In Western society, the World's Fair has emerged as a significant national festival, serving as a new capitalist ideological device. Countries that hosted the fair often exaggerated their achievements, and Japan, which was at the forefront of modernization, participated in the event by adopting a strategy of differentiation and specialization in response to this momentum. During this process, Japan embraced the Western perspective to cultivate a fair culture characterized by Japaneseization, from which hygiene exhibitions were derived. As part of its efforts to build a modern state, Japan organized hygiene exhibitions aimed at instilling the concept of hygiene among its population. These exhibitions promoted public awareness by presenting visual data about diseases and the human body, thereby fostering a sense of fear. This exhibition culture reflected Japan's colonial governance techniques. Japan recognized that vibrant and engaging cultural events and exhibitions could captivate the public more effectively than any political framework. Consequently, a hygiene exhibition was held in colonial Korea that combined the themes of fairness and hygiene education. This study examines the history and distinctive activities associated with hosting sanitary exhibitions within the fair culture adopted by Japan during its modernization process. It explores how this cultural phenomenon established a connection with colonial Korea and analyzes the process of integrating fairness culture into Korean society. Additionally, this study investigates the details of the sanitary exhibition, which began in Korea around 1920 and gradually became a competitive event across the Korean Peninsula, touring smaller administrative districts centered around the main area. This examination is supported by contemporary newspapers published at the time.

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引用次数: 0
Yŏm Sŭngik and Healing through the Conception of the Baoqieyin Dhāraṇī-Maṇḍala Image in the Late Goryeo Dynasty.
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.563
Young-Ae Lim

Yŏm Sŭngik was a ch'ongshin or court favorite of the late Goryeo dynasty who was recognized for his ability to cure diseases using dhār ī and subsequently appointed prime minister of the country. Yŏm's quick ascension to such a distinguished post attests to the great significance of dhāraṇī among the people of Goryeo. Memorizing dhāraṇī as a way to obtain one's desire was a preexisting concept in the Silla period. However, unlike their predecessors, the people of Goryeo preferred the Baoqieyin Dhāraṇī (Precious Casket Seal Dhāraṇī) over the Mugujŏnggwang Taedaranigyŏng (The Great Dhāraṇī Sutra) as they believed the former text to be a more concise and effective vehicle for serving their needs. In this article I propose that Yŏm Sŭngik used his understanding of the period's spiritual and religious beliefs to combine the Baoqieyin Dhāraṇī with the maṇḍala of Esoteric Buddhism to create a new iconographic image in 1276. Sixteen years later in 1292, Yŏm supplemented the original image with spells from the Baoqieyin Dhāraṇī and added other details such as the name of the image's creator as well as the place and date of production. In this new version of the dhāraṇī-maṇḍala image, the various mantras from Baoqieyin Dhāraṇī are arranged in a circle that is imbued with the power of dhāraṇī and its therapeutic potency. The center of the circle is a maṇḍala composed an eight-petaled lotus as well as the thirty-seven deities symbolizing the birth and source of life. In this way, Yŏm condensed the essential components of Buddhist ideology that most appealed to believers to create a modified dhāraṇī-maṇḍala image that was produced in great quantities and distributed throughout Goryeo. Both the 1276 and 1292 versions of Yŏm's dhāraṇī-maṇḍala discovered in Buddhist sculpture. However, only the latter image continued to be made after the Goryeo dynasty. One example of the second version was found stamped on a silk chŏgori discovered in the Wooden Seated Child Mañjuśrī statue of Sangwŏnsa Temple in P'yŏngch'ang. Created in 1466, the Mañjuśrī statue was an important commission by the royal court. Thus, the stamped image of Yŏm's 1292 dhāraṇī-maṇḍala in this example of Buddhist sculpture demonstrates the influence and relevance of a new iconography that had persisted well into the Joseon dynasty. The dhāraṇī-maṇḍala image conceived by Yŏm Sŭngik in 1292 was worn or kept on the body in the belief that this act alone protected the wearer from affliction. Known as "an old man who practiced thaumaturgy by memorizing spells," Yŏm created the dhāraṇī-maṇḍala as an iconographic instrument that would cure any sickness that might plague the bearer. Perhaps most importantly, the new dhāraṇī-maṇḍala image was accessible to all as both a convenient and affordable means of healing. Lastly, Yŏm's dhāraṇī-maṇḍala was also incorporated into the garments of bodhisattva and Buddha statues, which served to amplify their divine powers of dhāraṇī.

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引用次数: 0
Hildegard of Bingen's Embryology: Enabling Women's Reproductive Power without Seed.
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.697
Minji Lee

This paper examines Hildegard of Bingen's embryological theory within the intricate landscape of medieval medicine and religion. It situates Hildegard's understanding of conception within ongoing historical debates surrounding the roles of male and female reproductive substances, particularly the concept of seed or semen. By analyzing her conceptual framework against prevailing classical and medieval reproductive theories, the research illuminates Hildegard's distinctive contribution to understanding conception as a holistic bodily process. Classical embryological discourse predominantly oscillated between Aristotle's one-seed theory-which positioned men as sole generative agents-and Galen's two-seed theory, which marginally acknowledged female reproductive participation. While technically aligning with Aristotelian principles by denying female semen, Hildegard diverged significantly by valorizing women's reproductive agency. she argued that women produced a foam essential for new life, just as essential as the man's semen. Also, the female reproductive body played a crucial role in purifying and nurturing the defective male semen, enabling conception. This conceptualization subtly challenged contemporary gender hierarchies, presenting reproduction as a complex, interdependent physiological mechanism with theological resonances, making the parallels of the woman's reproduction and God's creation. In conclusion, Hildegard's embryological theory presents a sophisticated intellectual intervention that reimagined female reproductive potential within medieval scientific and religious frameworks.

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引用次数: 0
Analysis of the Career Trajectories of Students from the Jeonui-gam in the Late Nineteenth Century : Focusing on the Individuals in Jeonhamsaengdoan and Byeolcheonpalsean.
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.599
Eunjeong Shin, Hyunjung Woo

This study analyzes the career trajectories of students from Jeonuigam in the late nineteenth centry Joseon dynasty, shedding light on its educational functions by focusing on individuals listed in the Jeonhamsaengdoan and Byeoncheonpalsean. The primary subject of this research, the Jeonhamsaengdoan, is a valuable resource for understanding the career paths of Jeonuigam students, containing enrollment information for 384 individuals. The Byeolcheonpalsean, introduced for the first time in this paper, provides information about an alternative method of enrollment known as 'Byeolcheon' for students entering Jeonuigam. The analysis of these individuals' career paths reveals that many Jeonuigam students had overlapping enrollments in other technical institutions, such as Saekwon and Gwangsangam. This suggests that medical education was not limited to specific disciplines but was part of a broader educational framework. Moreover, the Seogyeong system allowed younger siblings to enroll alongside older ones, while the Byeolcheon system, which facilitated recommendations from other institutions, provided educational opportunities for families. These findings highlight the diverse methods in which medical and vocational education were conducted in the late nineteenth century Joseon dynasty. Approximately 66 percent of Jeonuigam students became medical officials, while others pursued careers in fields such as interpreting and various government roles, contributing to society in multiple ways. This study demonstrates that Jeonuigam was not solely focused on training medical personnel but was intricately linked to broader vocational education systems. Consequently, this study contributes to a historical understanding of medical education in the late Joseon period. Future studies should explore comparisons with Hyeminseo and Naeuiwon, changes in the social status of the middle class, and Jeonuigam's role during the transition to modern medical systems.

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引用次数: 0
Raising the Academic Authority of Clinical Experience: The Department of Internal Medicine at Keijo Imperial University and Its Periodical Imsangnaegwahak. 提高临床经验的学术权威:京城帝国大学内科学系及其期刊《Imsangnaegwahak》。
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.299
Jiyoung Park

This paper examines the periodical Clinical Internal Medicine published by the Department of Internal Medicine at Keijo Imperial University in colonial Korea. Previous studies on medical research at Keijo Imperial University have primarily focused on preclinical departments such as anatomy, hygiene, pharmacology, and microbiology which produced knowledge that supported Japan's imperialistic expansion. This approach has overlooked the research contributions of clinical departments, often viewing the roles of preclinical and clinical departments through a dichotomy between research versus clinician training. However, Clinical Internal Medicine demonstrates that the Department of Internal Medicine at Keijo Imperial University was actively engaged in research. By analyzing the purpose and content of Clinical Internal Medicine, this paper reveals that its publication was an effort by the Department of Internal Medicine to address the demand for practical knowledge among clinicians practicing outside the university. At the same time, it reflects a commitment to enhancing the academic value of clinical experience and critiques the blind pursuit of experimental medicine in the Japanese medical community in the 1920s and 1930s. The case of the Department of Internal Medicine at Keijo Imperial University illustrates the transformation of clinical experience into "worthy" academic knowledge in colonial Korea. Based on these findings, this paper provides insights into the role of clinical departments at Keijo Imperial University in research and post-graduation education.

本文研究了殖民地韩国京城帝国大学内科学系出版的期刊《临床内科学》。以往对京城帝国大学医学研究的研究主要集中在临床前学科,如解剖学、卫生学、药理学和微生物学,这些学科所产生的知识支持了日本的帝国主义扩张。这种研究方法忽视了临床科室在研究方面的贡献,往往将临床前科室和临床科室的作用对立起来看待,即研究与临床医生培训。然而,《临床内科学》表明京城帝国大学的内科学系积极参与研究。通过分析《临床内科学》的目的和内容,本文揭示了《临床内科学》的出版是内科学系为满足校外临床医生对实用知识的需求而做出的努力。同时,它也反映出日本医学界致力于提高临床经验的学术价值,并对 20 世纪二三十年代日本医学界盲目追求实验医学的现象进行了批判。京城帝国大学内科学系的案例说明了殖民地时期韩国将临床经验转化为 "有价值的 "学术知识的过程。基于这些发现,本文对京城帝国大学临床系在研究和毕业后教育中的作用进行了深入探讨。
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引用次数: 0
Research on Tropical Medicine and Germ Theory in Colonial Hong Kong: Focusing on Malaria and Plague Prevention. 殖民地时期香港的热带医学和病菌理论研究:关注疟疾和鼠疫预防。
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.477
Kyu-Hwan Sihn

At the end of the nineteenth century, Hong Kong was in the midst of a malaria and plague epidemic which caused a fierce dispute within the medical community over disease theories and quarantine practices. However, the Hong Kong colonial authorities and medical community did not immediately accept the theory of etiology based on germ theory. Although germ theory was becoming scientifically established through research on plague and malaria in the 1890s, the Hong Kong colonial authorities and medical community did not immediately accept it. Patrick Manson (1844-1922) began studying tropical medicine based on germ theory by studying elephantiasis and malaria in Amoi and Hong Kong during the 1880s. However, he was unable to strongly advocate for a quarantine policy based on germ theory because the exact transmission routes of these diseases were not yet fully understood. Although the scientific community began to shift towards germ theory after the discovery of causative bacteria for diseases like malaria and plague in the 1880s and 1890s, many medical and colonial health officials in Hong Kong still held on to the quarantine policy based on miasma theory. However, a series of infectious diseases and destructive miasma theory-based quarantine measures were pushing Hong Kong society into chaos, and the existing quarantine measures was no longer sustainable. In the twentieth century, colonial authorities and medical community in Hong Kong adopted tropical medicine and quarantine measures based on germ theory as their prominent position. Despite the establishment of tropical disease theory based on germ theory, racial perceptions of disease did not change significantly. Instead, the theory of tropical medicine reinforced orientalist views of disease.

十九世纪末,香港疟疾和鼠疫肆虐,医学界就疾病理论和检疫方法展开了激烈的争论。然而,香港殖民当局和医学界并没有立即接受以细菌理论为基础的病因学理论。虽然在 19 世纪 90 年代,通过对鼠疫和疟疾的研究,病菌理论在科学上逐渐确立,但香港殖民当局和医学界并没有立即接受这一理论。帕特里克-曼森(Patrick Manson,1844-1922 年)于 19 世纪 80 年代在阿莫伊和香港研究象皮病和疟疾,开始根据病菌理论研究热带医学。然而,由于当时人们尚未完全了解这些疾病的确切传播途径,他无法大力倡导基于细菌理论的检疫政策。虽然科学界在 19 世纪 80 年代和 90 年代发现疟疾和鼠疫等疾病的致病细菌后开始转向细菌理论,但香港的许多医疗和殖民地卫生官员仍然坚持基于瘴气理论的检疫政策。然而,一系列传染病和以瘴气理论为基础的破坏性检疫措施将香港社会推向混乱,现有的检疫措施已难以为继。进入 20 世纪,香港殖民当局和医学界将以细菌理论为基础的热带医学和检疫措施摆在突出位置。尽管建立了以细菌理论为基础的热带病理论,但种族对疾病的看法并没有发生重大变化。相反,热带医学理论强化了东方主义的疾病观。
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引用次数: 0
Behind the Protein Battle Lines in the 1970s: Nutritional Turmoil in the Postwar World. 20 世纪 70 年代蛋白质战线的背后:战后世界的营养动荡。
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.503
Dongkue Lee

This study examines the development of international debates about the perception of nutrients, particularly protein, with a focus on the "Protein Debate" of the late 20th century. The nutritional obsession with protein has been ongoing since the early 19th century, when scientific nutrition was established, and has been at the center of debates surrounding food, agriculture, healthcare, and the environment, changing in shape and form over time. In addition to being a nutrient necessary for optimal physical and mental performance, protein has been a marker of poverty and discrimination at the international level and explains differences in individual living standards. Kwashiorkor, also known as protein calorie disorder, medicalized the problem of poverty in the Third World or underdeveloped countries. By the 1970s, the nutritional discussion of protein had undergone a radical transformation, with implications for the entire development discourse, including poverty and human rights. This study of the historical discourse on protein deficiency goes beyond the scientific focus on nutritional status, food, and dietary health to identify the social, economic, and cultural implications of nutrition.

本研究探讨了国际上关于营养素(尤其是蛋白质)认知辩论的发展历程,重点关注 20 世纪末的 "蛋白质辩论"。自 19 世纪初建立科学营养学以来,人们对蛋白质营养的痴迷就一直没有停止过,并且一直是围绕食品、农业、医疗保健和环境展开的辩论的中心,其形态和形式也随着时间的推移而不断变化。蛋白质不仅是最佳体能和智力表现所必需的营养素,也是国际上贫穷和歧视的标志,并能解释个人生活水平的差异。卡氏症(Kwashiorkor),又称蛋白质热量失调症,将第三世界或欠发达国家的贫困问题医学化。到 20 世纪 70 年代,关于蛋白质营养的讨论发生了根本性的转变,对包括贫困和人权在内的整个发展论述产生了影响。本研究对蛋白质缺乏症的历史论述超越了对营养状况、食物和饮食健康的科学关注,明确了营养对社会、经济和文化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Important Drugs and Its Patterns during the Late Goryeo Dynasty -Obtain and distribution of Bupleuri Radix and Ginger. 高丽后期的重要药物及其模式 - 柴胡和生姜的获取和分布。
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.259
Kyung-Rok Lee

This article deals with drugs obtain and distribution during the Goryeo Dynasty. In particular, I analyzed the case of 'Bupleuri Radix', which corresponds to 'dot-ui minali' as Idu, an archaic Korean notation, and Ginger, which was intentionally introduced and cultivated in Goryeo. Drugs of the Goryeo Dynasty can be classified into 5 types. Drugs that use the Chinese character name as the name of Goryeo were type A, drugs that correspond 1:1 with the archaic Korean notation to the Chinese character name were type B, and drugs that have the Chinese character name translated directly into the Korean name were type C. And although it were originally the foreign drugs, the drugs cultivated in Goryeo were Type D, and the drugs imported from foreign countries were Type E. Among these, types B and D are particularly interesting. Bupleuri Radix and Ginger discussed in this article were representative examples of type B and D respectively. Looking overall, type B had the highest proportion, followed by type A. Type E was the next most common. On the other hand, type C and D were relatively small. However, regardless of the high or low proportion, these types coexisted and constituted the therapeutic drugs of the Goryeo Dynasty. In conclusion, during the Goryeo Dynasty, interest and use of local drugs, namely Hyangjae, greatly expanded.

本文论述了高丽王朝时期药物的获取和流通。我特别分析了 "Bupleuri Radix "和生姜的情况,前者与 "dot-ui minali "相对应,后者是韩国的古语,而生姜则是高丽有意引进和种植的。高丽时代的药物可分为 5 类。使用汉字名称作为高丽名称的药物为 A 型,用韩国古文字符号与汉字名称 1:1 对应的药物为 B 型,将汉字名称直接翻译成韩国名称的药物为 C 型。本文讨论的柴胡和生姜分别是 B 型和 D 型的代表。总体来看,B 型所占比例最高,其次是 A 型。另一方面,C 型和 D 型相对较少。但是,无论比例高低,这些类型的药物并存,构成了高丽王朝的治疗药物。总之,在高丽时代,人们对乡土药物(即乡药)的兴趣和使用大大增加。
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引用次数: 0
The Publication and Historical Significance of Modern Chinese Medical Reports. 近代中国医学报告的出版和历史意义。
IF 0.1 4区 哲学 0 ASIAN STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.13081/kjmh.2024.33.431
Qing Jin

Unlike Western medical journals such as The Lancet which focused on Western-centric medical cases, Medical Reports analyzed medical and sanitary issues in East Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan and sought solutions to these problems. Medical Reports, a medical project initiated by the Chinese Maritime Customs Service (CMCS) in 1871, aimed to compile reference materials on the health conditions and diseases in ports. It was launched by the British Inspector General Robert Hart, who appointed the British Shanghai Customs Surgeon R. Alexander Jameson as the editor. Beginning in the 1860s, the British-led CMCS began expanding its reach from major cities to border areas, western regions, Taiwan Island, and Hainan Island, as well as territories beyond Qing Dynasty, such as Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Hong Kong, and Macau. This expansion required multinational cooperation, leading to the participation of Customs Surgeons, medical missionaries, and military doctors from ten countries, including the UK, the United States, France, China, Germany, Canada, Portugal, Norway, the Netherlands, and Australia, in the Medical Reports project. The Medical Reports were directly tied to the medical and sanitary initiatives in that community. They were authored by Customs Surgeons from a country with substantial regional influence. An analysis of the authors' nationalities, primary research focuses, and the relationship between the customs regions they covered revealed a statistically significant correlation. Even after Robert Koch discovered bacteria in the late nineteenth century, the miasma theory remained dominant, and most British doctors in India did not acknowledge the possibility that diseases could be caused by parasites. Despite this conservative historical context, the Medical Reports featured progressive research, including studies on leprosy based on germ theory and studies that actively embraced the emerging theory that parasites could be the cause of certain illnesses. In this process, the relatively unknown young physician named Patrick Manson, while working at the CMCS for 13 years, significantly advanced his medical knowledge by publishing numerous studies on filaria in the Medical Reports. His work led to the groundbreaking discovery that mosquitoes transmit infectious diseases. These research achievements pioneered the field of tropical medicine, a discipline that had not been established even in the extensive colonial holdings of France and Britain in tropical regions. Manson's work for the Medical Reports significantly advanced human efforts to prevent and respond to infectious diseases.

与《柳叶刀》等西方医学期刊关注以西方为中心的医疗案例不同,《医学报告》分析了包括中国、韩国和日本在内的东亚地区的医疗和卫生问题,并寻求解决这些问题的方法。医学报告》是中国海关(CMCS)于 1871 年发起的一个医学项目,旨在编纂有关港口卫生状况和疾病的参考资料。该报告由英国总督罗伯特-哈特(Robert Hart)发起,他任命英国上海海关外科医生亚历山大-詹姆逊(R. Alexander Jameson)担任编辑。从 19 世纪 60 年代开始,以英国人为首的中国医疗卫生服务机构开始将业务范围从主要城市扩展到边境地区、西部地区、台湾岛和海南岛,以及清朝以外的地区,如首尔、釜山、仁川、香港和澳门。这种扩张需要多国合作,因此,来自英国、美国、法国、中国、德国、加拿大、葡萄牙、挪威、荷兰和澳大利亚等十个国家的海关外科医生、医学传教士和军医参与了《医学报告》项目。医学报告》与该社区的医疗和卫生举措直接相关。这些报告的作者都是来自具有重大地区影响的国家的海关外科医生。对作者的国籍、主要研究重点以及他们所覆盖的海关区域之间的关系进行分析后发现,在统计学上存在显著的相关性。即使在罗伯特-科赫(Robert Koch)于 19 世纪末发现细菌之后,瘴气理论仍然占据主导地位,印度的大多数英国医生都不承认疾病可能是由寄生虫引起的。尽管在这种保守的历史背景下,《医学报告》还是刊登了一些进步的研究成果,包括基于细菌理论的麻风病研究,以及积极接受寄生虫可能是某些疾病病因这一新兴理论的研究。在这一过程中,一位名叫帕特里克-曼森(Patrick Manson)的名不见经传的年轻医生在中国医学科学院工作了 13 年,在《医学报告》上发表了大量关于丝虫的研究报告,极大地促进了他医学知识的发展。他的研究成果开创性地发现蚊子会传播传染病。这些研究成果开创了热带医学领域,即使在英法两国在热带地区拥有大量殖民地的情况下,热带医学这门学科也尚未建立起来。曼森为《医学报告》所做的工作极大地推动了人类预防和应对传染病的努力。
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引用次数: 0
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Korean Journal of Medical History
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