This article discusses word order of dependent clauses in Texas German, a German speech island on the brink of language death. The focus lies on dependent clauses that are introduced by subordinating conjunctions. The question is whether the verb placement differs from the Standard German word order, and, if such a difference can be established, whether the change is due to language internal or external factors. To answer this question, various theories from the general research on language contact are used to interpret the Texas German data, and to connect it to the larger discussion of language change in German speech islands in the US.
{"title":"Word order in dependent clauses in Texas German","authors":"Katrin Fuchs","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0001","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses word order of dependent clauses in Texas German, a German speech island on the brink of language death. The focus lies on dependent clauses that are introduced by subordinating conjunctions. The question is whether the verb placement differs from the Standard German word order, and, if such a difference can be established, whether the change is due to language internal or external factors. To answer this question, various theories from the general research on language contact are used to interpret the Texas German data, and to connect it to the larger discussion of language change in German speech islands in the US.","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69227562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyzes the lexicon of 129 speakers of German dialects in Southern Brazil, who translated 46 Portuguese stimulus sentences into Mennonite Low German, Pomeranian, or Hunsruckisch. By comparing the number and phonetic shape of the Portuguese loanwords and by analyzing the hesitation phenomena that occurred during the translation task, we can gain valuable insights into the informants’ storage of lexical items. While the overall rate and shape of the borrowed elements are largely determined by the informants’ origin, age, sex, and competence in the contact languages, (un)filled pauses, segment lengthenings, and break-offs are more frequent among speakers of Mennonite Low German. Initially, this is puzzling, since the Mennonites are as proficient in Portuguese as their Pomeranian- and Hunsruckisch-speaking counterparts, while their dialect knowledge and especially their knowledge of Standard German is actually better. However, taking into account that the overall number of loanwords in Mennonite Low German is lower, it stands to reason that the Mennonites’ German and Portuguese mental lexica have converged less than the lexica of the Pomeranians and Hunsruckers. Consequently, the Mennonites are faced with more competition during lexical access and retrieval.
{"title":"„Sorvete un Tema is nich Dütsch“","authors":"Göz Kaufmann","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0012","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the lexicon of 129 speakers of German dialects in Southern Brazil, who translated 46 Portuguese stimulus sentences into Mennonite Low German, Pomeranian, or Hunsruckisch. By comparing the number and phonetic shape of the Portuguese loanwords and by analyzing the hesitation phenomena that occurred during the translation task, we can gain valuable insights into the informants’ storage of lexical items. While the overall rate and shape of the borrowed elements are largely determined by the informants’ origin, age, sex, and competence in the contact languages, (un)filled pauses, segment lengthenings, and break-offs are more frequent among speakers of Mennonite Low German. Initially, this is puzzling, since the Mennonites are as proficient in Portuguese as their Pomeranian- and Hunsruckisch-speaking counterparts, while their dialect knowledge and especially their knowledge of Standard German is actually better. However, taking into account that the overall number of loanwords in Mennonite Low German is lower, it stands to reason that the Mennonites’ German and Portuguese mental lexica have converged less than the lexica of the Pomeranians and Hunsruckers. Consequently, the Mennonites are faced with more competition during lexical access and retrieval.","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69228599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Standard German is considered to be a high-contact language. Intensive language contact of adult L2-learners leads to simplifications of languages (Trudgill 2009, 2010, 2011a, 2011b). There are, however, indications to be found in the literature that Standard German is morphosyntactically more complex than other Germanic high-contact standards such as English or Norwegian (Campbell / Poser 2008, McWhorter 2008). The German language also shows differences relevant for complexity on an intralingual basis: In an empirical, frequency-based research it is shown that the morphosyntax of the written standard is supposed to be significantly more complex than in spoken everyday language. This leads to the question of a potential factor other than language contact, which influences complexity and may explain the research’s results. A possible effect of normativity will be discussed. This could be especially relevant for the written standard, not only because of its medium but also because of its distinctive prestige within the German-speaking area. Whereas the spoken everyday language – as a fugitive form of communication – naturally underlies less normative pressure. This article represents a project sketch of a dissertation.
{"title":"Morphosyntaktische Komplexität, Normativität und Sprachkontakt","authors":"S. Grandel","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Standard German is considered to be a high-contact language. Intensive language contact of adult L2-learners leads to simplifications of languages (Trudgill 2009, 2010, 2011a, 2011b). There are, however, indications to be found in the literature that Standard German is morphosyntactically more complex than other Germanic high-contact standards such as English or Norwegian (Campbell / Poser 2008, McWhorter 2008). The German language also shows differences relevant for complexity on an intralingual basis: In an empirical, frequency-based research it is shown that the morphosyntax of the written standard is supposed to be significantly more complex than in spoken everyday language. This leads to the question of a potential factor other than language contact, which influences complexity and may explain the research’s results. A possible effect of normativity will be discussed. This could be especially relevant for the written standard, not only because of its medium but also because of its distinctive prestige within the German-speaking area. Whereas the spoken everyday language – as a fugitive form of communication – naturally underlies less normative pressure. This article represents a project sketch of a dissertation.","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69227859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The artistic freedom of authors is generally regarded as a disturbing factor in dialectology and historical linguistics (see Ebert 1978: 6, Glaser 1997: 15). For the investigation of historical oral communication, the preferable data are functional and not fictional texts. Artistic licence, however, is far more useful than commonly known. This paper shows how literary texts can be used both for linguistic history and for research on language contact. The data base includes poetic texts – predominantly plays – of the German-language literature of the 19th century, in which Jewish figures are characterized linguistically by using imitations of Yiddish. These imitations are a creative product of the contact between German and Yiddish and, in the artificial space of poetic language, exhibit reflexes of natural language structures.
{"title":"Zur Rolle von Salienz im Sprachkontakt","authors":"L. Schäfer","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0015","url":null,"abstract":"The artistic freedom of authors is generally regarded as a disturbing factor in dialectology and historical linguistics (see Ebert 1978: 6, Glaser 1997: 15). For the investigation of historical oral communication, the preferable data are functional and not fictional texts. Artistic licence, however, is far more useful than commonly known. This paper shows how literary texts can be used both for linguistic history and for research on language contact. The data base includes poetic texts – predominantly plays – of the German-language literature of the 19th century, in which Jewish figures are characterized linguistically by using imitations of Yiddish. These imitations are a creative product of the contact between German and Yiddish and, in the artificial space of poetic language, exhibit reflexes of natural language structures.","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69228213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"130. Jahresversammlung des Vereins für niederdeutsche Sprachforschung.","authors":"Yvonne Heitler","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69227655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Explanatory models for the integration of foreign words have identified a variety of mainly sociolinguistically determinable factors that influence the degree, direction and course of contact phenomena. In these socio-factorial models of integration, multilingualism has simply been treated as one of many equally important factors. This article presents the hypothesis that multilingualism does not simply represent one factor among many – instead, the multiple social factors need to be backed by at least rudimentary multilingualism. This assumed central role of multilingualism (as a basic condition rather than as an optional factor) is subsequently empirically analyzed. An experimental study comparing the ability of monolinguals and bilinguals to produce foreign elements is presented. On the basis of phonetic and morphological variables in Italian-German contact, microstructural and statistical evidence shows that multilingualism is the basic prerequisite for being able to keep the structure of the original language – or rather not having to integrate into the recipient system. This shows that monolinguals need to integrate automatically, while social factors are only relevant for bilinguals. Change processes in varieties result from cumulative effects of low multilingualism and/or social factors in case of high multilingualism.
{"title":"Warum Einsprachige Integrieren Müssen, Mehrsprachige aber nicht","authors":"Simon Pröll","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Explanatory models for the integration of foreign words have identified a variety of mainly sociolinguistically determinable factors that influence the degree, direction and course of contact phenomena. In these socio-factorial models of integration, multilingualism has simply been treated as one of many equally important factors. This article presents the hypothesis that multilingualism does not simply represent one factor among many – instead, the multiple social factors need to be backed by at least rudimentary multilingualism. This assumed central role of multilingualism (as a basic condition rather than as an optional factor) is subsequently empirically analyzed. An experimental study comparing the ability of monolinguals and bilinguals to produce foreign elements is presented. On the basis of phonetic and morphological variables in Italian-German contact, microstructural and statistical evidence shows that multilingualism is the basic prerequisite for being able to keep the structure of the original language – or rather not having to integrate into the recipient system. This shows that monolinguals need to integrate automatically, while social factors are only relevant for bilinguals. Change processes in varieties result from cumulative effects of low multilingualism and/or social factors in case of high multilingualism.","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69228197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radically mixed languages are among the most spectacular outcomes of intensive language contact. In such languages larger linguistic subsystems stem from different parental languages. Most known mixed languages stem from unrelated parental languages, which raises the question as to whether the mixed structure may emerge from contact between closely related languages or dialects, too. The present paper argues that, under appropriate sociolinguistic circumstances, this is possible, too. However, passive intelligibility creates specific conditions for mixed language emergence. We focus on the Amish variety of Shwitzer, a dialect spoken in Indiana (USA) in which many linguistic features of Bernese Swiss German and Pennsylvania Dutch are combined.
{"title":"Wenn Dialekte Sprachen Sind, Dann ist Dialektkontakt Sprachkontakt: Zum „Shwitzer“ der Amischen IN Adams County (Indiana, USA)","authors":"G. Seiler","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Radically mixed languages are among the most spectacular outcomes of intensive language contact. In such languages larger linguistic subsystems stem from different parental languages. Most known mixed languages stem from unrelated parental languages, which raises the question as to whether the mixed structure may emerge from contact between closely related languages or dialects, too. The present paper argues that, under appropriate sociolinguistic circumstances, this is possible, too. However, passive intelligibility creates specific conditions for mixed language emergence. We focus on the Amish variety of Shwitzer, a dialect spoken in Indiana (USA) in which many linguistic features of Bernese Swiss German and Pennsylvania Dutch are combined.","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69228505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This contribution aims to clarify some fundamental issues concerning contact linguistics, by (a) defining language contact, (b) distinguishing between investigation levels and (c) presenting the methodology of this particular explanatory approach to the analysis of contact linguistics phenomena. The perspective, from which I address the questions above, is largely atypical within the field of contact linguistics. It starts from the well-known distinction between E- and I-language introduced by Chomsky (1986) and draws up a linguistic model of the internal principles and rules (I-Grammar) that govern the combination and recombination of abstract linguistic features from different languages in both the mind of the bilingual person and the grammatical system of a bilingual community. I present data from Cimbrian, a German-based minority language still spoken in Northern Italy, which is a key-study for contact linguistics, since it has been evolving under pressure from Italian and Romance dialects for many centuries. The contact phenomena are analyzed both from the perspective of the whole grammatical system, which is shared by the entire population of speakers, and from the perspective of the grammatical innovations so far made by very few speakers, which may, nevertheless, represent possible future developments of the Cimbrian grammar.
{"title":"Reassessing Contact Linguistics","authors":"Ermenegildo Bidese","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0007","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution aims to clarify some fundamental issues concerning contact linguistics, by (a) defining language contact, (b) distinguishing between investigation levels and (c) presenting the methodology of this particular explanatory approach to the analysis of contact linguistics phenomena. The perspective, from which I address the questions above, is largely atypical within the field of contact linguistics. It starts from the well-known distinction between E- and I-language introduced by Chomsky (1986) and draws up a linguistic model of the internal principles and rules (I-Grammar) that govern the combination and recombination of abstract linguistic features from different languages in both the mind of the bilingual person and the grammatical system of a bilingual community. I present data from Cimbrian, a German-based minority language still spoken in Northern Italy, which is a key-study for contact linguistics, since it has been evolving under pressure from Italian and Romance dialects for many centuries. The contact phenomena are analyzed both from the perspective of the whole grammatical system, which is shared by the entire population of speakers, and from the perspective of the grammatical innovations so far made by very few speakers, which may, nevertheless, represent possible future developments of the Cimbrian grammar.","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69228017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents analyses of contact effects and non-effects in later Anglo-Norman (A-N), a child L2 variety probably acquired in an immersion scenario from about age 5. Analyses are presented of a range of linguistic variables in which contact influence on A-N from English could have taken place in the form of divergence from mainstream Old French towards discrete formal patterns existing in the L1, Middle English. Results show a remarkable split between heavy contact effects in phonology, and extremely limited contact effects in syntax. Anglo-Norman lost vowel contrasts from Old French not attested in Middle English and did not gain new phonemic patterns entering later Old French. In formal syntax, however, it showed virtually no influence from English, as regards word order and grammatical category distinctions, and followed French syntactic innovations. Some contact influence from English nevertheless appeared where syntax interfaced with semantics, specifically in negation and aspectual distinctions. The contrast observed between such contact effects at the syntax-semantics interface, and the resistance to contact influence of ‘narrow syntax’, comports with similar contact (non-)effects on Judeo-Spanish.
{"title":"Maintenance and change in language contact: The case of anglo-norman","authors":"R. Ingham","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0016","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents analyses of contact effects and non-effects in later Anglo-Norman (A-N), a child L2 variety probably acquired in an immersion scenario from about age 5. Analyses are presented of a range of linguistic variables in which contact influence on A-N from English could have taken place in the form of divergence from mainstream Old French towards discrete formal patterns existing in the L1, Middle English. Results show a remarkable split between heavy contact effects in phonology, and extremely limited contact effects in syntax. Anglo-Norman lost vowel contrasts from Old French not attested in Middle English and did not gain new phonemic patterns entering later Old French. In formal syntax, however, it showed virtually no influence from English, as regards word order and grammatical category distinctions, and followed French syntactic innovations. Some contact influence from English nevertheless appeared where syntax interfaced with semantics, specifically in negation and aspectual distinctions. The contrast observed between such contact effects at the syntax-semantics interface, and the resistance to contact influence of ‘narrow syntax’, comports with similar contact (non-)effects on Judeo-Spanish.","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69228223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the grammatical category gender. Subject of the discussion is the usage of neutral gender in reference to women (hereinafter referred to as „femineuters“) in a West Middle German-based „abroad variety“ of the German language, the so-called „(Riograndese) Hunsrik“, which is spoken to the present in the southern part of Brazil resp. in neighboring regions. Three genus carrying structures were considered: the definite article before given names, the personal pronoun and the possessive pronoun. The theoretic-empirical examination is grounded on questions affected from different fields of study: variationist linguistics, (socio)pragmatics, semantics, and contact linguistics, areal linguistics, as well as system linguistics. The results are based on a wide set of dialect data, recently collected in an indirect inquiry through a questionnaire (using assessment tasks backed by pictures and context histories). It is assumed, that not only (language) geographic-areal factors (such as areal-administrative demarcation, city-country-distinction, and continuous language contact constellation (dialectal) German: (Brasilian) Portuguese) have an influence on the choice of genus when referring to a female person, using the grammar structures mentioned above. Also, the sociopragmatic aspects (such as age, familiarity, function/status in public, or place of origin/residence) seem to play an important role.
{"title":"Neutrale Genuszuweisung bei Weiblichen Rufnamen und Anderen Referenzmitteln im Riograndenser Hunsrückisch","authors":"Mateusz Maselko","doi":"10.25162/zdl-2017-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25162/zdl-2017-0011","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the grammatical category gender. Subject of the discussion is the usage of neutral gender in reference to women (hereinafter referred to as „femineuters“) in a West Middle German-based „abroad variety“ of the German language, the so-called „(Riograndese) Hunsrik“, which is spoken to the present in the southern part of Brazil resp. in neighboring regions. Three genus carrying structures were considered: the definite article before given names, the personal pronoun and the possessive pronoun. The theoretic-empirical examination is grounded on questions affected from different fields of study: variationist linguistics, (socio)pragmatics, semantics, and contact linguistics, areal linguistics, as well as system linguistics. The results are based on a wide set of dialect data, recently collected in an indirect inquiry through a questionnaire (using assessment tasks backed by pictures and context histories). It is assumed, that not only (language) geographic-areal factors (such as areal-administrative demarcation, city-country-distinction, and continuous language contact constellation (dialectal) German: (Brasilian) Portuguese) have an influence on the choice of genus when referring to a female person, using the grammar structures mentioned above. Also, the sociopragmatic aspects (such as age, familiarity, function/status in public, or place of origin/residence) seem to play an important role.","PeriodicalId":42450,"journal":{"name":"Zeitschrift Fur Dialektologie Und Linguistik","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69228526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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