Detecting, monitoring, and managing chronic pain levels in real-time remains a critical and challenging aspect of medical practice. Chronic pain is associated with an increased production of inflammatory biomarkers, such as Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10. Accurately detecting the levels of these biomarkers with a highly sensitive sensor can facilitate real-time monitoring of pain severity and enable the administration of appropriate medication based on the patient's needs. In this context, transdermal drug delivery offers a significant advantage in pain management by delivering targeted opioids, such as Fentanyl, to alleviate chronic pain in a non-invasive and long-term manner. This work presents a kirigami-patterned skin patch that combines multiplexed sensors with a drug delivery module to detect inflammatory biomarker levels in sweat with high sensitivity and precision, while also enabling on-demand drug delivery for pain relief. By correcting response variations caused by changes in body temperature and sweat pH, the device ensures accurate sensing while maintaining strain-insensitive performance—an essential feature for wearable sensors. This system has the potential to significantly impact healthcare by providing an innovative, reliable solution for chronic pain management.
{"title":"An integrated kirigami-patterned skin patch for multiplexed detection of inflammatory biomarkers along with transdermal drug delivery","authors":"Tanzila Noushin , Nafize Ishtiaque Hossain , Rhythem Tahrin , Md Najmul Islam , Shawana Tabassum","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Detecting, monitoring, and managing chronic pain levels in real-time remains a critical and challenging aspect of medical practice. Chronic pain is associated with an increased production of inflammatory biomarkers, such as Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10. Accurately detecting the levels of these biomarkers with a highly sensitive sensor can facilitate real-time monitoring of pain severity and enable the administration of appropriate medication based on the patient's needs. In this context, transdermal drug delivery offers a significant advantage in pain management by delivering targeted opioids, such as Fentanyl, to alleviate chronic pain in a non-invasive and long-term manner. This work presents a kirigami-patterned skin patch that combines multiplexed sensors with a drug delivery module to detect inflammatory biomarker levels in sweat with high sensitivity and precision, while also enabling on-demand drug delivery for pain relief. By correcting response variations caused by changes in body temperature and sweat pH, the device ensures accurate sensing while maintaining strain-insensitive performance—an essential feature for wearable sensors. This system has the potential to significantly impact healthcare by providing an innovative, reliable solution for chronic pain management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100772"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143520993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100734
Asif Shariar, Mehedi Hasan Milan
In this work, an extremely large mode area (LMA) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) design has been proposed having single mode operation. A full-vectorial finite element method (FEM) approach is considered with perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary for hybrid cladding with fluorine-doped silica holes in the cladding. An ultrahigh effective mode area can be achieved along with maintaining robust single mode operation. The hybrid cladding structure of the fiber makes it possible to exhibit lower bending loss and confinement loss. The proposed PCF design achieves an effective mode area of at straight state and at bending state for a radius of at a wavelength of . The proposed fiber also exhibits both an extremely low confinement loss of and a bending loss of at of bending radius at wavelength. Moreover, the ultrahigh effective area of the fiber makes it possible to obtain an ultralower non-linear coefficient.
{"title":"Ultrahigh effective mode area photonic crystal fibers with extremely low bending loss for long distance transmission application","authors":"Asif Shariar, Mehedi Hasan Milan","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, an extremely large mode area (LMA) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) design has been proposed having single mode operation. A full-vectorial finite element method (FEM) approach is considered with perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary for hybrid cladding with fluorine-doped silica holes in the cladding. An ultrahigh effective mode area can be achieved along with maintaining robust single mode operation. The hybrid cladding structure of the fiber makes it possible to exhibit lower bending loss and confinement loss. The proposed PCF design achieves an effective mode area of <span><math><mn>1727.55</mn><mi>μ</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> at straight state and <span><math><mn>719.08</mn><mi>μ</mi><msup><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math></span> at bending state for a radius of <span><math><mn>30</mn><mi>cm</mi></math></span> at a wavelength of <span><math><mn>1550</mn><mi>nm</mi></math></span>. The proposed fiber also exhibits both an extremely low confinement loss of <span><math><mn>4.745</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mi>dB</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Km</mi></math></span> and a bending loss of <span><math><mn>6.11</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mi>dB</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Km</mi></math></span> at <span><math><mn>30</mn><mi>cm</mi></math></span> of bending radius at <span><math><mn>1550</mn><mi>nm</mi></math></span> wavelength. Moreover, the ultrahigh effective area of the fiber makes it possible to obtain an ultralower non-linear coefficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100734"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100755
Muhammad Ihda H.L. Zein , Clianta Yudin Kharismasari , Ari Hardianto , Salma Nur Zakiyyah , Riezki Amalia , Mehmet Ozsoz , Mara Mirasoli , Irkham , Yeni Wahyuni Hartati
Ensuring safe and accurately labeled food products is crucial for communities worldwide. One significant concern in food safety is the unintended inclusion of pork in products, which impacts food labeling, religious dietary practices, legal standards, and public health. Detecting such contamination is challenging due to complex food processing, requiring advanced methods for accurate identification. A CRISPR/Cas12a-based electrochemical biosensor has garnered attention for its rapidity, portability, high sensitivity, and specificity, leveraging trans-cleavage activity for precise detection. This study utilized a modified electrode, SPCE/Ceria/STV/Biotin-ssDNA-Methylene Blue (MB), characterized by SEM/EDX and voltammetry methods to examine morphology and electrochemical behavior. Optimization using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) yielded ideal conditions: 30 min STV incubation, 1.5 μM probe concentration, 240 min probe incubation, 0.1 % BSA concentration, 30 min target incubation, and 2 μL target volume. These parameters enabled the development of an ultrasensitive biosensor with detection and quantification limits of 4 fM and 71 fM, respectively. Operating within a range of 10 nM to 100 fM, the biosensor achieved 1.1 % RSD. This CRISPR-based biosensor successfully detected pig mtDNA in raw and processed meat samples, achieving a 100.82 % recovery rate for corned samples and maintaining stability for 14 days. These findings highlight the biosensor's potential as a rapid, stable, ultrasensitive, and ultraspecific alternative for food monitoring. Its robustness makes it particularly suitable for ensuring the authenticity of animal-derived food products susceptible to counterfeiting.
{"title":"A CRISPR/Cas12a electrochemical biosensing to detect pig mtDNA D-loop for ensuring food authenticity","authors":"Muhammad Ihda H.L. Zein , Clianta Yudin Kharismasari , Ari Hardianto , Salma Nur Zakiyyah , Riezki Amalia , Mehmet Ozsoz , Mara Mirasoli , Irkham , Yeni Wahyuni Hartati","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100755","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100755","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ensuring safe and accurately labeled food products is crucial for communities worldwide. One significant concern in food safety is the unintended inclusion of pork in products, which impacts food labeling, religious dietary practices, legal standards, and public health. Detecting such contamination is challenging due to complex food processing, requiring advanced methods for accurate identification. A CRISPR/Cas12a-based electrochemical biosensor has garnered attention for its rapidity, portability, high sensitivity, and specificity, leveraging trans-cleavage activity for precise detection. This study utilized a modified electrode, SPCE/Ceria/STV/Biotin-ssDNA-Methylene Blue (MB), characterized by SEM/EDX and voltammetry methods to examine morphology and electrochemical behavior. Optimization using the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) yielded ideal conditions: 30 min STV incubation, 1.5 μM probe concentration, 240 min probe incubation, 0.1 % BSA concentration, 30 min target incubation, and 2 μL target volume. These parameters enabled the development of an ultrasensitive biosensor with detection and quantification limits of 4 fM and 71 fM, respectively. Operating within a range of 10 nM to 100 fM, the biosensor achieved 1.1 % RSD. This CRISPR-based biosensor successfully detected pig mtDNA in raw and processed meat samples, achieving a 100.82 % recovery rate for corned samples and maintaining stability for 14 days. These findings highlight the biosensor's potential as a rapid, stable, ultrasensitive, and ultraspecific alternative for food monitoring. Its robustness makes it particularly suitable for ensuring the authenticity of animal-derived food products susceptible to counterfeiting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100755"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100751
V. Renuga , X. Vinoliya , A. Dinesh , S. Suthakaran , Manikandan Ayyar , V. Mohanavel , Lalitha Gnanasekaran , Prabhu Paramasivam , R. Bousbih , M. Khalid Hossain , A. Rajendran , S. Santhoshkumar
Highly fluorescent Carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized from the Bitter Gourd by simple hydrothermal method without the addition of any surfactant or additives. The optical properties, luminescence, phase formation and crystal structure were measured using UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Photoluminescence (PL), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by varying the medium from acidic to basic by changing its pH (2−12) and temperature range (180-300οC) to assess the exact nature and properties of the synthesized C-dots. The synthesized C-dots have wide range of applications from metal sensing to bioimaging and optoelectronics. The antimicrobial properties of the prepared C-dots were also analyzed using Klebsiellapneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus microbes and found that the prepared C-dots have better antimicrobial activity in both microbes with better efficiency due to its smaller size. The challenges and perspectives of the synthesized C-dots from Bitter Gourd were also discussed.
{"title":"Green synthesis of biocompatible fluorescent carbon dots from bitter gourd for effective metal sensing and biological applications","authors":"V. Renuga , X. Vinoliya , A. Dinesh , S. Suthakaran , Manikandan Ayyar , V. Mohanavel , Lalitha Gnanasekaran , Prabhu Paramasivam , R. Bousbih , M. Khalid Hossain , A. Rajendran , S. Santhoshkumar","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly fluorescent Carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized from the Bitter Gourd by simple hydrothermal method without the addition of any surfactant or additives. The optical properties, luminescence, phase formation and crystal structure were measured using UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Photoluminescence (PL), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) by varying the medium from acidic to basic by changing its pH (2−12) and temperature range (180-300<sup>ο</sup>C) to assess the exact nature and properties of the synthesized C-dots. The synthesized C-dots have wide range of applications from metal sensing to bioimaging and optoelectronics. The antimicrobial properties of the prepared C-dots were also analyzed using <em>Klebsiellapneumoniae</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> microbes and found that the prepared C-dots have better antimicrobial activity in both microbes with better efficiency due to its smaller size. The challenges and perspectives of the synthesized C-dots from Bitter Gourd were also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100751"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Serum creatinine (CRT) levels are key biomarkers for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring renal disease in clinical practice. In this work, copper nanowires (CuNW), and Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MSQD) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were chosen to demonstrate the electrochemical detection of CRT in complex mixture and urine samples. The materials were characterized using various physical characterizations such as FESEM, XRD, UV, PL, and FT-Raman. The electrocatalytic activity of the sensor was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPVs). Despite the elevated sensitivity and cost-effectiveness of electrochemical sensors, the performance of the sensors is constrained by the existence of interfering species that generate conflicting and overlapping electrochemical signatures. In order to address this issue, we implemented a machine learning (ML) approach to accurately quantify CRT levels in complex mixtures, as well as in urine samples. The ML algorithms employed are trained and tested on a large dataset, allowing them to effectively capture and analyze the variance in the electrochemical signatures, demonstrating the application of artificial intelligence. The proposed sensor exhibits linearity from 1.96 μM to 966.0 μM and shows the best performance in terms of limit-of-detection (LOD) of 2.3 μM in a complex mixture and 0.001 μM in real urine samples, with RMSE of 0.2 and 0.017 μM using artificial neural network and random forest ML models respectively. We anticipate that by further miniaturization of these sensors into point-of-care testing devices, renal diseases can be managed effectively.
{"title":"Smart sensing of creatinine in urine samples: Leveraging Cu-nanowires/MoS2 quantum dots and machine learning","authors":"Geethukrishnan , Paresh Prakash Bagde , Sammishra KH , Chandranath Adak , Rajendra P. Shukla , Kiran Kumar Tadi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100727","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100727","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Serum creatinine (CRT) levels are key biomarkers for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring renal disease in clinical practice. In this work, copper nanowires (CuNW), and Molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MSQD) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were chosen to demonstrate the electrochemical detection of CRT in complex mixture and urine samples. The materials were characterized using various physical characterizations such as FESEM, XRD, UV, PL, and FT-Raman. The electrocatalytic activity of the sensor was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPVs). Despite the elevated sensitivity and cost-effectiveness of electrochemical sensors, the performance of the sensors is constrained by the existence of interfering species that generate conflicting and overlapping electrochemical signatures. In order to address this issue, we implemented a machine learning (ML) approach to accurately quantify CRT levels in complex mixtures, as well as in urine samples. The ML algorithms employed are trained and tested on a large dataset, allowing them to effectively capture and analyze the variance in the electrochemical signatures, demonstrating the application of artificial intelligence. The proposed sensor exhibits linearity from 1.96 μM to 966.0 μM and shows the best performance in terms of limit-of-detection (LOD) of 2.3 μM in a complex mixture and 0.001 μM in real urine samples, with RMSE of 0.2 and 0.017 μM using artificial neural network and random forest ML models respectively. We anticipate that by further miniaturization of these sensors into point-of-care testing devices, renal diseases can be managed effectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100727"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbon Dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles with relatively strong and tunable fluorescence emission properties and relatively good photo stability, which are increasingly used in sensing and biosensing as reported in hundreds of research publications. There are 4 types of CD-based sensors or detection (CD-only, CD-based Enzymatic, CD-based Antigen-Antibody modified, CD-based Nucleic acid biosensors) that will be described and compared in this review. Such analytical parameters as Limit of Detection (LOD), linear range, Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) are compared and discussed in this review. Median and/or average LOD, RSD, Linear Range are calculated and presented in multiple tables, while LODs are tabulated from 135 references. Among these biosensors, CD-based Nucleic Acid biosensors and CD-based Antibody-Antigen biosensors show better sensitivity (lower LOD) when compared with CD-only and CD-based Enzymatic biosensors. Four main groups of detection techniques applicable, such as fluorescence, electrochemical, colorimetry, and electrochemiluminescence methods are considered and compared for CD-based Antibody-Antigen biosensors descriptions. Perspectives of machine learning methods and smart phones as read out devices for CD-based bio-sensors are outlined in the conclusion of the review. We also briefly described and illustrated with graphic examples/figures some basic phenomena related to CD-based sensing, including CD doping, up-conversion, modification and immobilization of CDs, quenching and FRET.
{"title":"Carbon dots: Review of recent applications and perspectives in bio-sensing and biomarker detection","authors":"Xeniya Terzapulo, Aiym Kassenova, Alissa Loskutova, Rostislav Bukasov","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon Dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles with relatively strong and tunable fluorescence emission properties and relatively good photo stability, which are increasingly used in sensing and biosensing as reported in hundreds of research publications. There are 4 types of CD-based sensors or detection (CD-only, CD-based Enzymatic, CD-based Antigen-Antibody modified, CD-based Nucleic acid biosensors) that will be described and compared in this review. Such analytical parameters as Limit of Detection (LOD), linear range, Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) are compared and discussed in this review. Median and/or average LOD, RSD, Linear Range are calculated and presented in multiple tables, while LODs are tabulated from 135 references. Among these biosensors, CD-based Nucleic Acid biosensors and CD-based Antibody-Antigen biosensors show better sensitivity (lower LOD) when compared with CD-only and CD-based Enzymatic biosensors. Four main groups of detection techniques applicable, such as fluorescence, electrochemical, colorimetry, and electrochemiluminescence methods are considered and compared for CD-based Antibody-Antigen biosensors descriptions. Perspectives of machine learning methods and smart phones as read out devices for CD-based bio-sensors are outlined in the conclusion of the review. We also briefly described and illustrated with graphic examples/figures some basic phenomena related to CD-based sensing, including CD doping, up-conversion, modification and immobilization of CDs, quenching and FRET.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100771"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100728
L. Mampane , K. Moothi , O. Ntwampe , N. Moloto , G. Ndlovu , A. Jijana , P. Tetyana , N. Mphuthi , A. Ngqalakwezi , P. Shumbula , B. Ntsendwana , L. Sikhwivhilu
Yerba-mate tea extracts were used to successfully synthesise nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles. The tea extracts acted as both the reducing and capping agents. The morphological, optical and structural properties were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. The XRD and FTIR confirmed a complete reduction of Fe ions forming nanoparticles with an average size of 3 to 3.5 nm synthesized at 25 °C as shown by TEM images, indicating enhanced electrocatalytic sites. The as-synthesized NZVI particles were immobilized on AuSPE and evaluated on the electrocatalytic behaviour using ferri/ferrocyanide as a redox probe. Thus, they were modified on the screen-printed carbon electrodes to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for Pb2+ detection. The sensor was optimised to detect traces of Pb ions from 5 to 9 parts per billion concentrations. The surface concentration of the adsorbed electro-active film on the reduction half of AuSPE/NZVI modified electrodes was determined and estimated to be 1.32 × 10−10 mol cm−2. Moreover, the charge transfer coefficient of AuSPE/NZVI particles was estimated to be 5.43 × 10−17 cm2s−1. The sensor gave a relatively low limit of detection 2.56 ppb for Pb2+ ions. This was lower than most commercially available heavy metal detectors with a detection limit of 3.5 ppb.
{"title":"Yerba mate tea mediated synthesis of nanoscale zero valent iron particles and their application in detection of Pb ions in water","authors":"L. Mampane , K. Moothi , O. Ntwampe , N. Moloto , G. Ndlovu , A. Jijana , P. Tetyana , N. Mphuthi , A. Ngqalakwezi , P. Shumbula , B. Ntsendwana , L. Sikhwivhilu","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100728","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100728","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Yerba-mate tea extracts were used to successfully synthesise nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles. The tea extracts acted as both the reducing and capping agents. The morphological, optical and structural properties were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV–vis absorption spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, respectively. The XRD and FTIR confirmed a complete reduction of Fe ions forming nanoparticles with an average size of 3 to 3.5 nm synthesized at 25 °C as shown by TEM images, indicating enhanced electrocatalytic sites. The as-synthesized NZVI particles were immobilized on AuSPE and evaluated on the electrocatalytic behaviour using ferri/ferrocyanide as a redox probe. Thus, they were modified on the screen-printed carbon electrodes to fabricate an electrochemical sensor for Pb<sup>2+</sup> detection. The sensor was optimised to detect traces of Pb ions from 5 to 9 parts per billion concentrations. The surface concentration of the adsorbed electro-active film on the reduction half of AuSPE/NZVI modified electrodes was determined and estimated to be 1.32 × 10<sup>−10</sup> mol cm<sup>−2</sup><sub>.</sub> Moreover, the charge transfer coefficient of AuSPE/NZVI particles was estimated to be 5.43 × 10<sup>−17</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>s<sup>−1</sup>. The sensor gave a relatively low limit of detection 2.56 ppb for Pb<sup>2+</sup> ions. This was lower than most commercially available heavy metal detectors with a detection limit of 3.5 ppb.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100728"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100725
Niamh Docherty , Lilian Collins , Susan Pang , Ying Fu , Stuart Milne , Damion Corrigan
Early detection of cardiac troponin I in blood is vital for acute myocardial infarction diagnosis. A low-cost thin film gold electrode array was used with affordable ELISA antibodies and reagents to fabricate two cardiac troponin I amperometric immunosensors. The HRP-labelled sandwich immunocomplex was constructed on the gold electrode surface, and chronoamperometry was used to quantify cTnI indirectly by measuring the amount of TMB+ produced at the electrode surface. First, the system was evaluated using a physisorption approach to immobilise the capture antibody to the electrode with a 309 pg/mL LOD observed. Subsequently, a second sensor variant was produced using sulfo-LC-SPDP as a crosslinker to control antibody immobilisation, which resulted in an improved sensitivity with an LOD of 109 pg/mL. The chemisorption sensor outperformed the working range of the commercially available ELISA kit used (8000–125 pg/mL), demonstrating the power of enhanced antibody immobilisation and electrochemical detection for clinically relevant levels of cardiac troponin I. Amperometric immunosensors offer vital advantages including being cost-effective, simple to use, and compatible with commercially available reagents. These features make the sensor accessible to users and easy to manufacture. With further improvements to sensitivity and performance in complex samples, the sensor could be deployed to streamline acute myocardial infarction diagnosis and reduce the burden of chest pain patients on the healthcare system.
{"title":"Cost-effective Amperometric Immunosensor for cardiac troponin I as a step towards affordable point-of-care diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction","authors":"Niamh Docherty , Lilian Collins , Susan Pang , Ying Fu , Stuart Milne , Damion Corrigan","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Early detection of cardiac troponin I in blood is vital for acute myocardial infarction diagnosis. A low-cost thin film gold electrode array was used with affordable ELISA antibodies and reagents to fabricate two cardiac troponin I amperometric immunosensors. The HRP-labelled sandwich immunocomplex was constructed on the gold electrode surface, and chronoamperometry was used to quantify cTnI indirectly by measuring the amount of TMB<sup>+</sup> produced at the electrode surface. First, the system was evaluated using a physisorption approach to immobilise the capture antibody to the electrode with a 309 pg/mL LOD observed. Subsequently, a second sensor variant was produced using sulfo-LC-SPDP as a crosslinker to control antibody immobilisation, which resulted in an improved sensitivity with an LOD of 109 pg/mL. The chemisorption sensor outperformed the working range of the commercially available ELISA kit used (8000–125 pg/mL), demonstrating the power of enhanced antibody immobilisation and electrochemical detection for clinically relevant levels of cardiac troponin I. Amperometric immunosensors offer vital advantages including being cost-effective, simple to use, and compatible with commercially available reagents. These features make the sensor accessible to users and easy to manufacture. With further improvements to sensitivity and performance in complex samples, the sensor could be deployed to streamline acute myocardial infarction diagnosis and reduce the burden of chest pain patients on the healthcare system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100725"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phenobarbital (PB) is known for its sedative and anticonvulsant characteristics, making it a critical agent for the management of epilepsy and seizure disorders. Considering its narrow therapeutical range, accurate monitoring of this drug is highly recommended to prevent side effects. Herein, we successfully introduced trimetallic graphene oxide-based nanocomposite consisting of cerium oxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide (III@N-rGO), which benefits the synergistic properties of each compound for electrochemical sensing applications. The structure of the nanostructures was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope images (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Various electrochemical techniques were employed to investigate the sensor's electrocatalytic performance, following the carbon paste electrode's construction. The target electrode represented superior sensing efficiency, including a broad linear range of 0.1–840 μM, proper sensitivity of 1.389 ± 0.013 mA μM−1 cm−2, low detection limit of 9.10 ± 0.002 nM at the optimum potential of 0.72 V. Furthermore, III@N-rGO electrode illustrated good long-term stability, good reproducibility, and excellent selectivity. The results of recovery tests in human serum and pharmaceutical samples (94–106 %) with desired RSD values (below 3 %) demonstrated the practical applicability of the case-studied sensor. Hence, the proposed platform has the potential to serve as a promising model for PB detection.
{"title":"Multi-metal oxide/N-doped reduced graphene oxide modified electrode for ultrasensitive determination of phenobarbital","authors":"Seyed Saman Nemati , Gholamreza Dehghan , Simin Khataee , Zohreh Shaghaghi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100720","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2024.100720","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phenobarbital (PB) is known for its sedative and anticonvulsant characteristics, making it a critical agent for the management of epilepsy and seizure disorders. Considering its narrow therapeutical range, accurate monitoring of this drug is highly recommended to prevent side effects. Herein, we successfully introduced trimetallic graphene oxide-based nanocomposite consisting of cerium oxide, nickel oxide, and copper oxide (III@N-rGO), which benefits the synergistic properties of each compound for electrochemical sensing applications. The structure of the nanostructures was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope images (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Various electrochemical techniques were employed to investigate the sensor's electrocatalytic performance, following the carbon paste electrode's construction. The target electrode represented superior sensing efficiency, including a broad linear range of 0.1–840 μM, proper sensitivity of 1.389 ± 0.013 mA μM<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup>, low detection limit of 9.10 ± 0.002 nM at the optimum potential of 0.72 V. Furthermore, III@N-rGO electrode illustrated good long-term stability, good reproducibility, and excellent selectivity. The results of recovery tests in human serum and pharmaceutical samples (94–106 %) with desired RSD values (below 3 %) demonstrated the practical applicability of the case-studied sensor. Hence, the proposed platform has the potential to serve as a promising model for PB detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100720"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Healthcare is one of the most essential fields in providing accurate and fast medical care. With the advancement of technology, nanosensors have become a new tool that has enabled early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of diseases with high accuracy. With the ability to identify molecular and cellular changes, nanosensors can accurately detect biomarkers of diseases even in the initial stages and provide detailed information about the state of the body, especially in complex and costly diseases such as cancer. However, in this process, there are challenges such as biocompatibility and long-term stability of nanosensors in biological environments, immune reactions, and the possibility of their destruction. The present article has identified the challenges and evaluated the new methods of this technology by systematically reviewing the application of nanosensors in healthcare. This article aims to provide a comprehensive view of how to use nanotechnology as nanosensors in healthcare. The findings show that using nanosensors in the healthcare field can increase the accuracy of disease diagnosis (ADD) by 35 % and improve the quality of personal health monitoring (PHM) by 23 %. Also, this technology has reduced diagnostic response time (DRT) by 21 %. Finally, this research has taken a practical step towards further developing the application of nanosensors in the healthcare field by providing valuable recommendations and examining open issues.
{"title":"Nanotechnology and nanosensors in personalized healthcare: A comprehensive review","authors":"Mohsen Ghorbian , Mostafa Ghobaei-Arani , Mohamad Reza Babaei , Saeid Ghorbian","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Healthcare is one of the most essential fields in providing accurate and fast medical care. With the advancement of technology, nanosensors have become a new tool that has enabled early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of diseases with high accuracy. With the ability to identify molecular and cellular changes, nanosensors can accurately detect biomarkers of diseases even in the initial stages and provide detailed information about the state of the body, especially in complex and costly diseases such as cancer. However, in this process, there are challenges such as biocompatibility and long-term stability of nanosensors in biological environments, immune reactions, and the possibility of their destruction. The present article has identified the challenges and evaluated the new methods of this technology by systematically reviewing the application of nanosensors in healthcare. This article aims to provide a comprehensive view of how to use nanotechnology as nanosensors in healthcare. The findings show that using nanosensors in the healthcare field can increase the accuracy of disease diagnosis (ADD) by 35 % and improve the quality of personal health monitoring (PHM) by 23 %. Also, this technology has reduced diagnostic response time (DRT) by 21 %. Finally, this research has taken a practical step towards further developing the application of nanosensors in the healthcare field by providing valuable recommendations and examining open issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"47 ","pages":"Article 100740"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143163494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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