In this work, a novel electrochemical sensing platform was developed based on a poly (caffeine) modified glassy carbon electrode [(Poly(CAF)/GCE)] for the simultaneous determination of lead (II) and cadmium (II). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the sensor. Cadmium (II) and lead (II) were electrochemically determined using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). For the analytical application, the effects of experimental factors were examined, including scan rate, accumulation time, accumulation potential, and pH of supporting electrolyte solutions. Cadmium(II) and lead(II) were accumulated on the surface of poly(CAF)/GCE at a deposition potential of −2.0 V and a deposition time of 220 s in an acetate buffer of pH 4.5. The linear range was found to be 1.0 μg/L to 40 μg/L with a limit of detection of 0.35 μg/L and 0.28 μg/L for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The proposed method was found to be highly sensitive and showed good repeatability, reproducibility, long-term stability, and selectivity. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of trace levels of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in tap water.
{"title":"Simultaneous voltammetric detection of cadmium(II) and lead(II) in tapwater using a poly(caffeine) modified glassy carbon electrode","authors":"Asnakech Amsalu , Menilek Ayalew , Mengistu Mulu , Atnafu Guadie , Andualem Ejigu , Adisie Kassa , Tilahun Belayneh Asfaw , Mulu Gashu , Molla Tefera","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, a novel electrochemical sensing platform was developed based on a poly (caffeine) modified glassy carbon electrode [(Poly(CAF)/GCE)] for the simultaneous determination of lead (II) and cadmium (II). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry were used to characterize the sensor. Cadmium (II) and lead (II) were electrochemically determined using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). For the analytical application, the effects of experimental factors were examined, including scan rate, accumulation time, accumulation potential, and pH of supporting electrolyte solutions. Cadmium(II) and lead(II) were accumulated on the surface of poly(CAF)/GCE at a deposition potential of −2.0 V and a deposition time of 220 s in an acetate buffer of pH 4.5. The linear range was found to be 1.0 μg/L to 40 μg/L with a limit of detection of 0.35 μg/L and 0.28 μg/L for Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. The proposed method was found to be highly sensitive and showed good repeatability, reproducibility, long-term stability, and selectivity. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of trace levels of Cd(II) and Pb(II) in tap water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100979"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100984
Masoud Esmailpak, Morteza Bahram, Reza Dadashi
This study presents a novel and cost-effective electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of 4-aminophenol (4-AP) using a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified through an electroanodization process in the presence of thiourea. The resulting thiourea-functionalized anodized PGE (ATPGE) demonstrates a porous, graphene oxide-like surface architecture with enhanced electrochemical properties. Surface characterization via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the formation of nanosheet structures and the successful incorporation of heteroatoms, including sulfur and nitrogen, derived from thiourea. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed significantly improved charge transfer and current responses at the ATPGE compared to unmodified electrodes. The ATPGE exhibited a low detection limit of 6 μM and a wide linear response range (10–110 μM) for 4-AP with high sensitivity and reproducibility (RSD < 2%). Additionally, real sample analysis from dam water confirmed the method's applicability, with recovery rates ranging from 94.6% to 103.1%. The fabricated sensor demonstrates high selectivity against common interferents and offers a reliable, low-cost alternative for environmental and pharmaceutical monitoring of 4-AP.
{"title":"Thiourea-functionalized electroanodized pencil graphite electrode for sensitive electrochemical detection of 4-aminophenol","authors":"Masoud Esmailpak, Morteza Bahram, Reza Dadashi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel and cost-effective electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of 4-aminophenol (4-AP) using a pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified through an electroanodization process in the presence of thiourea. The resulting thiourea-functionalized anodized PGE (ATPGE) demonstrates a porous, graphene oxide-like surface architecture with enhanced electrochemical properties. Surface characterization via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the formation of nanosheet structures and the successful incorporation of heteroatoms, including sulfur and nitrogen, derived from thiourea. Electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed significantly improved charge transfer and current responses at the ATPGE compared to unmodified electrodes. The ATPGE exhibited a low detection limit of 6 μM and a wide linear response range (10–110 μM) for 4-AP with high sensitivity and reproducibility (RSD < 2%). Additionally, real sample analysis from dam water confirmed the method's applicability, with recovery rates ranging from 94.6% to 103.1%. The fabricated sensor demonstrates high selectivity against common interferents and offers a reliable, low-cost alternative for environmental and pharmaceutical monitoring of 4-AP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100984"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147419791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100954
Oskar Szczepaniak, Jakub Michalski, Dorota Narożna
One of the most relevant and persistent human pathogens is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Among numerous antimicrobial agents examined for their ability to combat bacterial resistance are ionic liquids. Our study investigates the genotoxic effect of two ionic liquids which were previously documented to exhibit anti-biofilm and sensitizing activity towards P. aeruginosa: 4,4-didecylmorpholinium and 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. To assess the effect of both ionic liquids on bacterial DNA we investigated changes in electrochemical signal of P. aeruginosa DNA isolated after bacteria exposure to tested compounds. We resulted in raised electrochemical signals of dsDNA after the exposition for 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium, which may shown initial DNA destabilization before occurring oxidative damage. The mechanism of potential interaction was verified using ab initio calculation of interaction with DNA base pairs: AT, GC and 8-oxoGC, and resulted in ultrahigh binding energy and interaction energy between 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium and 8-oxoGC.
{"title":"The genotoxic effect of morpholinium-based ionic liquids on Pseudomonas aeruginosa LES B58: Electrochemical and in silico mechanistic study","authors":"Oskar Szczepaniak, Jakub Michalski, Dorota Narożna","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100954","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100954","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>One of the most relevant and persistent human pathogens is <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>. Among numerous antimicrobial agents examined for their ability to combat bacterial resistance are ionic liquids. Our study investigates the genotoxic effect of two ionic liquids which were previously documented to exhibit anti-biofilm and sensitizing activity towards <em>P. aeruginosa</em>: 4,4-didecylmorpholinium and 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. To assess the effect of both ionic liquids on bacterial DNA we investigated changes in electrochemical signal of <em>P. aeruginosa</em> DNA isolated after bacteria exposure to tested compounds. We resulted in raised electrochemical signals of dsDNA after the exposition for 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium, which may shown initial DNA destabilization before occurring oxidative damage. The mechanism of potential interaction was verified using <em>ab initio</em> calculation of interaction with DNA base pairs: AT, GC and 8-oxoGC, and resulted in ultrahigh binding energy and interaction energy between 4-decyl-4-ethylmorpholinium and 8-oxoGC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100947
Arthur A. Melo, Antonio M.N. Lima
This paper presents a systematic design procedure for optimizing a graphene-enhanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for breast cancer detection. The study establishes a comprehensive methodology to determine the optimal sensor structure by evaluating multiple performance parameters through numerical simulations. Using a trapezoidal prism-based biochip, we develop a weighted optimization approach that balances sensitivity () and quality factor () across three metal films (Ag, Au, Cu) and various graphene layer configurations. The design procedure incorporates tissue-specific refractive index modeling and employs the multilayer matrix method to simulate SPR responses. Our optimization framework identifies distinct optimal configurations: 6 graphene layers for Ag (achieving 5100 nm/RIU sensitivity), 1 layer for Au (optimal 27.00 RIU−1), and 8 layers for Cu (77% enhancement). The procedure reveals that while Ag offers maximum sensitivity (5200 nm/RIU for carcinoma), Au provides the best overall performance with 39.92 RIU−1. This work proposes a replicable design methodology for developing SPR biosensors, demonstrating particular effectiveness for cancer detection applications while establishing general principles for performance optimization in plasmonic sensing systems.
{"title":"Design of surface plasmon resonance sensor enhanced by graphene deposition for breast cancer detection","authors":"Arthur A. Melo, Antonio M.N. Lima","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100947","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a systematic design procedure for optimizing a graphene-enhanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor for breast cancer detection. The study establishes a comprehensive methodology to determine the optimal sensor structure by evaluating multiple performance parameters through numerical simulations. Using a trapezoidal prism-based biochip, we develop a weighted optimization approach that balances sensitivity (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>n</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></msub></math></span>) and quality factor (<span><math><mi>Q</mi></math></span>) across three metal films (Ag, Au, Cu) and various graphene layer configurations. The design procedure incorporates tissue-specific refractive index modeling and employs the multilayer matrix method to simulate SPR responses. Our optimization framework identifies distinct optimal configurations: 6 graphene layers for Ag (achieving 5100 nm/RIU sensitivity), 1 layer for Au (optimal <span><math><mrow><mi>χ</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 27.00 RIU<sup>−1</sup>), and 8 layers for Cu (77% <span><math><mi>Q</mi></math></span> enhancement). The procedure reveals that while Ag offers maximum sensitivity (5200 nm/RIU for carcinoma), Au provides the best overall performance with <span><math><mrow><mi>χ</mi><mo>=</mo></mrow></math></span> 39.92 RIU<sup>−1</sup>. This work proposes a replicable design methodology for developing SPR biosensors, demonstrating particular effectiveness for cancer detection applications while establishing general principles for performance optimization in plasmonic sensing systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100947"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100933
Maryam Lak, Seyed Karim Hassaninejad-Darzi
Darunavir (DRV), a protease inhibitor widely prescribed for antiretroviral therapy, and naproxen (NAP), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, are frequently co-administered in patients with HIV-related inflammatory conditions, necessitating their accurate and simultaneous quantification in biological matrices. This study addresses the critical need for a sensitive and reliable analytical platform for the concurrent detection of DRV and NAP in complex biological samples. Conventional methods often suffer from poor selectivity due to overlapping oxidation peaks and limited sensitivity. To overcome these challenges, we developed a novel electrochemical nanosensor based on a silver-decorated reduced graphene oxide/metal–organic framework-5 nanocomposite–modified carbon paste electrode (Ag@RGO@MOF-5/CPE). The hybrid nanomaterial synergistically combines the high electrical conductivity of RGO, the large surface area of MOF-5, and the strong electrocatalytic activity of silver nanoparticles. Under optimized conditions via response surface methodology, the Ag@RGO@MOF-5/CPE exhibited enhanced current response and reduced oxidation overpotential for DRV, and NAP. However, due to overlapping oxidation potentials of drugs, partial least squares-1 (PLS-1) regression was implemented to enable accurate simultaneous determination, yielding detection limits of 0.20 μM for DRV and 0.40 μM for NAP in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 7.0). The overlapping peaks were efficiently resolved via PLS-1 regression, and this approach was applied for detection of DRV, and NAP in human plasma and urine samples with satisfactory recovery. Overall, the integration of PLS-1 effectively eliminates signal overlap and offering a rapid, cost-effective, and robust alternative to chromatographic techniques for therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV/inflammation co-treatments, ultimately enhancing clinical safety and pharmacological efficiency.
{"title":"Synergistic effect of silver, reduced graphene oxide and metal-organic framework-5 nanocomposite for the simultaneous voltammetric sensing of darunavir and naproxen pharmaceutical analytes using chemometric methods","authors":"Maryam Lak, Seyed Karim Hassaninejad-Darzi","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Darunavir (DRV), a protease inhibitor widely prescribed for antiretroviral therapy, and naproxen (NAP), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, are frequently co-administered in patients with HIV-related inflammatory conditions, necessitating their accurate and simultaneous quantification in biological matrices. This study addresses the critical need for a sensitive and reliable analytical platform for the concurrent detection of DRV and NAP in complex biological samples. Conventional methods often suffer from poor selectivity due to overlapping oxidation peaks and limited sensitivity. To overcome these challenges, we developed a novel electrochemical nanosensor based on a silver-decorated reduced graphene oxide/metal–organic framework-5 nanocomposite–modified carbon paste electrode (Ag@RGO@MOF-5/CPE). The hybrid nanomaterial synergistically combines the high electrical conductivity of RGO, the large surface area of MOF-5, and the strong electrocatalytic activity of silver nanoparticles. Under optimized conditions via response surface methodology, the Ag@RGO@MOF-5/CPE exhibited enhanced current response and reduced oxidation overpotential for DRV, and NAP. However, due to overlapping oxidation potentials of drugs, partial least squares-1 (PLS-1) regression was implemented to enable accurate simultaneous determination, yielding detection limits of 0.20 μM for DRV and 0.40 μM for NAP in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 7.0). The overlapping peaks were efficiently resolved via PLS-1 regression, and this approach was applied for detection of DRV, and NAP in human plasma and urine samples with satisfactory recovery. Overall, the integration of PLS-1 effectively eliminates signal overlap and offering a rapid, cost-effective, and robust alternative to chromatographic techniques for therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV/inflammation co-treatments, ultimately enhancing clinical safety and pharmacological efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100933"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145734167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-10DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100956
Sheral Kumar , Ziqi Li , Jialiang Tan , Yaming Cheng , Xiaolu Wang , Carlos Fernandes , Kathleen Zhong , Kevin Kain , Harry Ruda
Sepsis presents a significant global health concern, uniquely challenging as current diagnostic tools are limited in timeliness in both testing and detection ability for early stages of the condition. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has demonstrated great potential in sensitive and selective identification of biomarkers within human samples. However, the information density within a SERS spectrum poses a challenge for interpretation and analysis of a patient sample. Machine learning (ML) can be leveraged to learn patterns within the data and enable identification and categorization of critical biomarkers. This paper presents two SERS based ML classification models to rapidly identify and quantify sepsis severity even in the early stages of a condition, using low sample volume. The first model detects Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTREM-1 sepsis biomarkers within human plasma samples at clinically significant concentrations outside of the normal human range, with up to 83.5% accuracy overall and 100% accuracy on normal samples. The second model categorizes sTREM-1 samples into clinically determined concentration ranges associated with 3 stages of sepsis severity, with up to 100% accuracy. Insight is also provided on key wavenumber regions for discrimination between biomarkers and normal plasma. Our findings illustrate the feasibility of SERS based ML approaches for rapid and early detection of life-threatening sepsis scenarios.
{"title":"Surface-enhanced Raman based machine learning for rapid detection of Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTREM-1 sepsis biomarkers","authors":"Sheral Kumar , Ziqi Li , Jialiang Tan , Yaming Cheng , Xiaolu Wang , Carlos Fernandes , Kathleen Zhong , Kevin Kain , Harry Ruda","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sepsis presents a significant global health concern, uniquely challenging as current diagnostic tools are limited in timeliness in both testing and detection ability for early stages of the condition. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has demonstrated great potential in sensitive and selective identification of biomarkers within human samples. However, the information density within a SERS spectrum poses a challenge for interpretation and analysis of a patient sample. Machine learning (ML) can be leveraged to learn patterns within the data and enable identification and categorization of critical biomarkers. This paper presents two SERS based ML classification models to rapidly identify and quantify sepsis severity even in the early stages of a condition, using low sample volume. The first model detects Ang-1, Ang-2, and sTREM-1 sepsis biomarkers within human plasma samples at clinically significant concentrations outside of the normal human range, with up to 83.5% accuracy overall and 100% accuracy on normal samples. The second model categorizes sTREM-1 samples into clinically determined concentration ranges associated with 3 stages of sepsis severity, with up to 100% accuracy. Insight is also provided on key wavenumber regions for discrimination between biomarkers and normal plasma. Our findings illustrate the feasibility of SERS based ML approaches for rapid and early detection of life-threatening sepsis scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100956"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100958
Yao-Kun Zhang , Fei-Fei Liu , Jiang Chen , Tao Jin , Liang Zhang , Wen-Sheng Shu , Shuang-Jiang Liu
The effects and efficacy of probiotics on the host depend on precise bacterial composition, making accurate taxonomic identification important for product quality control. Conventional approaches, including polyphasic methods (phenotype and chemotaxonomy) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, are often limited in resolution, throughput, or quantitative accuracy. To address these limitations, we developed ProbioticChip, a DNA microarray comprising 13,318 probes targeting 37 commonly used probiotic taxa at the species and subspecies levels. Validation using 16 mock probiotic communities comprising 67 strains demonstrated that ProbioticChip can sensitively detect target taxa with high specificity. Quantitative evaluation further revealed a strong linear relationship between total probe fluorescence intensity and DNA input (R2 > 0.90 across the range of 0.05–10 ng), indicating its sensitivity and potential utility for quantitative analysis. We further applied ProbioticChip to five commercial probiotic products, achieving species- and subspecies-level identification with preliminary quantitative estimates within three days. Together, these results indicate that ProbioticChip represents a rapid and high-throughput platform for compositional analysis of probiotic products, and may support applications in quality assessment and regulatory monitoring.
{"title":"ProbioticChip: A novel DNA microarray for accurate and efficient subspecies-level identification of probiotics","authors":"Yao-Kun Zhang , Fei-Fei Liu , Jiang Chen , Tao Jin , Liang Zhang , Wen-Sheng Shu , Shuang-Jiang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects and efficacy of probiotics on the host depend on precise bacterial composition, making accurate taxonomic identification important for product quality control. Conventional approaches, including polyphasic methods (phenotype and chemotaxonomy) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, are often limited in resolution, throughput, or quantitative accuracy. To address these limitations, we developed ProbioticChip, a DNA microarray comprising 13,318 probes targeting 37 commonly used probiotic taxa at the species and subspecies levels. Validation using 16 mock probiotic communities comprising 67 strains demonstrated that ProbioticChip can sensitively detect target taxa with high specificity. Quantitative evaluation further revealed a strong linear relationship between total probe fluorescence intensity and DNA input (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.90 across the range of 0.05–10 ng), indicating its sensitivity and potential utility for quantitative analysis. We further applied ProbioticChip to five commercial probiotic products, achieving species- and subspecies-level identification with preliminary quantitative estimates within three days. Together, these results indicate that ProbioticChip represents a rapid and high-throughput platform for compositional analysis of probiotic products, and may support applications in quality assessment and regulatory monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100958"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100960
Mahmoud Roushani, Zahra Mirzaei Karazan, Mohammad Alauldeen Yahya
The development of selective and cheap electrochemical sensor for drug detection is of great importance. Herein, a sensor was introduced based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with NiCoCu-layered triple hydroxide (LTH)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite for the electrochemical detection of Crizotinib (CZT). CZT is an anticancer drug proved to treatment of the lung cancer. The proposed sensor illustrated excellent electrocatalytic properties toward CZT. Enhancing the catalytic cavities via designing the morphology of nanostructures and tuning the electronic structure through heteroatom doping are the best strategies to increment electrocatalytic performance. In this study, porous NiCoCu-LTH was synthesized via a rapid and simple method and then for the electrochemical investigations, the GCE surface was modified with it. Electrochemical data were recorded through cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimum condition, there is a linear response between current intensity and CZT concentration from 0.001 to 1500 nM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0003 nM. The modified GCE displayed acceptable selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Finally, the sensor was successfully employed to detect CZT in actual sample. Besides, the performance of the proposed sensor was compared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a standard method.
{"title":"Electrochemical sensor based on NiCoCu-LTH and multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the selective detection of Crizotinib anticancer drug","authors":"Mahmoud Roushani, Zahra Mirzaei Karazan, Mohammad Alauldeen Yahya","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of selective and cheap electrochemical sensor for drug detection is of great importance. Herein, a sensor was introduced based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with NiCoCu-layered triple hydroxide (LTH)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanocomposite for the electrochemical detection of Crizotinib (CZT). CZT is an anticancer drug proved to treatment of the lung cancer. The proposed sensor illustrated excellent electrocatalytic properties toward CZT. Enhancing the catalytic cavities via designing the morphology of nanostructures and tuning the electronic structure through heteroatom doping are the best strategies to increment electrocatalytic performance. In this study, porous NiCoCu-LTH was synthesized via a rapid and simple method and then for the electrochemical investigations, the GCE surface was modified with it. Electrochemical data were recorded through cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimum condition, there is a linear response between current intensity and CZT concentration from 0.001 to 1500 nM with the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0003 nM. The modified GCE displayed acceptable selectivity, stability, reproducibility, and repeatability. Finally, the sensor was successfully employed to detect CZT in actual sample. Besides, the performance of the proposed sensor was compared with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as a standard method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100960"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dopamine (DA) is a fundamental catecholamine neurotransmitter and fluctuating its concentration level in human body may leads to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is important to assess the DA levels in human biological fluids. This project studied the preparation of a novel nanocomposite containing BiFeO3 perovskite nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by hydrothermal methodology and its application as a modifier for the fabrication of modified glassy carbon electrode; BiFeO3-rGO/GCE, toward the detection of DA in real samples. The physicochemical characterizations of prepared materials and modified electrode were examined by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, and electrochemical methods. The electrochemical investigations indicated that the BiFeO3-rGO greatly improved the electrocatalytic activity of modified electrode toward the DA oxidation, thereby improving sensing performance. The BiFeO3-rGO/GCE was used as a sensor for detection of DA by differential pulse voltammetry. The developed sensor in the optimum conditions showed two dynamic linear ranges of 1–100 μM and 100–1000 μM with limits of detection as 0.35 μM. The sensor also exhibited high selectivity, sensitivity, reproducibility and stability. Finally, the prepared sensor was utilized for electrochemical detection of DA in real samples with acceptable results (average recovery>97%) and compared with the commercial immunosorbent test (ELISA).
{"title":"BiFeO3 perovskite/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite as a novel modifier for electrochemical detection of dopamine in real samples","authors":"Masoumeh Ranjbarzadhag , Biuck Habibi , Mohammad Reza Rashidi , Balal Khalilzadeh , Abdolali Alami","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2026.100978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dopamine (DA) is a fundamental catecholamine neurotransmitter and fluctuating its concentration level in human body may leads to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is important to assess the DA levels in human biological fluids. This project studied the preparation of a novel nanocomposite containing BiFeO<sub>3</sub> perovskite nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) by hydrothermal methodology and its application as a modifier for the fabrication of modified glassy carbon electrode; BiFeO<sub>3</sub>-rGO/GCE, toward the detection of DA in real samples. The physicochemical characterizations of prepared materials and modified electrode were examined by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, and electrochemical methods. The electrochemical investigations indicated that the BiFeO<sub>3</sub>-rGO greatly improved the electrocatalytic activity of modified electrode toward the DA oxidation, thereby improving sensing performance. The BiFeO<sub>3</sub>-rGO/GCE was used as a sensor for detection of DA by differential pulse voltammetry. The developed sensor in the optimum conditions showed two dynamic linear ranges of 1–100 μM and 100–1000 μM with limits of detection as 0.35 μM. The sensor also exhibited high selectivity, sensitivity, reproducibility and stability. Finally, the prepared sensor was utilized for electrochemical detection of DA in real samples with acceptable results (average recovery>97%) and compared with the commercial immunosorbent test (ELISA).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100978"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146184641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Because of their exceptional electrical, mechanical, dimensional, chemical, and magnetic characteristics, MXenes have attracted an abundance of interest in scholarly study lately. According to recent developments and discoveries, MXene, a multilayered compound with a two-dimensional (2D) framework, has a lot greater promise for use in bioengineering and medical research than other nanosystems. These uses encompass medical procedures, administering medications, biosensor technologies, incorporation, antimicrobial agents, and biological imaging. MXenes are very attractive prospects for therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic use because of their distinctive features, which include their substantial conductivity to electricity, magnetic luminescence, wide extent of coverage, excellent biocompatibility, and low toxicological profile. Modifications to the MXene surfaces are biocompatible and serve a variety of purposes, such as directing ligands to certain locations for preferred aggregation, which makes them suitable for use in particular applications. A description of the properties, changes, and synthesis techniques of MXene nanostructures is presented in this work. The practical applications of MXene-derived nanostructures in biomedical fields are also thoroughly evaluated in this study, with an emphasis on implants, biosensing, biological imaging, antibacterial activities, and versatile therapeutic systems. The potential opportunities and difficulties related to the use of MXenes throughout the field of biological medicine are also covered in this paper.
{"title":"A comprehensive review on MXene nanostructures for biosensing, imaging, and therapeutic systems","authors":"Ali Mohammad Amani , Ehsan Vafa , Maryam Mirzae , Milad Abbasi , Ahmad Vaez , Atena Najdian , Alireza Jahanbin , Seyed Reza Kasaei , Sareh Mosleh-Shirazi , Hesam Kamyab , Tayebeh Khademi , Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan , Saravanan Rajendran","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Because of their exceptional electrical, mechanical, dimensional, chemical, and magnetic characteristics, MXenes have attracted an abundance of interest in scholarly study lately. According to recent developments and discoveries, MXene, a multilayered compound with a two-dimensional (2D) framework, has a lot greater promise for use in bioengineering and medical research than other nanosystems. These uses encompass medical procedures, administering medications, biosensor technologies, incorporation, antimicrobial agents, and biological imaging. MXenes are very attractive prospects for therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic use because of their distinctive features, which include their substantial conductivity to electricity, magnetic luminescence, wide extent of coverage, excellent biocompatibility, and low toxicological profile. Modifications to the MXene surfaces are biocompatible and serve a variety of purposes, such as directing ligands to certain locations for preferred aggregation, which makes them suitable for use in particular applications. A description of the properties, changes, and synthesis techniques of MXene nanostructures is presented in this work. The practical applications of MXene-derived nanostructures in biomedical fields are also thoroughly evaluated in this study, with an emphasis on implants, biosensing, biological imaging, antibacterial activities, and versatile therapeutic systems. The potential opportunities and difficulties related to the use of MXenes throughout the field of biological medicine are also covered in this paper.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"51 ","pages":"Article 100912"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145692327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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