Sensors and Actuators Reports最新文献

DNA-functionalized nanomaterials for optical biosensors: Mechanisms, applications, and design perspectives 用于光学生物传感器的dna功能化纳米材料：机制、应用和设计观点

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100443

Chaewon Han , Soye Park , Sehyeon Park , Dakyeon Lee , Hyunda Jo , Sejeong Seo , Hyunho Han , Sanghwa Jeong , Woosung Kwon

Background: DNA-functionalized nanomaterials have emerged as a powerful platform for optical biosensing, where DNA's intrinsic molecular recognition imparts high sensitivity and selectivity. However, the integration of DNA with optically active nanomaterials introduces new opportunities and challenges in signal transduction, stability, and application-specific optimization. Despite growing interest in this hybrid field, a unified framework for evaluating and comparing different nanomaterial platforms in the context of DNA-guided sensing is lacking. This review addresses this gap by systematically analyzing the mechanisms and applications of DNA-functionalized optical biosensors.

Results: We provide a comprehensive and critically integrated overview of DNA-functionalized nanomaterials across six major platforms: carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, and silicon-based nanoparticles. Each system is examined in terms of its optical sensing mechanisms, such as fluorescence, FRET, and colorimetric response, and its performance in detecting targets including metal ions, small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and pathogens. A direct comparison is presented based on practical criteria such as detection wavelength, detection range, functionalization efficiency, and biocompatibility. We further discuss recent applications in disease diagnostics, point-of-care testing, environmental monitoring, and food safety, along with challenges including signal reproducibility, surface DNA quantification, and stability in complex matrices.

Significance: This review establishes a comparative foundation for evaluating DNA-guided optical biosensors and identifies emerging trends and design strategies across material classes. The insights provided are expected to inform the rational development of next-generation biosensors with enhanced precision, accessibility, and real-world applicability.

背景：DNA功能化纳米材料已经成为光学生物传感的一个强大平台，其中DNA固有的分子识别赋予了高灵敏度和选择性。然而，DNA与光学活性纳米材料的整合在信号转导、稳定性和特定应用优化方面带来了新的机遇和挑战。尽管对这一混合领域的兴趣日益浓厚，但在dna引导传感的背景下，缺乏一个统一的框架来评估和比较不同的纳米材料平台。本文通过系统分析dna功能化光学生物传感器的机制和应用，解决了这一空白。结果：我们在六个主要平台上提供了dna功能化纳米材料的全面和批判性集成概述：碳点，碳纳米管，金属纳米颗粒，量子点，石墨烯量子点和硅基纳米颗粒。每个系统都在其光学传感机制方面进行了检查，例如荧光，FRET和比色响应，以及其在检测目标（包括金属离子，小分子，核酸，蛋白质和病原体）方面的性能。根据检测波长、检测范围、功能化效率和生物相容性等实际标准进行了直接比较。我们进一步讨论了最近在疾病诊断、即时检测、环境监测和食品安全方面的应用，以及包括信号可重复性、表面DNA定量和复杂基质稳定性在内的挑战。意义：本综述为评估dna引导的光学生物传感器建立了比较基础，并确定了跨材料类别的新兴趋势和设计策略。所提供的见解有望为下一代生物传感器的合理开发提供信息，这些传感器具有更高的精度、可及性和现实世界的适用性。

{"title":"DNA-functionalized nanomaterials for optical biosensors: Mechanisms, applications, and design perspectives","authors":"Chaewon Han , Soye Park , Sehyeon Park , Dakyeon Lee , Hyunda Jo , Sejeong Seo , Hyunho Han , Sanghwa Jeong , Woosung Kwon","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100443","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100443","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Background: DNA-functionalized nanomaterials have emerged as a powerful platform for optical biosensing, where DNA's intrinsic molecular recognition imparts high sensitivity and selectivity. However, the integration of DNA with optically active nanomaterials introduces new opportunities and challenges in signal transduction, stability, and application-specific optimization. Despite growing interest in this hybrid field, a unified framework for evaluating and comparing different nanomaterial platforms in the context of DNA-guided sensing is lacking. This review addresses this gap by systematically analyzing the mechanisms and applications of DNA-functionalized optical biosensors.</div><div>Results: We provide a comprehensive and critically integrated overview of DNA-functionalized nanomaterials across six major platforms: carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, and silicon-based nanoparticles. Each system is examined in terms of its optical sensing mechanisms, such as fluorescence, FRET, and colorimetric response, and its performance in detecting targets including metal ions, small molecules, nucleic acids, proteins, and pathogens. A direct comparison is presented based on practical criteria such as detection wavelength, detection range, functionalization efficiency, and biocompatibility. We further discuss recent applications in disease diagnostics, point-of-care testing, environmental monitoring, and food safety, along with challenges including signal reproducibility, surface DNA quantification, and stability in complex matrices.</div><div>Significance: This review establishes a comparative foundation for evaluating DNA-guided optical biosensors and identifies emerging trends and design strategies across material classes. The insights provided are expected to inform the rational development of next-generation biosensors with enhanced precision, accessibility, and real-world applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100443"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP): Current progress and future directions in rapid nucleic acid detection 环介导等温扩增（LAMP）：核酸快速检测的研究进展及未来发展方向

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100440

Yifan Yang , Ruolin Yang , Chengkun Luo, Xuefeng Wang, Fuqiang Ma

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an escalating demand for rapid and precise disease diagnostics. Nucleic acid detection technology, owing to its exceptional specificity and sensitivity, has increasingly gained prominence in disease diagnosis. However, traditional nucleic acid detection methods are constrained by expensive instrumentation, cumbersome procedures, and the requirement for specialized laboratory personnel, posing challenges for implementation in primary healthcare settings. Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), an emerging nucleic acid amplification technique, circumvents the need for thermal cyclers and offers simplified operation, high sensitivity, specificity, short detection time, and robust resistance to inhibitors. These attributes make LAMP particularly suitable for point-of-care testing, community-level screening, and customs inspections. This review focuses on recent advancements in LAMP technology for rapid nucleic acid detection, encompassing the entire workflow from primer design, sample pre-treatment, core enzyme engineering and mutagenesis, reaction system optimization, detection methodologies, to common issues with LAMP technology. We synthesize global research progress in these areas, aiming to provide a reference basis for the development and application of LAMP in rapid nucleic acid testing.

在2019冠状病毒病大流行之后，对快速和精确的疾病诊断的需求不断增加。核酸检测技术以其独特的特异性和敏感性，在疾病诊断中日益得到重视。然而，传统的核酸检测方法受到昂贵的仪器、繁琐的程序和对专业实验室人员的要求的限制，给初级卫生保健机构的实施带来了挑战。环介导等温扩增技术（LAMP）是一种新兴的核酸扩增技术，它不需要热循环器，操作简单，灵敏度高，特异性强，检测时间短，对抑制剂具有很强的抗性。这些属性使得LAMP特别适合于即时检测、社区级筛查和海关检查。本文综述了LAMP快速核酸检测技术的最新进展，包括引物设计、样品前处理、核心酶工程和诱变、反应体系优化、检测方法以及LAMP技术的常见问题。我们综合了全球在这些领域的研究进展，旨在为LAMP在核酸快速检测中的开发和应用提供参考依据。

{"title":"Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP): Current progress and future directions in rapid nucleic acid detection","authors":"Yifan Yang , Ruolin Yang , Chengkun Luo, Xuefeng Wang, Fuqiang Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100440","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100440","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Following the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been an escalating demand for rapid and precise disease diagnostics. Nucleic acid detection technology, owing to its exceptional specificity and sensitivity, has increasingly gained prominence in disease diagnosis. However, traditional nucleic acid detection methods are constrained by expensive instrumentation, cumbersome procedures, and the requirement for specialized laboratory personnel, posing challenges for implementation in primary healthcare settings. Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), an emerging nucleic acid amplification technique, circumvents the need for thermal cyclers and offers simplified operation, high sensitivity, specificity, short detection time, and robust resistance to inhibitors. These attributes make LAMP particularly suitable for point-of-care testing, community-level screening, and customs inspections. This review focuses on recent advancements in LAMP technology for rapid nucleic acid detection, encompassing the entire workflow from primer design, sample pre-treatment, core enzyme engineering and mutagenesis, reaction system optimization, detection methodologies, to common issues with LAMP technology. We synthesize global research progress in these areas, aiming to provide a reference basis for the development and application of LAMP in rapid nucleic acid testing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100440"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Zeptomolar detection of analytes via nanoplasmonic biochips based on optimized L-shaped gold nanogratings 基于优化l形金纳米光栅的纳米等离子体生物芯片对分析物的泽摩尔检测

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100442

Francesco Arcadio , Annabella la Grasta , Luigi Zeni , Francesco Dell’Olio , Nunzio Cennamo

Label-free, chip-scale biosensors that exploit periodic nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic structures convert binding-induced refractive-index changes into sharp spectral signatures, enabling compact biochemical and hormone testing. Advances in metasurface and nanograting architectures have improved spectral quality factors and bulk sensitivity; however, for small molecules, pushing label-free limits of detection into the zeptomolar regime in fiber-compatible, low-cost formats remains difficult because of the intrinsically weak mass load and the trade-off between near-field confinement and resonance linewidth. Here, we show an electron-beam-patterned metasurface of L-shaped gold nanogratings on PMMA, engineered to support a Fano-shaped localized surface plasmon resonance, interrogated in transmission through polymer optical fibers and a 3D-printed liquid cell. Finite-element modeling guided the geometry, and the fabricated device exhibits a bulk sensitivity of

1001 \pm 61 nm {RIU}^{- 1}

over

n = 1.332

–1.352. After immobilizing estrogen receptor

α

, the platform quantifies

β

-estradiol from 0.05 to

100 aM

; Langmuir analysis yields a low-dose slope of

9.18 \pm 2.9 nm {(aM)}^{- 1}

and an instrumental limit of detection of

63 \pm 20 zM

(

3 σ / S_{low}

), while dihydrotestosterone and bovine serum albumin controls induce negligible shifts. These results indicate that deterministic metasurface design coupled to fiber-based interrogation can deliver ultrasensitive, chip-scale steroid assays without labels and provide a general route to portable photonic biosensing. These features are directly relevant to ultra trace hormone monitoring in clinical endocrinology and fertility medicine, as well as on site surveillance of endocrine disrupting compounds in natural/industrial waters, where the fiber coupled readout and 3D printed liquid cell facilitate portable, low footprint deployment outside laboratory environments.

无标签的芯片级生物传感器利用周期性纳米光子和纳米等离子体结构，将结合诱导的折射率变化转化为清晰的光谱特征，从而实现紧凑的生化和激素测试。超表面和纳米光栅结构的进步提高了光谱质量因子和体灵敏度；然而，对于小分子，由于固有的弱质量负载以及近场约束和共振线宽之间的权衡，将无标签的检测极限推向光纤兼容的低成本格式仍然很困难。在这里，我们展示了PMMA上l形金纳米光栅的电子束图案超表面，设计用于支持fano形局部表面等离子体共振，通过聚合物光纤和3d打印的液体电池进行传输。有限元建模指导几何结构，制备的器件具有1001±61nmRIU−1 / n= 1.332-1.352的体灵敏度。固定化雌激素受体α后，平台在0.05 ~ 100aM范围内定量测定β-雌二醇；Langmuir分析的低剂量斜率为9.18±2.9nm(aM)−1，仪器检测限为63±20zM (3σ/Slow)，而双氢睾酮和牛血清白蛋白对照组的变化可以忽略不计。这些结果表明，确定性超表面设计与基于纤维的检测相结合，可以提供超灵敏的芯片级类固醇检测，而无需标记，并为便携式光子生物传感提供了一条通用途径。这些功能与临床内分泌学和生育医学中的超微量激素监测，以及自然/工业水中内分泌干扰化合物的现场监测直接相关，其中光纤耦合读数和3D打印液体电池便于在实验室环境外便携，低占地面积部署。

{"title":"Zeptomolar detection of analytes via nanoplasmonic biochips based on optimized L-shaped gold nanogratings","authors":"Francesco Arcadio , Annabella la Grasta , Luigi Zeni , Francesco Dell’Olio , Nunzio Cennamo","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100442","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100442","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Label-free, chip-scale biosensors that exploit periodic nanophotonic and nanoplasmonic structures convert binding-induced refractive-index changes into sharp spectral signatures, enabling compact biochemical and hormone testing. Advances in metasurface and nanograting architectures have improved spectral quality factors and bulk sensitivity; however, for small molecules, pushing label-free limits of detection into the zeptomolar regime in fiber-compatible, low-cost formats remains difficult because of the intrinsically weak mass load and the trade-off between near-field confinement and resonance linewidth. Here, we show an electron-beam-patterned metasurface of L-shaped gold nanogratings on PMMA, engineered to support a Fano-shaped localized surface plasmon resonance, interrogated in transmission through polymer optical fibers and a 3D-printed liquid cell. Finite-element modeling guided the geometry, and the fabricated device exhibits a bulk sensitivity of <span><math><mrow><mn>1001</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>61</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>nm</mi><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>RIU</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> over <span><math><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>332</mn></mrow></math></span>–1.352. After immobilizing estrogen receptor <span><math><mi>α</mi></math></span>, the platform quantifies <span><math><mi>β</mi></math></span>-estradiol from 0.05 to <span><math><mrow><mn>100</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>aM</mi></mrow></math></span>; Langmuir analysis yields a low-dose slope of <span><math><mrow><mn>9</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>18</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>9</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>nm</mi><mspace></mspace><msup><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>aM</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and an instrumental limit of detection of <span><math><mrow><mn>63</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>20</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>zM</mi></mrow></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>σ</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>low</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>), while dihydrotestosterone and bovine serum albumin controls induce negligible shifts. These results indicate that deterministic metasurface design coupled to fiber-based interrogation can deliver ultrasensitive, chip-scale steroid assays without labels and provide a general route to portable photonic biosensing. These features are directly relevant to ultra trace hormone monitoring in clinical endocrinology and fertility medicine, as well as on site surveillance of endocrine disrupting compounds in natural/industrial waters, where the fiber coupled readout and 3D printed liquid cell facilitate portable, low footprint deployment outside laboratory environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100442"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Microneedle–peptide biosensor platform for multiplexed profiling of cyclin-dependent kinase activities in cancer cell lines 微针肽生物传感器平台，用于肿瘤细胞系中周期蛋白依赖性激酶活性的多重分析

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100441

Chloé Royet , Lennard Lecki , Sebastien Diot , Said Jebors , Karine Puget , Sanjiv Sharma , May C. Morris

Protein kinases are frequently dysregulated in cancer and constitute invaluable yet underexploited biomarkers for point-of-care diagnostics. Indeed, quantification of their relative abundance does not reflect their functional activity, calling for biosensors that report on their catalytic activity. We have developed a highly sensitive optical biosensing platform that combines polycarbonate microneedle arrays for direct sampling of protein biomarkers with CDK-selective fluorescent peptide biosensors for optical transduction, thereby facilitating kinase activity profiling from biological samples. We have optimized sampling of proteins from cultured cancer cells, as well as optical biosensing to achieve robust and multiplexed profiling of CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 activities from a single sample on a 96-well plate reader within 30 min. We have implemented this hybrid platform to resolve distinct CDK activity signatures across five lung cancer cell lines (A549, PC9, H1299, H358, H322). This minimally invasive hybrid biosensing platform, eliminates detergent-based cell lysis for extraction of protein kinases and supports kinetic and quantitative measurement of their functional activities. By providing a scalable route for ex vivo kinase activity profiling, this approach offers perspectives for point-of-care cancer diagnostics and monitoring of therapeutic response.

蛋白激酶在癌症中经常失调，构成了宝贵但未被充分利用的即时诊断生物标志物。事实上，量化它们的相对丰度并不能反映它们的功能活性，这就要求生物传感器能够报告它们的催化活性。我们开发了一种高灵敏度的光学生物传感平台，将聚碳酸酯微针阵列与cdk选择性荧光肽生物传感器相结合，用于直接采样蛋白质生物标志物，用于光学转导，从而促进生物样品的激酶活性分析。我们已经优化了从培养的癌细胞中提取蛋白质的采样，以及光学生物传感，在96孔板读取器上在30分钟内实现对单个样品的CDK1， CDK2， CDK4和CDK6活性的稳健和多路分析。我们已经实现了这个混合平台来解析五种肺癌细胞系（A549, PC9, H1299, H358, H322）的不同CDK活性特征。这种微创混合生物传感平台，消除了基于洗涤剂的细胞裂解提取蛋白激酶，并支持其功能活性的动力学和定量测量。通过为体外激酶活性分析提供可扩展的途径，这种方法为即时癌症诊断和治疗反应监测提供了视角。

{"title":"Microneedle–peptide biosensor platform for multiplexed profiling of cyclin-dependent kinase activities in cancer cell lines","authors":"Chloé Royet , Lennard Lecki , Sebastien Diot , Said Jebors , Karine Puget , Sanjiv Sharma , May C. Morris","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100441","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100441","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Protein kinases are frequently dysregulated in cancer and constitute invaluable yet underexploited biomarkers for point-of-care diagnostics. Indeed, quantification of their relative abundance does not reflect their functional activity, calling for biosensors that report on their catalytic activity. We have developed a highly sensitive optical biosensing platform that combines polycarbonate microneedle arrays for direct sampling of protein biomarkers with CDK-selective fluorescent peptide biosensors for optical transduction, thereby facilitating kinase activity profiling from biological samples. We have optimized sampling of proteins from cultured cancer cells, as well as optical biosensing to achieve robust and multiplexed profiling of CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 activities from a single sample on a 96-well plate reader within 30 min. We have implemented this hybrid platform to resolve distinct CDK activity signatures across five lung cancer cell lines (A549, PC9, H1299, H358, H322). This minimally invasive hybrid biosensing platform, eliminates detergent-based cell lysis for extraction of protein kinases and supports kinetic and quantitative measurement of their functional activities. By providing a scalable route for ex vivo kinase activity profiling, this approach offers perspectives for point-of-care cancer diagnostics and monitoring of therapeutic response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100441"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research progress of fluorescent probes about accurate inspection of phosphates for food safety and biological evaluation 食品安全和生物评价中磷酸盐精确检测荧光探针的研究进展

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100438

Ying Qiu , Yi Xie , Xinye Lin , Qinshu Zhang , Chongrong Ke , Daliang Li

Phosphate ions, the primary existence of phosphorus in nature, play a vital role in various aspects of human life. In the human body, phosphate ions exist in forms such as phospholipids, nucleotides and phosphates. However, excessively high concentrations of phosphate can pose serious risks to human health. Therefore, the development of reliable and sensitive fluorescent detection techniques for phosphate ions is crucial for environmental monitoring, human health, and public hygiene. This review provides a concise overview of the current state of fluorescent detection technologies, with a focus on the principles of detection, underlying mechanisms, and recent advancements. The primary aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss recent progress in the design and synthesis of fluorescent probes for phosphate ions based on organic small molecules, nanoparticles, and metal-organic polymers, as well as their successful applications across various fields. Furthermore, it explores future prospects in the design and investigation of such probes, which may contribute to the development of novel fluorescent sensors for phosphate ions.

磷酸盐离子是自然界中主要存在的磷，在人类生活的各个方面起着至关重要的作用。在人体内，磷酸盐离子以磷脂、核苷酸和磷酸盐等形式存在。然而，磷酸盐浓度过高会对人体健康构成严重威胁。因此，开发可靠、灵敏的磷酸盐离子荧光检测技术对环境监测、人类健康和公共卫生至关重要。本文简要介绍了荧光检测技术的现状，重点介绍了检测原理、潜在机制和最新进展。本文综述了基于有机小分子、纳米粒子和金属-有机聚合物的磷酸离子荧光探针的设计和合成的最新进展，以及它们在各个领域的成功应用。展望了这种探针的设计和研究的未来前景，这可能有助于新型磷酸盐离子荧光传感器的发展。

{"title":"Research progress of fluorescent probes about accurate inspection of phosphates for food safety and biological evaluation","authors":"Ying Qiu , Yi Xie , Xinye Lin , Qinshu Zhang , Chongrong Ke , Daliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100438","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100438","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phosphate ions, the primary existence of phosphorus in nature, play a vital role in various aspects of human life. In the human body, phosphate ions exist in forms such as phospholipids, nucleotides and phosphates. However, excessively high concentrations of phosphate can pose serious risks to human health. Therefore, the development of reliable and sensitive fluorescent detection techniques for phosphate ions is crucial for environmental monitoring, human health, and public hygiene. This review provides a concise overview of the current state of fluorescent detection technologies, with a focus on the principles of detection, underlying mechanisms, and recent advancements. The primary aim of this review is to comprehensively discuss recent progress in the design and synthesis of fluorescent probes for phosphate ions based on organic small molecules, nanoparticles, and metal-organic polymers, as well as their successful applications across various fields. Furthermore, it explores future prospects in the design and investigation of such probes, which may contribute to the development of novel fluorescent sensors for phosphate ions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100438"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

AI-Integrated biosensors: A paradigm shift in multi-cancer detection with enhanced sensitivity and specificity 人工智能集成生物传感器：提高灵敏度和特异性的多癌检测范式转变

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100439

Fatima Naseer , Ufra Naseer , Muhammad Yousaf , Junnan Wei , Yuxuan Gao , Dan Li , Xiujia Tian , Yanqing Liu , Xueyan Li , Fang Wang , Ping Luo

Cancer remains a major global health problem, with survival closely tied to early detection. Conventional methods like physical examination, laboratory tests, biopsy, and imaging have limitations for detecting low-abundance cancer biomarkers at earlier stages. Because early-stage cancer biomarkers are present at low abundance, there is a need for technologies with low limits of detection that are highly sensitive, specific, and achievable at a manageable cost. In this review, we performed a structured literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from database inception up to December 2024 using keywords related to biosensors, electrochemical, optical, nanomaterial, multi-cancer early detection, and artificial intelligence. We evaluate recent advances in biosensor-based strategies for minimally invasive sampling and summarize how electrochemical, optical, and nanomaterial-based biosensors convert biomarker interactions into measurable signals. For each modality, we outline transduction principles, key biomarker performance, and multiplex capacity, with applications spanning liquid biopsy, breath analysis, and tumor microenvironment readouts. We also summarize AI methods for denoising, feature extraction, multimodal fusion, and classifier training for cancer detection and tumor of origin assignment. Finally, we highlight key translational priorities, including standardized pre-analytical workflows, multi-site studies, well-curated datasets, transparent preprocessing, external validation, privacy-preserving training, and integration with clinical information systems. Overall, the reviewed literature indicates that AI most consistently improves interpretation and classification from complex biosensor readouts, but clinically reliable MCED is still limited by non-standardized pre-analytical handling and insufficient independent external validation. These findings support AI-integrated biosensors as a promising route to shift diagnosis toward earlier stages and enable efficient care pathways within a scalable MCED workflow.

癌症仍然是一个主要的全球健康问题，生存与早期发现密切相关。常规方法，如体检、实验室检查、活检和成像，在早期检测低丰度癌症生物标志物方面存在局限性。由于早期癌症生物标志物的丰度较低，因此需要低检测限的技术，这些技术必须高度敏感、特异性强，并且成本可控。在这篇综述中，我们使用与生物传感器、电化学、光学、纳米材料、多种癌症早期检测和人工智能相关的关键词，对PubMed、Web of Science和谷歌Scholar数据库从数据库建立到2024年12月进行了结构化的文献检索。我们评估了基于生物传感器的微创采样策略的最新进展，并总结了电化学、光学和纳米材料生物传感器如何将生物标志物相互作用转化为可测量的信号。对于每种模式，我们概述了转导原理，关键生物标志物性能和多重功能，应用范围包括液体活检，呼吸分析和肿瘤微环境读数。我们还总结了用于癌症检测和肿瘤起源分配的去噪、特征提取、多模态融合和分类器训练的人工智能方法。最后，我们强调了关键的翻译优先事项，包括标准化的分析前工作流程，多站点研究，精心策划的数据集，透明的预处理，外部验证，隐私保护培训以及与临床信息系统的集成。总体而言，综述的文献表明，人工智能最一致地提高了复杂生物传感器读数的解释和分类，但临床可靠的MCED仍然受到非标准化分析前处理和独立外部验证不足的限制。这些发现支持人工智能集成生物传感器作为一种有希望的途径，将诊断转向早期阶段，并在可扩展的MCED工作流程中实现有效的护理途径。

{"title":"AI-Integrated biosensors: A paradigm shift in multi-cancer detection with enhanced sensitivity and specificity","authors":"Fatima Naseer , Ufra Naseer , Muhammad Yousaf , Junnan Wei , Yuxuan Gao , Dan Li , Xiujia Tian , Yanqing Liu , Xueyan Li , Fang Wang , Ping Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100439","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100439","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cancer remains a major global health problem, with survival closely tied to early detection. Conventional methods like physical examination, laboratory tests, biopsy, and imaging have limitations for detecting low-abundance cancer biomarkers at earlier stages. Because early-stage cancer biomarkers are present at low abundance, there is a need for technologies with low limits of detection that are highly sensitive, specific, and achievable at a manageable cost. In this review, we performed a structured literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from database inception up to December 2024 using keywords related to biosensors, electrochemical, optical, nanomaterial, multi-cancer early detection, and artificial intelligence. We evaluate recent advances in biosensor-based strategies for minimally invasive sampling and summarize how electrochemical, optical, and nanomaterial-based biosensors convert biomarker interactions into measurable signals. For each modality, we outline transduction principles, key biomarker performance, and multiplex capacity, with applications spanning liquid biopsy, breath analysis, and tumor microenvironment readouts. We also summarize AI methods for denoising, feature extraction, multimodal fusion, and classifier training for cancer detection and tumor of origin assignment. Finally, we highlight key translational priorities, including standardized pre-analytical workflows, multi-site studies, well-curated datasets, transparent preprocessing, external validation, privacy-preserving training, and integration with clinical information systems. Overall, the reviewed literature indicates that AI most consistently improves interpretation and classification from complex biosensor readouts, but clinically reliable MCED is still limited by non-standardized pre-analytical handling and insufficient independent external validation. These findings support AI-integrated biosensors as a promising route to shift diagnosis toward earlier stages and enable efficient care pathways within a scalable MCED workflow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100439"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Challenges and strategies for CRISPR-Cas molecular diagnostics from mechanism to clinical translation CRISPR-Cas分子诊断从机制到临床转化的挑战与策略

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100437

Jian Zhou , Na Zhang , Ying-jie Ren , Xue-mei Ren , Xin Wang , Xing-chun Gou , Akiteru Goto , Shigeharu Ueki , Subash C.B. Gopinath , Ke-ming Chen , Zhuo Li

CRISPR-Cas systems offer transformative potential for molecular diagnostics, overcoming limitations in portability, multiplexing, and point-of-care applicability inherent in conventional methods like PCR. This review systematically examines CRISPR-Cas detection technologies. It classifies key Cas enzymes based on their distinct cis- and trans-cleavage mechanisms and sequence preferences, outlining their roles in detecting nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets. Comprehensive strategies for optimizing detection performance are detailed, including Cas protein engineering for high-fidelity variants, crRNA engineering using artificial Intelligence design and structural modifications, sample pretreatment methods for target enrichment, and reaction system refinements integrating isothermal amplification and digital partitioning. Signal enhancement strategies enable diverse readouts through fluorescence, electrochemistry, lateral flow, and smartphone-based detection, while stability improvements involve lyophilization and thermostable engineering. The diverse applications evaluated span infectious disease diagnosis for pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 and antimicrobial resistance, precision oncology including liquid biopsy, genetic disease screening for SNPs and aneuploidy, and chronic/immune disease management for biomarkers such as cytokines. Platforms like SHERLOCK and DETECTR have achieved regulatory approvals. The review critically analyzes challenges for enhancing efficiency, including balancing sensitivity and specificity, integrating workflows, establishing standardized protocols, ensuring reproducibility, reducing costs, and addressing ethical considerations. These analyses establish a foundation for the clinical translation and commercialization of CRISPR-Cas molecular diagnostics.

CRISPR-Cas系统为分子诊断提供了变革性的潜力，克服了PCR等传统方法固有的可移植性、多路复用和护理点适用性的限制。本文系统地研究了CRISPR-Cas检测技术。它根据不同的顺式和反式切割机制和序列偏好对关键Cas酶进行分类，概述了它们在检测核酸和非核酸靶标中的作用。详细介绍了优化检测性能的综合策略，包括用于高保真变体的Cas蛋白工程，使用人工智能设计和结构修改的crRNA工程，用于靶富集的样品预处理方法，以及集成等温扩增和数字划分的反应系统改进。信号增强策略通过荧光、电化学、横向流动和基于智能手机的检测实现不同的读数，而稳定性改进涉及冻干和热稳定性工程。评估的各种应用包括传染性疾病诊断，如SARS-CoV-2和抗菌素耐药性，精确肿瘤学，包括液体活检，snp和非整倍体的遗传病筛查，以及细胞因子等生物标志物的慢性/免疫疾病管理。SHERLOCK和DETECTR等平台已经获得了监管部门的批准。该综述批判性地分析了提高效率所面临的挑战，包括平衡敏感性和特异性、整合工作流程、建立标准化协议、确保可重复性、降低成本和解决伦理问题。这些分析为CRISPR-Cas分子诊断的临床翻译和商业化奠定了基础。

{"title":"Challenges and strategies for CRISPR-Cas molecular diagnostics from mechanism to clinical translation","authors":"Jian Zhou , Na Zhang , Ying-jie Ren , Xue-mei Ren , Xin Wang , Xing-chun Gou , Akiteru Goto , Shigeharu Ueki , Subash C.B. Gopinath , Ke-ming Chen , Zhuo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100437","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100437","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CRISPR-Cas systems offer transformative potential for molecular diagnostics, overcoming limitations in portability, multiplexing, and point-of-care applicability inherent in conventional methods like PCR. This review systematically examines CRISPR-Cas detection technologies. It classifies key Cas enzymes based on their distinct cis- and trans-cleavage mechanisms and sequence preferences, outlining their roles in detecting nucleic acid and non-nucleic acid targets. Comprehensive strategies for optimizing detection performance are detailed, including Cas protein engineering for high-fidelity variants, crRNA engineering using artificial Intelligence design and structural modifications, sample pretreatment methods for target enrichment, and reaction system refinements integrating isothermal amplification and digital partitioning. Signal enhancement strategies enable diverse readouts through fluorescence, electrochemistry, lateral flow, and smartphone-based detection, while stability improvements involve lyophilization and thermostable engineering. The diverse applications evaluated span infectious disease diagnosis for pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 and antimicrobial resistance, precision oncology including liquid biopsy, genetic disease screening for SNPs and aneuploidy, and chronic/immune disease management for biomarkers such as cytokines. Platforms like SHERLOCK and DETECTR have achieved regulatory approvals. The review critically analyzes challenges for enhancing efficiency, including balancing sensitivity and specificity, integrating workflows, establishing standardized protocols, ensuring reproducibility, reducing costs, and addressing ethical considerations. These analyses establish a foundation for the clinical translation and commercialization of CRISPR-Cas molecular diagnostics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100437"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146034266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A DNA walker-based biosensor for ultrasensitive HIV DNA detection 一种基于DNA行走器的超灵敏HIV DNA检测生物传感器

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100435

Li-Kang Yin, Rui Huang, Ze-Lin Wang, Can Yang, Xue Mi, Han-Ying Zhan, Zhi-Qi Zhang

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) compromises the human immune system and remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases globally. Nucleic acid testing is a powerful tool for the early detection of HIV infection, capable of real-time HIV DNA detection without the limitation of a window period. In this study, a DNA nanostructure-based biosensor that leveraged interactions between functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and three-dimensional (3D) DNA walkers were developed for ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of HIV DNA. The biosensor comprised blocked-walking particles (BPs) with locked DNAzyme and substrate particles (SPs) with quenched carboxyfluorescein (FAM) fluorophores. Upon encountering HIV DNA, the blocking strands hybridized more strongly with the HIV DNA, exposing the DNAzyme, which subsequently cleaved FAM on the SPs from the AuNPs and restoring fluorescence. As all substrate strands on SPs were cleaved, the BPs interacted with new SPs, significantly amplifying the fluorescent signal. The fluorescence intensity showed a linear correlation with HIV DNA concentration ranging from 0.02 to 6.00 nM, with a detection limit of 12.8 pM. The performance of biosensor was evaluated using spiked serum samples, demonstrating good precision and recovery rates. The DNA walker biosensor leveraged particle-to-particle interactions for rapid signal amplification, offering great potential for sensitive biosensors.

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）危害人体免疫系统，是全球最致命的传染病之一。核酸检测是早期检测HIV感染的有力工具，能够实时检测HIV DNA，不受窗口期的限制。在这项研究中，一种基于DNA纳米结构的生物传感器利用功能化金纳米颗粒（AuNPs）和三维（3D） DNA步行者之间的相互作用，用于超灵敏的HIV DNA荧光检测。该生物传感器包括具有锁定DNAzyme的阻断行走颗粒（bp）和具有淬灭的羧基荧光素（FAM）荧光团的底物颗粒（SPs）。当遇到HIV DNA时，阻断链与HIV DNA杂交更强烈，暴露DNAzyme，随后从aunp上切割SPs上的FAM并恢复荧光。由于SPs上的所有底物链都被切割，bp与新的SPs相互作用，显著放大了荧光信号。荧光强度与HIV DNA浓度在0.02 ~ 6.00 nM范围内呈线性相关，检出限为12.8 pM。使用加标血清样品对生物传感器的性能进行了评估，显示出良好的精度和回收率。DNA walker生物传感器利用粒子对粒子的相互作用进行快速信号放大，为灵敏的生物传感器提供了巨大的潜力。

{"title":"A DNA walker-based biosensor for ultrasensitive HIV DNA detection","authors":"Li-Kang Yin, Rui Huang, Ze-Lin Wang, Can Yang, Xue Mi, Han-Ying Zhan, Zhi-Qi Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100435","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100435","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) compromises the human immune system and remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases globally. Nucleic acid testing is a powerful tool for the early detection of HIV infection, capable of real-time HIV DNA detection without the limitation of a window period. In this study, a DNA nanostructure-based biosensor that leveraged interactions between functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and three-dimensional (3D) DNA walkers were developed for ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of HIV DNA. The biosensor comprised blocked-walking particles (BPs) with locked DNAzyme and substrate particles (SPs) with quenched carboxyfluorescein (FAM) fluorophores. Upon encountering HIV DNA, the blocking strands hybridized more strongly with the HIV DNA, exposing the DNAzyme, which subsequently cleaved FAM on the SPs from the AuNPs and restoring fluorescence. As all substrate strands on SPs were cleaved, the BPs interacted with new SPs, significantly amplifying the fluorescent signal. The fluorescence intensity showed a linear correlation with HIV DNA concentration ranging from 0.02 to 6.00 nM, with a detection limit of 12.8 pM. The performance of biosensor was evaluated using spiked serum samples, demonstrating good precision and recovery rates. The DNA walker biosensor leveraged particle-to-particle interactions for rapid signal amplification, offering great potential for sensitive biosensors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100435"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Real-time MoS2-silicon photoelectrochemical biosensor for tracking mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction in metastatic cancers 实时mos2 -硅光电化学生物传感器用于追踪转移性癌症的线粒体代谢功能障碍

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100436

Tsung-Hsien Chen , Chun-Liang Lai , Zhi-Hao Jiang , Ding-Fong Lin , Chu-Kuang Chou , Michael W.Y. Chan , Yao-Tung Wang , Jung-Sheng Chen , Min-Tsung Wang , Hsiang-Chen Wang

Mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulated redox signaling are critical drivers of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, yet current methods lack sufficient temporal resolution to monitor mitochondrial function in living cells in real time. Here, we report a molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)-enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor integrated with a silicon solar cell to dynamic tracking of mitochondrial redox activity. Incorporation of MoS₂ substantially improved photogenerated charge separation and interfacial electron transfer, yielding a 57.7% increase in PEC signal intensity compared with unmodified electrodes. The biosensor distinguished metastatic from non-metastatic gastric cancer phenotypes: MKN45 and NCI-N87 cells exhibited 2.42-fold and 1.41-fold higher photocurrents, respectively, relative to AGS cells. Photocurrent output correlated strongly with cell number (R² > 0.986), enabling quantitative metabolic profiling. Sequential treatment with mitochondrial modulators—oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/antimycin A—produced bidirectional photocurrent changes reflective of oxidative phosphorylation flux and electron transport chain inhibition, demonstrating real-time bioenergetic tracking. These results establish that PEC output as a sensitive surrogate for mitochondrial redox dynamics. The MoS₂-based PEC platform thus provides a rapid, label-free approach for functional mitochondrial analysis, with translational potential for cancer diagnostics, metabolic stratification, and therapeutic response evaluation.

线粒体功能障碍和氧化还原信号失调是癌症进展和治疗耐药的关键驱动因素，但目前的方法缺乏足够的时间分辨率来实时监测活细胞中的线粒体功能。在这里，我们报道了一个二硫化钼（MoS 2）增强的光电化学（PEC）生物传感器与硅太阳能电池集成，以动态跟踪线粒体氧化还原活性。MoS 2的加入大大改善了光生电荷分离和界面电子转移，与未修饰的电极相比，PEC信号强度提高了57.7%。生物传感器区分了转移性和非转移性胃癌表型：MKN45和NCI-N87细胞的光电流分别比AGS细胞高2.42倍和1.41倍。光电流输出与细胞数密切相关（R²> 0.986），实现了定量代谢谱分析。线粒体调节剂（寡霉素、FCCP和鱼藤酮/抗霉素a）的顺序处理产生了反映氧化磷酸化通量和电子传递链抑制的双向光电流变化，显示出实时的生物能量跟踪。这些结果表明，PEC输出是线粒体氧化还原动力学的敏感替代物。因此，基于MoS 2的PEC平台为功能性线粒体分析提供了一种快速、无标记的方法，具有癌症诊断、代谢分层和治疗反应评估的转化潜力。

{"title":"Real-time MoS2-silicon photoelectrochemical biosensor for tracking mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction in metastatic cancers","authors":"Tsung-Hsien Chen , Chun-Liang Lai , Zhi-Hao Jiang , Ding-Fong Lin , Chu-Kuang Chou , Michael W.Y. Chan , Yao-Tung Wang , Jung-Sheng Chen , Min-Tsung Wang , Hsiang-Chen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100436","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100436","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulated redox signaling are critical drivers of cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, yet current methods lack sufficient temporal resolution to monitor mitochondrial function in living cells in real time. Here, we report a molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂)-enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor integrated with a silicon solar cell to dynamic tracking of mitochondrial redox activity. Incorporation of MoS₂ substantially improved photogenerated charge separation and interfacial electron transfer, yielding a 57.7% increase in PEC signal intensity compared with unmodified electrodes. The biosensor distinguished metastatic from non-metastatic gastric cancer phenotypes: MKN45 and NCI-N87 cells exhibited 2.42-fold and 1.41-fold higher photocurrents, respectively, relative to AGS cells. Photocurrent output correlated strongly with cell number (R² > 0.986), enabling quantitative metabolic profiling. Sequential treatment with mitochondrial modulators—oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/antimycin A—produced bidirectional photocurrent changes reflective of oxidative phosphorylation flux and electron transport chain inhibition, demonstrating real-time bioenergetic tracking. These results establish that PEC output as a sensitive surrogate for mitochondrial redox dynamics. The MoS₂-based PEC platform thus provides a rapid, label-free approach for functional mitochondrial analysis, with translational potential for cancer diagnostics, metabolic stratification, and therapeutic response evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100436"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145972832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cascaded and autocatalytic dumbbell probe for exponentially amplified and label-free highly-sensitive fluorescent biosensing of miRNA from cancer cells 级联和自催化哑铃探针用于指数扩增和无标记的高灵敏度肿瘤细胞miRNA荧光生物传感

IF 7.6 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Sensors and Actuators Reports

Pub Date : 2026-01-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.snr.2026.100434

Min Zhong , Nianting Xiao , Yaqin Tang , Yu Liu , Xiao Guo , Chunyuan Gan , Wenli Wu , Lian Yi , Daxiu Li

miRNAs are valuable biomarkers for cancer diagnostics, but their low abundance and miRNAs are valuable biomarkers for cancer diagnostics, but their low abundance and sequence similarity pose challenges for reliable detection. The hybridization chain reaction mediated by a DNAzyme has been combined with the rolling circle amplification (HCRD-RCA) to develop an exponentially amplified, label-free, and highly sensitive detection method for miRNA-21. Within this framework, the miRNA-21 target sets off a hybridization chain reaction to produce a DNAzyme that cleaves hairpins and releases S1. Subsequently, S1 induces rolling circle amplification on a dumbbell probe with dual binding sites, whilst regenerating the DNAzyme to establish an autocatalytic cycle. The dual-site dumbbell probe facilitates the exponential generation of G-quadruplex structures, which bind to thioflavin T, resulting in strong fluorescence without the need for labeling. This method achieves an ultralow detection limit of 0.155 fM, excellent mismatch discrimination, and reliable performance in complex matrices. Furthermore, it quantifies miRNA-21 in serum and clearly distinguishes expression differences between MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Overall, this cascaded and autocatalytic platform offers a robust tool for the early detection of cancer and precise analysis of miRNA in biological samples.

mirna是有价值的癌症诊断生物标志物，但它们的低丰度和mirna是有价值的癌症诊断生物标志物，但它们的低丰度和序列相似性给可靠的检测带来了挑战。将DNAzyme介导的杂交链反应与滚动环扩增（HCRD-RCA）相结合，建立了一种指数扩增、无标记、高灵敏度的miRNA-21检测方法。在这个框架内，miRNA-21靶标引发杂交连锁反应，产生切割发夹并释放S1的DNAzyme。随后，S1在具有双结合位点的哑铃探针上诱导滚动圈扩增，同时再生DNAzyme以建立自催化循环。双点哑铃探针促进g -四重结构的指数生成，与硫黄素T结合，产生强荧光，无需标记。该方法具有0.155 fM的超低检出限、出色的错配判别能力和可靠的复杂矩阵检测性能。此外，该方法还量化了血清中的miRNA-21，明确区分了MCF-7和HeLa细胞之间的表达差异。总的来说，这种级联和自催化平台为早期检测癌症和精确分析生物样品中的miRNA提供了一个强大的工具。

{"title":"Cascaded and autocatalytic dumbbell probe for exponentially amplified and label-free highly-sensitive fluorescent biosensing of miRNA from cancer cells","authors":"Min Zhong , Nianting Xiao , Yaqin Tang , Yu Liu , Xiao Guo , Chunyuan Gan , Wenli Wu , Lian Yi , Daxiu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100434","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.snr.2026.100434","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>miRNAs are valuable biomarkers for cancer diagnostics, but their low abundance and miRNAs are valuable biomarkers for cancer diagnostics, but their low abundance and sequence similarity pose challenges for reliable detection. The hybridization chain reaction mediated by a DNAzyme has been combined with the rolling circle amplification (HCRD-RCA) to develop an exponentially amplified, label-free, and highly sensitive detection method for miRNA-21. Within this framework, the miRNA-21 target sets off a hybridization chain reaction to produce a DNAzyme that cleaves hairpins and releases S1. Subsequently, S1 induces rolling circle amplification on a dumbbell probe with dual binding sites, whilst regenerating the DNAzyme to establish an autocatalytic cycle. The dual-site dumbbell probe facilitates the exponential generation of G-quadruplex structures, which bind to thioflavin T, resulting in strong fluorescence without the need for labeling. This method achieves an ultralow detection limit of 0.155 fM, excellent mismatch discrimination, and reliable performance in complex matrices. Furthermore, it quantifies miRNA-21 in serum and clearly distinguishes expression differences between MCF-7 and HeLa cells. Overall, this cascaded and autocatalytic platform offers a robust tool for the early detection of cancer and precise analysis of miRNA in biological samples.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":426,"journal":{"name":"Sensors and Actuators Reports","volume":"11 ","pages":"Article 100434"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0