Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231179020
N. Nebhinani
Affective disorders in children and adolescents generally have a severe course of the illness, higher suicidal behavior, and adverse effect on overall development and life course. Presentation of pediatric depression and bipolar is usually different from adults, leading to longer delays in help-seeking and effective management. This narrative review highlights the magnitude, clinical presentation, comorbidity, differential diagnosis, and management approach of depression and bipolar in children and adolescents. Better awareness and expertise are essential for timely identification, comprehensive assessment, and holistic treatment.
{"title":"Identifying and Managing Affective Disorders in Children and Adolescents","authors":"N. Nebhinani","doi":"10.1177/09731342231179020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231179020","url":null,"abstract":"Affective disorders in children and adolescents generally have a severe course of the illness, higher suicidal behavior, and adverse effect on overall development and life course. Presentation of pediatric depression and bipolar is usually different from adults, leading to longer delays in help-seeking and effective management. This narrative review highlights the magnitude, clinical presentation, comorbidity, differential diagnosis, and management approach of depression and bipolar in children and adolescents. Better awareness and expertise are essential for timely identification, comprehensive assessment, and holistic treatment.","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"40 - 46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45731884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231179267
J. Ram, Swati B. Shelke
Eating disorders (EDs) are increasingly recognized in children and adolescents. Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are less common in children and adolescents than adults, but both disorders can occur in this age group. Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the most common ED in children and adolescents and is more prevalent in females than males. EDs may present differently in children and adolescents than in adults, and parents or caregivers may be the first to notice changes in eating patterns or body weight. Diagnostic criteria for EDs in children and adolescents include disturbances in eating behavior, weight or shape concerns, and significant distress or impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. Multidisciplinary approaches are recommended for treating EDs in children and adolescents, including medical management, nutritional counseling, and psychological interventions. Evidence-based treatments for AN and BN include family-based therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy are recommended for children and adolescents with BED. Hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases. Early identification and intervention are crucial for improving treatment outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term complications. Treatment approaches should be tailored to developmental and cultural needs and involve a multidisciplinary team. Continued research is needed to improve early detection, prevention strategies, and treatments for this vulnerable population. EDs in children and adolescents are a significant public health concern that can have serious physical and psychological consequences. It is important for healthcare providers and caregivers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of EDs in young people and to seek prompt and appropriate treatment
{"title":"Understanding Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescent Population","authors":"J. Ram, Swati B. Shelke","doi":"10.1177/09731342231179267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231179267","url":null,"abstract":"Eating disorders (EDs) are increasingly recognized in children and adolescents. Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are less common in children and adolescents than adults, but both disorders can occur in this age group. Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the most common ED in children and adolescents and is more prevalent in females than males. EDs may present differently in children and adolescents than in adults, and parents or caregivers may be the first to notice changes in eating patterns or body weight. Diagnostic criteria for EDs in children and adolescents include disturbances in eating behavior, weight or shape concerns, and significant distress or impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. Multidisciplinary approaches are recommended for treating EDs in children and adolescents, including medical management, nutritional counseling, and psychological interventions. Evidence-based treatments for AN and BN include family-based therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy are recommended for children and adolescents with BED. Hospitalization may be necessary in severe cases. Early identification and intervention are crucial for improving treatment outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term complications. Treatment approaches should be tailored to developmental and cultural needs and involve a multidisciplinary team. Continued research is needed to improve early detection, prevention strategies, and treatments for this vulnerable population. EDs in children and adolescents are a significant public health concern that can have serious physical and psychological consequences. It is important for healthcare providers and caregivers to be aware of the signs and symptoms of EDs in young people and to seek prompt and appropriate treatment","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"60 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48315881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231176389
P. Sharan
The philosophy of childhood which deals with issues related to conception about childhood, children’s rights, and moral status, etc., is important for clarifying attitudes towards the children in care provision and ethical and legal conundrums related to child and adolescent mental health. This is highlighted through the implications of philosophy of childhood on the age of consent, in particular, in reference to medical and sexual consent.
{"title":"Philosophy of Childhood and Its Implications for the Age of Consent","authors":"P. Sharan","doi":"10.1177/09731342231176389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231176389","url":null,"abstract":"The philosophy of childhood which deals with issues related to conception about childhood, children’s rights, and moral status, etc., is important for clarifying attitudes towards the children in care provision and ethical and legal conundrums related to child and adolescent mental health. This is highlighted through the implications of philosophy of childhood on the age of consent, in particular, in reference to medical and sexual consent.","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"9 - 13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41924277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231179036
P. Rao, H. Morandini
Research in psychopharmacology in children and adolescents is an area of growing interest with numerous newer modalities becoming available in recent years. Nevertheless, it still lags significantly behind research in adult psychopharmacology although, in the last decade, the gap is beginning to be bridged with FDA approval for newer agents for the paediatric age group. The purpose of this selective narrative review is to examine the latest advances in psychopharmacology in the last decade and their safety, tolerability and applicability in children and adolescents. In methodology, we identified 4 main areas of recent advances in psychopharmacology, viz. Ketamine, Nitrous Oxide, Cannabidiol and cannabis derivates and the area of pharmacogenomics. We then conducted a comprehensive search of the literature using PubMed, Embase and Ovid databases to identify the most recent updates in these areas, especially focussed on the paediatric population. The search was limited to English language studies and focussed on recent updates in these four areas. In the results, it was seen that all the four identified areas have potential applicability in children and adolescents with some studies evaluating their safety and tolerability in the paediatric population. However, literature on the long-term safety and efficacy of these newer modalities in the paediatric population is limited and none of the identified agents are currently recommended for routine clinical use in children and adolescents. Overall, it could be concluded that the results of this selective narrative review suggest that newer modalities in psychopharmacology offer promising treatments for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. However, further research is needed to fully understand the long-term safety and efficacy of these treatments as well as optimal dosing and monitoring strategies to ensure their safe and effective use in the paediatric population.
{"title":"Newer Modalities in Psychopharmacology in Children and Adolescents: A Selective Narrative Review of the Literature","authors":"P. Rao, H. Morandini","doi":"10.1177/09731342231179036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231179036","url":null,"abstract":"Research in psychopharmacology in children and adolescents is an area of growing interest with numerous newer modalities becoming available in recent years. Nevertheless, it still lags significantly behind research in adult psychopharmacology although, in the last decade, the gap is beginning to be bridged with FDA approval for newer agents for the paediatric age group. The purpose of this selective narrative review is to examine the latest advances in psychopharmacology in the last decade and their safety, tolerability and applicability in children and adolescents. In methodology, we identified 4 main areas of recent advances in psychopharmacology, viz. Ketamine, Nitrous Oxide, Cannabidiol and cannabis derivates and the area of pharmacogenomics. We then conducted a comprehensive search of the literature using PubMed, Embase and Ovid databases to identify the most recent updates in these areas, especially focussed on the paediatric population. The search was limited to English language studies and focussed on recent updates in these four areas. In the results, it was seen that all the four identified areas have potential applicability in children and adolescents with some studies evaluating their safety and tolerability in the paediatric population. However, literature on the long-term safety and efficacy of these newer modalities in the paediatric population is limited and none of the identified agents are currently recommended for routine clinical use in children and adolescents. Overall, it could be concluded that the results of this selective narrative review suggest that newer modalities in psychopharmacology offer promising treatments for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. However, further research is needed to fully understand the long-term safety and efficacy of these treatments as well as optimal dosing and monitoring strategies to ensure their safe and effective use in the paediatric population.","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"88 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42183789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231181762
Swati Khanolkar
REBT is an evidence-based approach that helps people manage cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances in sustainable, healthy ways. It takes a holistic view of emotional disturbances, including depression. In keeping with the concept of psychological interactionism, REBT views depression as a thinking-feeling-behaving pattern and not a diagnostic label alone. Depressive thinking-feeling-behaving is a common consequence in teens in response to such adversities and can manifest in different ways. Some may want to resign to their fate and let others make these choices for them, some may want to gain more control by trying to make perfect choices, and some may want to escape the conflict by hurting themselves, overly consuming online content, binge eating junk food, and so on, and others may want to rebel and make extreme choices. Most of these ways prove to be short-term ways of coping with or managing these challenges and may be in fact harmful in the long term. REBT argues that therapy can teach teenagers to identify, practice, and internalize healthy, long-term ways of coping which they can eventually use independently across different situational contexts.
{"title":"REBT for Depression in Teens","authors":"Swati Khanolkar","doi":"10.1177/09731342231181762","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231181762","url":null,"abstract":"REBT is an evidence-based approach that helps people manage cognitive, emotional, and behavioral disturbances in sustainable, healthy ways. It takes a holistic view of emotional disturbances, including depression. In keeping with the concept of psychological interactionism, REBT views depression as a thinking-feeling-behaving pattern and not a diagnostic label alone. Depressive thinking-feeling-behaving is a common consequence in teens in response to such adversities and can manifest in different ways. Some may want to resign to their fate and let others make these choices for them, some may want to gain more control by trying to make perfect choices, and some may want to escape the conflict by hurting themselves, overly consuming online content, binge eating junk food, and so on, and others may want to rebel and make extreme choices. Most of these ways prove to be short-term ways of coping with or managing these challenges and may be in fact harmful in the long term. REBT argues that therapy can teach teenagers to identify, practice, and internalize healthy, long-term ways of coping which they can eventually use independently across different situational contexts.","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"104 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42595608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231192751
N. Sawant, Bhooshan Shukla
Self-injurious behavior is a common symptom in neurodevelopmental disorders which is often the least understood and difficult to treat. In this narrative review, we intend to focus on the symptomatology, causal and risk factors for SIBs along with the nonpharmacological and pharmacological management of SIBs in NDD. A manual search was done using the electronic databases of Pubmed, Google scholar on relevant publications or cross-references till December 2022 and the data was then collated to give the prevalence, epidemiology, risk factors, treatment and management of SIB in NDD. Results showed that the behaviors begin in developmental phase and are seen in nearly 30% of children with NDD. Many SIBs become chronic over time and are characterized by being repetitive in nature, compulsive or episodic. They could be superficial or deep and are best treated by nonpharmacological methods using functional behavior assessment (FBA). Despite lack of robust evidence for psychotropics some second-generation antipsychotics have been approved for pharmacological treatment of SIB. We can conclude that until more data are available, clinicians must continue to rely upon the limited available evidence, clinical judgement, and expertise, and carefully monitored response(s) to therapy when managing SIBs in children. SIB is outcome of multiple factors that initiate and maintain the behavior. Judicious use of various groups of pharmacological agents is advised. Physician preferences, history of response and safety are part of pharmacological interventions.
{"title":"An Overview of Managing Self-injurious Behaviors in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","authors":"N. Sawant, Bhooshan Shukla","doi":"10.1177/09731342231192751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231192751","url":null,"abstract":"Self-injurious behavior is a common symptom in neurodevelopmental disorders which is often the least understood and difficult to treat. In this narrative review, we intend to focus on the symptomatology, causal and risk factors for SIBs along with the nonpharmacological and pharmacological management of SIBs in NDD. A manual search was done using the electronic databases of Pubmed, Google scholar on relevant publications or cross-references till December 2022 and the data was then collated to give the prevalence, epidemiology, risk factors, treatment and management of SIB in NDD. Results showed that the behaviors begin in developmental phase and are seen in nearly 30% of children with NDD. Many SIBs become chronic over time and are characterized by being repetitive in nature, compulsive or episodic. They could be superficial or deep and are best treated by nonpharmacological methods using functional behavior assessment (FBA). Despite lack of robust evidence for psychotropics some second-generation antipsychotics have been approved for pharmacological treatment of SIB. We can conclude that until more data are available, clinicians must continue to rely upon the limited available evidence, clinical judgement, and expertise, and carefully monitored response(s) to therapy when managing SIBs in children. SIB is outcome of multiple factors that initiate and maintain the behavior. Judicious use of various groups of pharmacological agents is advised. Physician preferences, history of response and safety are part of pharmacological interventions.","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"108 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49159515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231178633
B. Roopesh
Psychological assessment process involves administration, scoring, interpretation, and report writing. In addition to the human resource, time, and effort required for the training, the assessment process itself requires significant time and effort on the part of trained professionals. This automatically translates into the cost, which sometimes can be significant. Given the significantly limited number of trained psychologists who are in clinical practice in India compared to the extent of the population of the country, the amount of assessment work can take away precious time from the intervention services. On the other hand, a significant number of psychological assessment tests used in India are generally old with outdated norms, are poorly standardized, and are not keeping pace with the global development. Given these issues, mental health profession on the whole, as well as the clients/patients can question the validity of the psychological assessments or some specific assessments. This article tries to discuss some of the issues related to the validity of the psychological assessments in general and in specific domains, such as ability, achievement, and psychopathology. In addition to mentioned issues, the article also tries to suggest possible measures to overcome those limitations.
{"title":"Addressing the Elephant in the Room: Validity of Psychological Assessments Used with Children and Adolescents in India","authors":"B. Roopesh","doi":"10.1177/09731342231178633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231178633","url":null,"abstract":"Psychological assessment process involves administration, scoring, interpretation, and report writing. In addition to the human resource, time, and effort required for the training, the assessment process itself requires significant time and effort on the part of trained professionals. This automatically translates into the cost, which sometimes can be significant. Given the significantly limited number of trained psychologists who are in clinical practice in India compared to the extent of the population of the country, the amount of assessment work can take away precious time from the intervention services. On the other hand, a significant number of psychological assessment tests used in India are generally old with outdated norms, are poorly standardized, and are not keeping pace with the global development. Given these issues, mental health profession on the whole, as well as the clients/patients can question the validity of the psychological assessments or some specific assessments. This article tries to discuss some of the issues related to the validity of the psychological assessments in general and in specific domains, such as ability, achievement, and psychopathology. In addition to mentioned issues, the article also tries to suggest possible measures to overcome those limitations.","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"81 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41454923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231179025
P. Arun, S. Mahajan
Intellectual disability (ID) can be caused by various environmental and genetic factors and can lead to significant disability. There are numerous challenges in the field in terms of diagnosis and management. In this article, we have reviewed the literature in this field. A dependable estimate of the prevalence in India still remains to be made. Preventive measures and screening play an important role. The country could greatly benefit from a national newborn screening program, presence of more trained professionals, and public awareness measures. Drug treatments spanning beyond the usual drug classes have not yet found a breakthrough. Persons with ID face many challenges in the field of education, disability certification, access to government schemes, job placements, and living arrangements. We must take cognizance of these challenges at the earliest and work toward rectifying them.
{"title":"Addressing the Visible and Invisible Gaps and Challenges in the Diagnosis and Management of Intellectual Disability","authors":"P. Arun, S. Mahajan","doi":"10.1177/09731342231179025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231179025","url":null,"abstract":"Intellectual disability (ID) can be caused by various environmental and genetic factors and can lead to significant disability. There are numerous challenges in the field in terms of diagnosis and management. In this article, we have reviewed the literature in this field. A dependable estimate of the prevalence in India still remains to be made. Preventive measures and screening play an important role. The country could greatly benefit from a national newborn screening program, presence of more trained professionals, and public awareness measures. Drug treatments spanning beyond the usual drug classes have not yet found a breakthrough. Persons with ID face many challenges in the field of education, disability certification, access to government schemes, job placements, and living arrangements. We must take cognizance of these challenges at the earliest and work toward rectifying them.","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"75 - 80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44855462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231179033
B. Pradhan, Madhusmita Sahoo
Psychotherapies for the youth have resulted from the confluence of 3 major disciplines: adult psychology and psychiatry, developmental neurology and pediatrics, and developmental psychology and ethology. Since their humble origins in the psychoanalytically oriented play therapy and the related theories in the pre-War Germany, over more than a century, they have embraced diverse theoretical views that include but not limited to the integration of developmental issues, evolution of the child guidance movement, and the various influences of institutional and social policies. Such a rich journey has eventually resulted in evidence-based practices (EBPs)—powerful interventions for children and families for complex behavioral problems. In this chapter, we attempt to trace the blooming field of youth psychotherapies in their historical contexts, provide an account of the existing gaps of knowledge, briefly narrate the modern-day developments, mostly regarding the multimodal/eclectic treatment aspects and finally, given their rapid growth, we speculate about their (positive) future. Child and adolescent therapies have progressed considerably, as reflected in the number of controlled studies, their methodological quality, and identification of evidence-based treatments. Despite the methodological difficulties in outcome studies, the field has witnessed major advances regarding the efficacy of selected treatments in child and adolescent psychotherapy and good quality meta-analyses do suggest that 75% of children and young people who attend therapy benefit from it. However, despite the comforting data related to efficacy, major challenges still remain, especially in regard to patient engagement and dropout rates, gap in knowledge about what works and why it works, cultural sensitivity, and data of cost- effectiveness—just to quote a few. Several key areas have been neglected in research, such as the mechanisms of change, the moderators of treatment outcome, and the generalizability of the research findings to the clinical practice arena—this has greatly limited what we know about treatment and partly explains the relative lack of personalized psychotherapies and scarcity in their dissemination/generalization despite the documented evidence on their efficacy. Tailoring treatment more specifically to each patient may be necessary to reduce this nonresponsiveness and dropping outs, as one treatment does not fit all. This necessitates the need for eclecticism—to combine youth psychotherapies with other modes of treatments, such as medications, neuromodulation interventions, and Yoga and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Future practice for treatment of mental health conditions in the youth will likely adapt to this huge need for development of eclectic modalities and also reflect cost effectiveness and cultural sensitivity to an increasingly diverse population.
{"title":"Psychotherapies for the Youth: Evolution, Progress, and On Way to Eclecticism","authors":"B. Pradhan, Madhusmita Sahoo","doi":"10.1177/09731342231179033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231179033","url":null,"abstract":"Psychotherapies for the youth have resulted from the confluence of 3 major disciplines: adult psychology and psychiatry, developmental neurology and pediatrics, and developmental psychology and ethology. Since their humble origins in the psychoanalytically oriented play therapy and the related theories in the pre-War Germany, over more than a century, they have embraced diverse theoretical views that include but not limited to the integration of developmental issues, evolution of the child guidance movement, and the various influences of institutional and social policies. Such a rich journey has eventually resulted in evidence-based practices (EBPs)—powerful interventions for children and families for complex behavioral problems. In this chapter, we attempt to trace the blooming field of youth psychotherapies in their historical contexts, provide an account of the existing gaps of knowledge, briefly narrate the modern-day developments, mostly regarding the multimodal/eclectic treatment aspects and finally, given their rapid growth, we speculate about their (positive) future. Child and adolescent therapies have progressed considerably, as reflected in the number of controlled studies, their methodological quality, and identification of evidence-based treatments. Despite the methodological difficulties in outcome studies, the field has witnessed major advances regarding the efficacy of selected treatments in child and adolescent psychotherapy and good quality meta-analyses do suggest that 75% of children and young people who attend therapy benefit from it. However, despite the comforting data related to efficacy, major challenges still remain, especially in regard to patient engagement and dropout rates, gap in knowledge about what works and why it works, cultural sensitivity, and data of cost- effectiveness—just to quote a few. Several key areas have been neglected in research, such as the mechanisms of change, the moderators of treatment outcome, and the generalizability of the research findings to the clinical practice arena—this has greatly limited what we know about treatment and partly explains the relative lack of personalized psychotherapies and scarcity in their dissemination/generalization despite the documented evidence on their efficacy. Tailoring treatment more specifically to each patient may be necessary to reduce this nonresponsiveness and dropping outs, as one treatment does not fit all. This necessitates the need for eclecticism—to combine youth psychotherapies with other modes of treatments, such as medications, neuromodulation interventions, and Yoga and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Future practice for treatment of mental health conditions in the youth will likely adapt to this huge need for development of eclectic modalities and also reflect cost effectiveness and cultural sensitivity to an increasingly diverse population.","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"95 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47183949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1177/09731342231178622
V. Agarwal, Kopal Rohatgi
Somatic Symptoms or Medically Unexplained Symptoms are commonly found in children and adolescents. These symptoms generally reflect the underlying psychological distress and cause significant distress to the child. Presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, headaches, and musculoskeletal pain. The nature of illness prompts multiple visits to clinical setups, burdening the existing health resources. Risk factors include individual, family, and environmental factors. Most stressful factors are seen to arise from day-to-day problems in children like academic problems, bullying, familial disharmony, temperamental traits, abuse, financial constraints, and parenting issues. Psychiatric and physical comorbidities are prevalent. During the assessment, it is pertinent to rule in positive signs and keep in mind the common psychiatric/physical differentials. Management includes a multidisciplinary approach involving the child and family. An overall visualization of the biopsychosocial framework of the child is done to cater to specific needs. Psychoeducation remains a key strategy, while incorporating behavioral management. This includes promoting strengths and positive behavior in child, gradual reduction in secondary gains, promotion of general well-being, focus on a well-rounded schedule incorporating different activities, and relaxation training. Psychosocial factors are worked upon at length while enhancing coping skills. Familial factors are taken into consideration and home environment may be improved. Comorbidities if present can be managed with medications. The goal is functional recovery and rehabilitation, which can be time taking and requires patience from the treating team.
{"title":"Identification and Management of Somatic Symptoms and Emotional Disturbance","authors":"V. Agarwal, Kopal Rohatgi","doi":"10.1177/09731342231178622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09731342231178622","url":null,"abstract":"Somatic Symptoms or Medically Unexplained Symptoms are commonly found in children and adolescents. These symptoms generally reflect the underlying psychological distress and cause significant distress to the child. Presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, headaches, and musculoskeletal pain. The nature of illness prompts multiple visits to clinical setups, burdening the existing health resources. Risk factors include individual, family, and environmental factors. Most stressful factors are seen to arise from day-to-day problems in children like academic problems, bullying, familial disharmony, temperamental traits, abuse, financial constraints, and parenting issues. Psychiatric and physical comorbidities are prevalent. During the assessment, it is pertinent to rule in positive signs and keep in mind the common psychiatric/physical differentials. Management includes a multidisciplinary approach involving the child and family. An overall visualization of the biopsychosocial framework of the child is done to cater to specific needs. Psychoeducation remains a key strategy, while incorporating behavioral management. This includes promoting strengths and positive behavior in child, gradual reduction in secondary gains, promotion of general well-being, focus on a well-rounded schedule incorporating different activities, and relaxation training. Psychosocial factors are worked upon at length while enhancing coping skills. Familial factors are taken into consideration and home environment may be improved. Comorbidities if present can be managed with medications. The goal is functional recovery and rehabilitation, which can be time taking and requires patience from the treating team.","PeriodicalId":42760,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health","volume":"19 1","pages":"47 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42215513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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