Pub Date : 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.113007
Radwa S. Mostafa , Ahmed Mourtada Elseman , A.G. Al-Gamal , Mostafa M.H. Khalil , Mohamed M. Rashad
Nanomaterials derived from metal tungstates featuring transition metals have emerged as a focal point in electrochemical research due to their abundant natural sources, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly characteristics. This review examines the potential of metal tungstate (MWOx) as an electron transport material (ETM) to enhance the performance of photovoltaic (PV) devices, proposing it as an alternative to traditional TiO2-based ETMs. The first section explores various preparation methods, including wet chemical processes, solid-state synthesis, and bombardment techniques. The second section critically investigates recent advancements in utilizing MWOx for high-performance PV devices, revealing its significant potential to replace conventional ETMs. The application of ultra-thin transition metal oxides (TMOs) in dye-sensitized, organic PV, and perovskite (PSK)-based solar cells is discussed in detail. We also highlight the rapidly expanding research interest in this topic over the past several years. Finally, we provide a perspective on the challenges and future directions in this field.
{"title":"Metal tungstate as an electron transport layer: Diverse preparation methods and photovoltaic applications","authors":"Radwa S. Mostafa , Ahmed Mourtada Elseman , A.G. Al-Gamal , Mostafa M.H. Khalil , Mohamed M. Rashad","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.113007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.113007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nanomaterials derived from metal tungstates featuring transition metals have emerged as a focal point in electrochemical research due to their abundant natural sources, cost-effectiveness, and environmentally friendly characteristics. This review examines the potential of metal tungstate (MWO<sub>x</sub>) as an electron transport material (ETM) to enhance the performance of photovoltaic (PV) devices, proposing it as an alternative to traditional TiO<sub>2</sub>-based ETMs. The first section explores various preparation methods, including wet chemical processes, solid-state synthesis, and bombardment techniques. The second section critically investigates recent advancements in utilizing MWO<sub>x</sub> for high-performance PV devices, revealing its significant potential to replace conventional ETMs. The application of ultra-thin transition metal oxides (TMOs) in dye-sensitized, organic PV, and perovskite (PSK)-based solar cells is discussed in detail. We also highlight the rapidly expanding research interest in this topic over the past several years. Finally, we provide a perspective on the challenges and future directions in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 113007"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-17DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.113006
Alessia Di Giuseppe , Aron Pazzaglia , Andrea Nicolini , Federico Rossi , Beatrice Castellani
Retro-reflective (RR) materials are largely included among the strategies to mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in the urban spaces thanks to their optical directional properties. As materials potentially used in the building exterior envelope, RR materials are subjected to outdoor aging and soiling processes, which could alter their optical behaviour. In this perspective, the investigation focuses on the characterization of the optical performance of several types of RR plaster coatings after outdoor aging and soiling processes. The RR plaster coatings were previously developed and studied, before undergoing the outdoor exposure. The RR samples were developed covering the support with a reflective white paint and glass beads. Five different microsphere diameter ranges and three different microsphere superficial density ranges have been employed. In this paper, the RR plaster coatings were tested in terms of optical properties after outdoor aging and soiling and results were compared with data of the same plaster coatings pre-aging. Generally, all RR aged samples show a lower solar reflectance in the Vis region with respect to the pre-aging conditions. The RR behaviour is qualitatively maintained after aging and soiling. The RR sample made of glass beads of 200–300 μm diameter range could represent the best solution both in pre- and post-conditions and both in terms of solar reflectance and retro-reflective behaviour, regardless of the density of microspheres used.
{"title":"A comparative study on the optical performance of retro-reflective coatings before and after the aging process","authors":"Alessia Di Giuseppe , Aron Pazzaglia , Andrea Nicolini , Federico Rossi , Beatrice Castellani","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.113006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.113006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Retro-reflective (RR) materials are largely included among the strategies to mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in the urban spaces thanks to their optical directional properties. As materials potentially used in the building exterior envelope, RR materials are subjected to outdoor aging and soiling processes, which could alter their optical behaviour. In this perspective, the investigation focuses on the characterization of the optical performance of several types of RR plaster coatings after outdoor aging and soiling processes. The RR plaster coatings were previously developed and studied, before undergoing the outdoor exposure. The RR samples were developed covering the support with a reflective white paint and glass beads. Five different microsphere diameter ranges and three different microsphere superficial density ranges have been employed. In this paper, the RR plaster coatings were tested in terms of optical properties after outdoor aging and soiling and results were compared with data of the same plaster coatings pre-aging. Generally, all RR aged samples show a lower solar reflectance in the Vis region with respect to the pre-aging conditions. The RR behaviour is qualitatively maintained after aging and soiling. The RR sample made of glass beads of 200–300 μm diameter range could represent the best solution both in pre- and post-conditions and both in terms of solar reflectance and <em>retro</em>-reflective behaviour, regardless of the density of microspheres used.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 113006"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interfacial solar evaporators utilize sunlight to produce sustainable freshwater but salt accumulation on evaporator surfaces hinders its efficiency. In this study, we present a novel bilayer symmetric evaporator for interfacial solar evaporation, composed of trapezoidal structures designed for efficient salt resistance, and salt extraction. The evaporator is made of carbonized coconut fiber cloth and incorporates the innovative Symmetrical Trapezoidal Salt Resistance (STS-R) and Symmetrical Trapezoidal Salt Resistance Extraction (STS-E) models. This innovative design achieved an evaporation rate of 2.26 kg m–2 h–1 under one sun, with a conversion efficiency of 80.16 %. The evaporator showed excellent salt resistance and salt extraction performance in 14 ∼ 16 wt% NaCl solutions, as well as sea salt solution while maintaining a high evaporation rate. STS enables directional ion migration, enhances capillary action and wicking, maximizes surface area and light absorption, promotes heat localization, and facilitates a self-cleaning mechanism. This unique approach effectively tackles salt accumulation issues in water purification and desalination processes.
{"title":"Trapezoidal solar evaporators with salt resistant and extraction working modes","authors":"Fahad Nawaz , Qi Zhao , Mengyuan Qiang, Yalu Mo, Yihong Liu, Yawei Yang, Wenxiu Que","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interfacial solar evaporators utilize sunlight to produce sustainable freshwater but salt accumulation on evaporator surfaces hinders its efficiency. In this study, we present a novel bilayer symmetric evaporator for interfacial solar evaporation, composed of trapezoidal structures designed for efficient salt resistance, and salt extraction. The evaporator is made of carbonized coconut fiber cloth and incorporates the innovative Symmetrical Trapezoidal Salt Resistance (STS-R) and Symmetrical Trapezoidal Salt Resistance Extraction (STS-E) models. This innovative design achieved an evaporation rate of 2.26 kg m<sup>–2</sup> h<sup>–1</sup> under one sun, with a conversion efficiency of 80.16 %. The evaporator showed excellent salt resistance and salt extraction performance in 14 ∼ 16 wt% NaCl solutions, as well as sea salt solution while maintaining a high evaporation rate. STS enables directional ion migration, enhances capillary action and wicking, maximizes surface area and light absorption, promotes heat localization, and facilitates a self-cleaning mechanism. This unique approach effectively tackles salt accumulation issues in water purification and desalination processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 112998"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-16DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112999
Kai Huang, Qiuchen Wu, Xiangxin Liu
CdTe photovoltaic modules are the most commercially successful thin-film solar cells. In particular, flexible CdTe modules are a promising development in photovoltaic architecture. Cd2SnO4 (CTO) is a low-cost transparent conductive material with excellent optical and electrical properties. Although laser scribing is commonly used to produce cell interconnects in the manufacturing of thin-film PV modules, the laser scribing process window for CTO-based CdTe cells is narrow, and more research is needed on direct laser scribing of flexible CdTe solar cells. In this study, the picosecond pulsed laser scribing of CdTe solar cells with CTO front electrodes and flexible glass substrates was investigated using lasers with the wavelengths of 355 and 532 nm. The flexible cells were suctioned onto a working platform, and a direct ablation method was adopted. The damage and removal thresholds of the CTO, CdTe, and Ni layers were studied and the effects of the spot spacing, multilayer conditions, and laser polarization state were investigated. A method for determining the scribing parameters was proposed. Very smooth scribing grooves were obtained using the optimized laser scribing process. The series and shunt resistances of the cells after laser scribing showed no significant differences compared to those of the control cells.
{"title":"Picosecond pulsed laser scribing of Cd2SnO4-based CdTe thin-film solar cells on flexible glass","authors":"Kai Huang, Qiuchen Wu, Xiangxin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112999","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112999","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CdTe photovoltaic modules are the most commercially successful thin-film solar cells. In particular, flexible CdTe modules are a promising development in photovoltaic architecture. Cd<sub>2</sub>SnO<sub>4</sub> (CTO) is a low-cost transparent conductive material with excellent optical and electrical properties. Although laser scribing is commonly used to produce cell interconnects in the manufacturing of thin-film PV modules, the laser scribing process window for CTO-based CdTe cells is narrow, and more research is needed on direct laser scribing of flexible CdTe solar cells. In this study, the picosecond pulsed laser scribing of CdTe solar cells with CTO front electrodes and flexible glass substrates was investigated using lasers with the wavelengths of 355 and 532 nm. The flexible cells were suctioned onto a working platform, and a direct ablation method was adopted. The damage and removal thresholds of the CTO, CdTe, and Ni layers were studied and the effects of the spot spacing, multilayer conditions, and laser polarization state were investigated. A method for determining the scribing parameters was proposed. Very smooth scribing grooves were obtained using the optimized laser scribing process. The series and shunt resistances of the cells after laser scribing showed no significant differences compared to those of the control cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"283 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.113000
Ekene Jude Nwankwo , Benjamin Nnamdi Ekwueme
The study aimed to develop a comprehensive regression model to estimate the inactivation rate constant of Escherichia coli during Solar Disinfection (SODIS) of drinking water. The model incorporates key parameters: UV intensity, water temperature, and turbidity, including their interactions and quadratic terms. The effects of expressing water temperature as maximum absolute temperature () and maximum temperature increase () on multicollinearity, significance, and model adequacy were also investigated. Experiments were conducted over 5 months to obtain the regression dataset, covering various combinations of these parameters. The results showed that the model using UV intensity and maximum temperature increase () as predictors achieved the highest performance (R-square: 0.93, predicted R-square: 0.91, RMSE: 0.261). Using improved predictive accuracy, reduced collinearity, and enhanced significance compared to . Turbidity in the range of 1 – 30 NTU was significant in 40 % of models. Interactions were found between UV intensity and temperature, and temperature and turbidity, while no interaction was found between UV intensity and turbidity. The study highlights the importance of considering all possible regression models to avoid misleading interpretations of parameter significance. The developed model can estimate day-to-day fluctuations in SODIS efficiency, exposure period, and SODIS applicability in various regions, providing valuable insights for optimizing SODIS treatment strategies.
{"title":"Modeling Escherichia coli inactivation during solar disinfection: Effects of UV intensity, water temperature, and turbidity","authors":"Ekene Jude Nwankwo , Benjamin Nnamdi Ekwueme","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.113000","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.113000","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aimed to develop a comprehensive regression model to estimate the inactivation rate constant of <em>Escherichia coli</em> during Solar Disinfection (SODIS) of drinking water. The model incorporates key parameters: UV intensity, water temperature, and turbidity, including their interactions and quadratic terms. The effects of expressing water temperature as maximum absolute temperature (<span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></math></span>) and maximum temperature increase (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) on multicollinearity, significance, and model adequacy were also investigated. Experiments were conducted over 5 months to obtain the regression dataset, covering various combinations of these parameters. The results showed that the model using UV intensity and maximum temperature increase (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) as predictors achieved the highest performance (<em>R-square</em>: 0.93, predicted <em>R-square</em>: 0.91, <em>RMSE</em>: 0.261). Using <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> improved predictive accuracy, reduced collinearity, and enhanced significance compared to <span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>m</mi></msub></math></span>. Turbidity in the range of 1 – 30 NTU was significant in 40 % of models. Interactions were found between UV intensity and temperature, and temperature and turbidity, while no interaction was found between UV intensity and turbidity. The study highlights the importance of considering all possible regression models to avoid misleading interpretations of parameter significance. The developed model can estimate day-to-day fluctuations in SODIS efficiency, exposure period, and SODIS applicability in various regions, providing valuable insights for optimizing SODIS treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 113000"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112989
B. Kumaar Swamy Reddy , Aswin S. Kumar , R. Akash , Easwaramoorthi Ramasamy , Sushmee Badhulika , Ganapathy Veerappan , Pramod H. Borse
Conventional Lead-based hybrid perovskite photodetectors face significant challenges due to toxicity and poor ambient stability. This study contributes to the development of sustainable and efficient photodetectors by leveraging the exceptional properties of Lead-free Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite. A key feature of this work is the use of Cs2AgBiBr6 in a hole transport material (HTM)-free architecture with carbon electrodes, simplifying fabrication and enhancing device stability. The Cs2AgBiBr6 films are fabricated using a one-step spin-coating method under ambient conditions. Structural and optical analysis confirms the formation of a cubic perovskite phase with a 2.02 eV bandgap. The photodetector operates in a self-powered mode, detecting a broad spectral range from 350 to 600 nm, with impressive responsivity (50 mA/W), detectivity (5.1 × 1011 Jones), and a fast rise time (160 ms). The Type-II band alignment at the Cs2AgBiBr6-TiO2 interface enables the self-powered operation. The inherent structural stability of Cs2AgBiBr6 results in excellent durability, maintaining performance over multiple photocycles (>500), prolonged exposure to simulated sunlight (>1 h), high humidity (RH ∼ 90 % for 4 h), and elevated temperatures (80 °C for 4 h). Moreover, the device retained its responsivity for more than 60 days when stored under ambient conditions without encapsulation. With its simplified HTM-free architecture and Carbon electrode, the detector exhibits excellent photoresponse and resilience under harsh conditions, demonstrating the potential of Cs2AgBiBr6 in addressing the lead toxicity and stability issues in photodetectors.
{"title":"Ambient processed highly stable self-powered lead-free Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite photodetector in HTM-free architecture with Carbon as electrode","authors":"B. Kumaar Swamy Reddy , Aswin S. Kumar , R. Akash , Easwaramoorthi Ramasamy , Sushmee Badhulika , Ganapathy Veerappan , Pramod H. Borse","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional Lead-based hybrid perovskite photodetectors face significant challenges due to toxicity and poor ambient stability. This study contributes to the development of sustainable and efficient photodetectors by leveraging the exceptional properties of Lead-free Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiBr<sub>6</sub> double perovskite. A key feature of this work is the use of Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiBr<sub>6</sub> in a hole transport material (HTM)-free architecture with carbon electrodes, simplifying fabrication and enhancing device stability. The Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiBr<sub>6</sub> films are fabricated using a one-step spin-coating method under ambient conditions. Structural and optical analysis confirms the formation of a cubic perovskite phase with a 2.02 eV bandgap. The photodetector operates in a self-powered mode, detecting a broad spectral range from 350 to 600 nm, with impressive responsivity (50 mA/W), detectivity (5.1 × 10<sup>11</sup> Jones), and a fast rise time (160 ms). The Type-II band alignment at the Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiBr<sub>6</sub>-TiO<sub>2</sub> interface enables the self-powered operation. The inherent structural stability of Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiBr<sub>6</sub> results in excellent durability, maintaining performance over multiple photocycles (>500), prolonged exposure to simulated sunlight (>1 h), high humidity (RH ∼ 90 % for 4 h), and elevated temperatures (80 °C for 4 h). Moreover, the device retained its responsivity for more than 60 days when stored under ambient conditions without encapsulation. With its simplified HTM-free architecture and Carbon electrode, the detector exhibits excellent photoresponse and resilience under harsh conditions, demonstrating the potential of Cs<sub>2</sub>AgBiBr<sub>6</sub> in addressing the lead toxicity and stability issues in photodetectors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 112989"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.113001
Seif Eddine Bousbia Salah , Abdelouahab Benseddik , Noureddine Meneceur , Ali Zine , Khalil Deghoum
This article presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a new solar dryer equipped with a tracking system. The dryer was assisted by a cylindrical-parabolic concentrator which moved along two vertical and horizontal axes. The study was conducted at El-Oued University (latitude 33°23′N and longitude 6°51′E). The experimental performance evaluation involved drying 10 kg of apricots from 69 % to 8 % moisture content (wb). The thermal efficiency of the dryer was tested under no-load and full-load conditions. The results indicated that the solar dryer achieved a temperature of up to 115 °C at the receiver in the focal line and 70 °C in the drying chamber, which was sufficient for effective drying of various agricultural products. Additionally, an economic analysis further substantiates the viability of our solar dryer, showcasing a notably low capital cost and negligible electricity expenses. With a substantial difference in the cost of fresh versus dried apricots, our system boasts a reduced payback period estimated at 0.43 years. This research demonstrates the potential of using solar power to dry crops and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
{"title":"Design and realization of a new solar dryer assisted by a parabolic trough concentrator (PTC) with a dual-axis solar tracker","authors":"Seif Eddine Bousbia Salah , Abdelouahab Benseddik , Noureddine Meneceur , Ali Zine , Khalil Deghoum","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.113001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.113001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a new solar dryer equipped with a tracking system. The dryer was assisted by a cylindrical-parabolic concentrator which moved along two vertical and horizontal axes. The study was conducted at El-Oued University (latitude 33°23′N and longitude 6°51′E). The experimental performance evaluation involved drying 10 kg of apricots from 69 % to 8 % moisture content (wb). The thermal efficiency of the dryer was tested under no-load and full-load conditions. The results indicated that the solar dryer achieved a temperature of up to 115 °C at the receiver in the focal line and 70 °C in the drying chamber, which was sufficient for effective drying of various agricultural products. Additionally, an economic analysis further substantiates the viability of our solar dryer, showcasing a notably low capital cost and negligible electricity expenses. With a substantial difference in the cost of fresh versus dried apricots, our system boasts a reduced payback period estimated at 0.43 years. This research demonstrates the potential of using solar power to dry crops and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 113001"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142438055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112983
Zainab M. Mahdi , Ali N. Al-Shamani , Ahmed Al-Manea , Hazim A. Al-zurfi , Raed Al-Rbaihat , K. Sopian , Ali Alahmer
This study presents a novel and low-complexity cooling system designed to enhance the performance of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) systems integrated with a Hybrid Air-Water Solar Collector (HAWSC), termed traditional PVT-HAWSC systems. The research addresses the limitations of these systems, such as low heat transfer fluid outlet temperature, thermal exergy, thermal and electrical efficiencies, and thermal power. This is achieved by incorporating phase change material (PCM), porous media (PM), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-water nanofluid into the traditional PVT-HAWSC system, resulting in a modified PVT-HAWSC system. The modified system features a double-pass single-duct air solar collector with steel wool-PM and a sheet-tube water thermal collector integrated with paraffin wax-PCM. Experimental investigations were conducted under varying flow rates of air, water, and nanofluid. The performance analysis included exergy, energy, thermal, and electrical assessments. Results demonstrated that fluid type and flow rate significantly impact performance. The modified system with nanofluid reduced the PV panel surface temperature by 28 °C, compared to 22 °C without nanofluid. Additionally, the average daily improvements in overall efficiency, total thermal efficiency, and electrical efficiency were 16.49 %, 56.25 %, and 93.64 % for the modified system, compared to 12.80 %, 43.16 %, and 79.90 % for the traditional system. Total thermal energy gained and average daily exergy efficiency were 302.72 W and 14.32 % for the modified system, compared to 235.4 W and 14 % for the traditional system. The modified PVT-HAWSC system achieved lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.043 $/kWh, a 4.36-year payback, 36.55 tons of CO2 mitigation, and $529.98 in carbon credits.
{"title":"Enhancing photovoltaic thermal (PVT) performance with hybrid solar collector using phase change material, porous media, and nanofluid","authors":"Zainab M. Mahdi , Ali N. Al-Shamani , Ahmed Al-Manea , Hazim A. Al-zurfi , Raed Al-Rbaihat , K. Sopian , Ali Alahmer","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a novel and low-complexity cooling system designed to enhance the performance of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) systems integrated with a Hybrid Air-Water Solar Collector (HAWSC), termed traditional PVT-HAWSC systems. The research addresses the limitations of these systems, such as low heat transfer fluid outlet temperature, thermal exergy, thermal and electrical efficiencies, and thermal power. This is achieved by incorporating phase change material (PCM), porous media (PM), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-water nanofluid into the traditional PVT-HAWSC system, resulting in a modified PVT-HAWSC system. The modified system features a double-pass single-duct air solar collector with steel wool-PM and a sheet-tube water thermal collector integrated with paraffin wax-PCM. Experimental investigations were conducted under varying flow rates of air, water, and nanofluid. The performance analysis included exergy, energy, thermal, and electrical assessments. Results demonstrated that fluid type and flow rate significantly impact performance. The modified system with nanofluid reduced the PV panel surface temperature by 28 °C, compared to 22 °C without nanofluid. Additionally, the average daily improvements in overall efficiency, total thermal efficiency, and electrical efficiency were 16.49 %, 56.25 %, and 93.64 % for the modified system, compared to 12.80 %, 43.16 %, and 79.90 % for the traditional system. Total thermal energy gained and average daily exergy efficiency were 302.72 W and 14.32 % for the modified system, compared to 235.4 W and 14 % for the traditional system. The modified PVT-HAWSC system achieved lower levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.043 $/kWh, a 4.36-year payback, 36.55 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> mitigation, and $529.98 in carbon credits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 112983"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112985
Balaqis Al Zaabi, Aritra Ghosh
The global shift to clean energy has resulted in a significant increase in photovoltaic (PV) panel installations. However, with their limited lifespan of 25–30 years, end-of-life (EoL) management is becoming an environmental and economic challenge to the sector. Currently, PV panels are disposed of in landfills, raising concerns about resource loss and environmental contamination. This research paper addresses this by using a novel quantitative modelling framework that employs historical data and Bass diffusion equations to project future PV waste generation in key markets, including China, India, the USA, Japan, and Germany. The findings emphasise the necessity of exploring alternative EoL management options, such as repair, reuse, and recycling, to prevent resource loss and environmental contamination. The study’s novel methodology and detailed analysis highlight a lack of specific regulations for PV waste management globally. The study necessitates global policy frameworks, international standards, and public awareness to support the transition to a circular economy.
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Pub Date : 2024-10-12DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112993
Evripides Kyriakides , Christiana Nicolaou , Panagiotis S. Ioannou , Paris Papagiorgis , Grigorios Itskos , John Giapintzakis
Photovoltaic devices based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) are showing great promise as sources of clean and renewable energy production in the global efforts to reverse climate change. They hold several advantages over other technologies and are continuously being improved, leading to ever higher device efficiencies and lifetimes. However, state-of-the-art CIGS-based solar cells require a variety of techniques for the deposition of their constituent layers.
This work reports on the utilization of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) as a single technique for the preparation of the buffer (CdS) and window (intrinsic and Al-doped ZnO) layers of a complete CIGS-based solar cell. Employing a single deposition technique for the buffer and window layers greatly reduces manufacturing complexity. Furthermore, it potentially decreases processing time and fabrication costs through streamlined production lines. The methods and materials presented are also applicable to other solar cell types, such as Cu2ZnSnS4-based solar cells and other thin-film technologies.
The results presented herein discuss the methodology employed for the realization of the single-stage growth objective. The properties of the PLD-grown thin films with respect to structure, composition, and morphology were parametrically investigated through X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. These characterization results enabled the optimization of the PLD process parameters for each individual thin film, leading to improved device performance. Optoelectronic measurements were carried out in photovoltaic testing systems to assess the behavior of the complete solar cell. Using the optimal process parameters produced solar cells with PLD-grown buffer and window layers with 10.44% efficiency.
{"title":"Single-stage fabrication of buffer and window layers of CIGS thin-film solar cells using pulsed laser deposition","authors":"Evripides Kyriakides , Christiana Nicolaou , Panagiotis S. Ioannou , Paris Papagiorgis , Grigorios Itskos , John Giapintzakis","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112993","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112993","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photovoltaic devices based on Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub> (CIGS) are showing great promise as sources of clean and renewable energy production in the global efforts to reverse climate change. They hold several advantages over other technologies and are continuously being improved, leading to ever higher device efficiencies and lifetimes. However, state-of-the-art CIGS-based solar cells require a variety of techniques for the deposition of their constituent layers.</div><div>This work reports on the utilization of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) as a single technique for the preparation of the buffer (CdS) and window (intrinsic and Al-doped ZnO) layers of a complete CIGS-based solar cell. Employing a single deposition technique for the buffer and window layers greatly reduces manufacturing complexity. Furthermore, it potentially decreases processing time and fabrication costs through streamlined production lines. The methods and materials presented are also applicable to other solar cell types, such as Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSnS<sub>4</sub>-based solar cells and other thin-film technologies.</div><div>The results presented herein discuss the methodology employed for the realization of the single-stage growth objective. The properties of the PLD-grown thin films with respect to structure, composition, and morphology were parametrically investigated through X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. These characterization results enabled the optimization of the PLD process parameters for each individual thin film, leading to improved device performance. Optoelectronic measurements were carried out in photovoltaic testing systems to assess the behavior of the complete solar cell. Using the optimal process parameters produced solar cells with PLD-grown buffer and window layers with 10.44% efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"283 ","pages":"Article 112993"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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