Recent advancements in hole transport layer (HTL)-free, printable carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) have gained increased research interest. Notably, their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and improved stability make them particularly attractive among various perovskite solar cell configurations. In the current study, we explored the potential of un-encapsulated, HTL-free, C-PSCs in outdoor and indoor light conditions, employing different concentrations of tin oxide (SnO2) as the electron transport material. Among the investigated concentrations, 0.07 M SnO2 precursor yielded the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE), reaching 9.79% under standard 1 sun illumination and 10.40% at a lower intensity of 0.6 sun. The PSCs demonstrated a remarkable 22.37% efficiency under 1000 lx indoor CFL illumination, and attained 22.21% efficiency under LED illumination, marking the highest reported indoor photovoltaic performance for carbon-based, HTL-free PSCs. To elucidate the underlying charge-transfer process, we carried out intensity-dependent current−voltage (J-V) measurements to analyze non-radiative bulk recombination in the perovskite layer. Interfacial recombination was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and transient photovoltage decay measurements. Optical and electrical stimulation of C-PSCs were performed under both full sun and indoor illumination, providing insight into recombination and light absorption differences under these illuminations. Additionally, we also showcased the potential of simple, printable indoor light harvesters for self-powered applications by connecting two C-PSCs to create a self-powered temperature sensor.
{"title":"Enhancing stability and efficiency in SnO2 based HTL-free, printable carbon-based perovskite solar cells for outdoor/indoor photovoltaics","authors":"C.K. Vipin , Sourava Chandra Pradhan , K.N. Narayanan Unni , Suraj Soman","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent advancements in hole transport layer (HTL)-free, printable carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) have gained increased research interest. Notably, their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and improved stability make them particularly attractive among various perovskite solar cell configurations. In the current study, we explored the potential of un-encapsulated, HTL-free, C-PSCs in outdoor and indoor light conditions, employing different concentrations of tin oxide (SnO<sub>2</sub>) as the electron transport material. Among the investigated concentrations, 0.07 M SnO<sub>2</sub> precursor yielded the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE), reaching 9.79% under standard 1 sun illumination and 10.40% at a lower intensity of 0.6 sun. The PSCs demonstrated a remarkable 22.37% efficiency under 1000 lx indoor CFL illumination, and attained 22.21% efficiency under LED illumination, marking the highest reported indoor photovoltaic performance for carbon-based, HTL-free PSCs. To elucidate the underlying charge-transfer process, we carried out intensity-dependent current−voltage (<em>J-V</em>) measurements to analyze non-radiative bulk recombination in the perovskite layer. Interfacial recombination was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and transient photovoltage decay measurements. Optical and electrical stimulation of C-PSCs were performed under both full sun and indoor illumination, providing insight into recombination and light absorption differences under these illuminations. Additionally, we also showcased the potential of simple, printable indoor light harvesters for self-powered applications by connecting two C-PSCs to create a self-powered temperature sensor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141423733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112689
Anuradha Tomar
With the global population expected to reach 11 billion by the end of this century, the imperative of enhancing crop productivity per unit of land while conserving resources is paramount. This paper presents a novel approach to achieving these goals through Extended PAR-based photosynthesis (EPBP) methodology, specifically tailored for standalone Photovoltaic Greenhouses (PVGHs). By leveraging LED technology and extending photosynthesis during dusk and dawn periods, this methodology aims to enhance crop yield without substantial additional infrastructure investment. A comprehensive real-field experiment, conducted over a complete tomato crop cycle of 96 days, demonstrates a significant increase in crop yield, with a 51.29 % improvement compared to conventional PVGH without additional photosynthesis. Through meticulous analysis of key performance indicators such as leaf area index, specific leaf area, and dry matter weight, this study substantiates the efficacy of EPBP in optimizing crop growth within PVGHs. Further, the ROI of 14.11 % and 12.54 % have been observed for tomato crop grown with and without EPBP under the PVGH environment. It not only reduces crop growth period but also enhances both quality and yield quantity without additional operational expenses. The scope of the presented work is limited to the quantitative measurement; however, its impact on the quality of the crop yield could be further explored.
{"title":"Enhancing crop productivity in photovoltaic greenhouses using extended PAR-based photosynthesis","authors":"Anuradha Tomar","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the global population expected to reach 11 billion by the end of this century, the imperative of enhancing crop productivity per unit of land while conserving resources is paramount. This paper presents a novel approach to achieving these goals through Extended PAR-based photosynthesis (EPBP) methodology, specifically tailored for standalone Photovoltaic Greenhouses (PVGHs). By leveraging LED technology and extending photosynthesis during dusk and dawn periods, this methodology aims to enhance crop yield without substantial additional infrastructure investment. A comprehensive real-field experiment, conducted over a complete tomato crop cycle of 96 days, demonstrates a significant increase in crop yield, with a 51.29 % improvement compared to conventional PVGH without additional photosynthesis. Through meticulous analysis of key performance indicators such as leaf area index, specific leaf area, and dry matter weight, this study substantiates the efficacy of EPBP in optimizing crop growth within PVGHs. Further, the ROI of 14.11 % and 12.54 % have been observed for tomato crop grown with and without EPBP under the PVGH environment. It not only reduces crop growth period but also enhances both quality and yield quantity without additional operational expenses. The scope of the presented work is limited to the quantitative measurement; however, its impact on the quality of the crop yield could be further explored.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141429584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112704
Fang Li , Dylan J. Colvin , Viswa Sai Pavan Buddha , Kristopher O. Davis , Govindasamy Tamizhmani
Fielded photovoltaic (PV) modules often exhibit series resistance-related defects, mainly due to solder bond degradation and metallization corrosion. To quantitatively analyze the series resistance increase in fielded modules, we conducted a detailed investigation on two sets of modules, employing two complementary techniques, electroluminescence (EL) and infrared (IR) imaging. The dependence of EL image characteristics on module temperature, as revealed in IR images, was a key focus of this study. The first and second sets of modules were exposed in Florida (hot and humid climate) and Arizona (hot and dry climate) over 10 years and 18 years, respectively. The resistive defect patterns obtained using EL and IR images showed a closer correlation for the Florida modules compared to the Arizona modules as the Florida modules primarily experience solder bond degradation. EL and IR images were acquired at five current injection levels (i.e., 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 x short circuit current) and two exposure times (i.e., 60 s and 300 s) and used to develop and report a new curve fitting method for estimating the external series resistance. The results indicate that inaccurate temperature determinations from IR images can lead to underestimations (up to 23 %) in EL-based external series resistance estimates. For the most accurate series resistance estimation, especially in modules with severe thermal defects and series resistance deterioration, the study recommends obtaining EL and IR images within 60 s of the current injection time. This study also reports a Monte Carlo simulation assessing the impact of EL and IR characteristics on the accuracy of external series resistance estimations.
现场安装的光伏(PV)组件通常会出现与串联电阻相关的缺陷,这主要是由于焊点降解和金属化腐蚀造成的。为了定量分析现场组件中串联电阻的增加,我们采用电致发光 (EL) 和红外 (IR) 成像这两种互补技术,对两组组件进行了详细调查。红外图像显示的电致发光图像特征与组件温度的关系是本次研究的重点。第一组和第二组组件分别在佛罗里达州(炎热潮湿气候)和亚利桑那州(炎热干燥气候)暴露了 10 年和 18 年。与亚利桑那州的组件相比,佛罗里达州组件使用 EL 和 IR 图像获得的电阻缺陷模式显示出更密切的相关性,因为佛罗里达州的组件主要经历焊料粘接退化。在五种电流注入水平(即 0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、1.0 x 短路电流)和两种曝光时间(即 60 秒和 300 秒)下获取的 EL 和 IR 图像用于开发和报告一种新的曲线拟合方法,以估算外部串联电阻。结果表明,根据红外图像确定的温度不准确会导致基于 EL 的外部串联电阻估算值被低估(最高可达 23%)。为获得最准确的串联电阻估计值,尤其是在存在严重热缺陷和串联电阻劣化的模块中,该研究建议在电流注入时间后 60 秒内获取 EL 和红外图像。本研究还报告了蒙特卡罗模拟,评估 EL 和 IR 特性对外部串联电阻估算准确性的影响。
{"title":"Electroluminescence and infrared imaging of fielded photovoltaic modules: A complementary analysis of series resistance-related defects","authors":"Fang Li , Dylan J. Colvin , Viswa Sai Pavan Buddha , Kristopher O. Davis , Govindasamy Tamizhmani","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112704","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fielded photovoltaic (PV) modules often exhibit series resistance-related defects, mainly due to solder bond degradation and metallization corrosion. To quantitatively analyze the series resistance increase in fielded modules, we conducted a detailed investigation on two sets of modules, employing two complementary techniques, electroluminescence (EL) and infrared (IR) imaging. The dependence of EL image characteristics on module temperature, as revealed in IR images, was a key focus of this study. The first and second sets of modules were exposed in Florida (hot and humid climate) and Arizona (hot and dry climate) over 10 years and 18 years, respectively. The resistive defect patterns obtained using EL and IR images showed a closer correlation for the Florida modules compared to the Arizona modules as the Florida modules primarily experience solder bond degradation. EL and IR images were acquired at five current injection levels (i.e., 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 x short circuit current) and two exposure times (i.e., 60 s and 300 s) and used to develop and report a new curve fitting method for estimating the external series resistance. The results indicate that inaccurate temperature determinations from IR images can lead to underestimations (up to 23 %) in EL-based external series resistance estimates. For the most accurate series resistance estimation, especially in modules with severe thermal defects and series resistance deterioration, the study recommends obtaining EL and IR images within 60 s of the current injection time. This study also reports a Monte Carlo simulation assessing the impact of EL and IR characteristics on the accuracy of external series resistance estimations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141428825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-19DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112703
Ruoli Tang , Zongyang Ren , Siwen Ning , Yan Zhang
In the operation of photovoltaic (PV) power plants, infrared cameras are commonly utilized for monitoring the operational status of PV modules. This study focuses on the performance improvement and complexity reduction of convolutional neural network (CNN) when used for fault classification based on infrared images of PV module. By implementing the transfer learning strategy on some famous CNN models, it is observed that the number of convolutional layers has weak impact on the classification results. Therefore, a transfer-learning-based depth reduction approach for CNN models (TLDR-CNN approach) is proposed, and the VGG16 model is employed for verification. Then, a multi-scale feature extraction module (MSFE module) is developed for efficiently replacing the convolutional layers to reduce model complexity and improve classification performance, and several representative model configurations are employed for convolutional layer replacement. Experimental results demonstrate that the application of the developed MSFE module significantly outperforms the baseline model on both classification performance and model complexity. Specifically, the modified model with a reduction of 5 convolutional layers exhibits notable improvements over the training results, with an accuracy increase of 0.90%, precision increase of 0.98%, F1 score increase of 6.89%, and a Matthews correlation coefficient increase of 1.01%. Finally, the interpretability of the above outperformance is also provided by using the Grad-CAM method. The generated CAM images show that the modified model concentrates its weights more on the regions crucial for the model to learn, so the features can be extracted more efficiently.
{"title":"Fault classification of photovoltaic module infrared images based on transfer learning and interpretable convolutional neural network","authors":"Ruoli Tang , Zongyang Ren , Siwen Ning , Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the operation of photovoltaic (PV) power plants, infrared cameras are commonly utilized for monitoring the operational status of PV modules. This study focuses on the performance improvement and complexity reduction of convolutional neural network (CNN) when used for fault classification based on infrared images of PV module. By implementing the transfer learning strategy on some famous CNN models, it is observed that the number of convolutional layers has weak impact on the classification results. Therefore, a transfer-learning-based depth reduction approach for CNN models (TLDR-CNN approach) is proposed, and the VGG16 model is employed for verification. Then, a multi-scale feature extraction module (MSFE module) is developed for efficiently replacing the convolutional layers to reduce model complexity and improve classification performance, and several representative model configurations are employed for convolutional layer replacement. Experimental results demonstrate that the application of the developed MSFE module significantly outperforms the baseline model on both classification performance and model complexity. Specifically, the modified model with a reduction of 5 convolutional layers exhibits notable improvements over the training results, with an accuracy increase of 0.90%, precision increase of 0.98%, F1 score increase of 6.89%, and a Matthews correlation coefficient increase of 1.01%. Finally, the interpretability of the above outperformance is also provided by using the Grad-CAM method. The generated CAM images show that the modified model concentrates its weights more on the regions crucial for the model to learn, so the features can be extracted more efficiently.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141429613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112702
Guanshi Zou, Guanghua Zheng, Ning Ding, Guanqing Wang, Jiangrong Xu
Thermionic conversion, due to its simple solid-state structure capable of converting heat to electricity directly, is promising for concentrated solar power. However, because of the extremely high cathode temperature, a large portion of the heat is lost to the environment. The paper introduces a novel concept of selective thermoradiative-graphene thermionic conversion (STR-GTI) that involving a combined control of photon and electron emission to modify the radiation dissipation. A detailed thermodynamic model is developed to evaluate the energy transfer irreversibility of STR-GTI solar conversion. The results demonstrate that the selective themoradiative photon emission and graphene thermionic electron emission effects synergistically reduce internal irreversible losses in the STR-GTI system, leading to a maximum energy efficiency of 34.34 % at a concentration ratio of 425, cathode work function of 1.8 eV and thermoradiative bandgap of 0.2 eV. The STR-GTI system outperforms both individual GTI and STR converters in terms of exergy efficiency and entropy production minimization. It exhibits a remarkable 102.03 % increase in exergy efficiency compared to the STR & GTI system at a thermoradiative voltage of −0.14 eV, accompanied by a 28.56 % reduction in exergy loss and a 37.83 % decrease in entropy production. The combination of narrowing the spectral radiation bandwidth and significant electron emission capabilities of graphene contribute to the system’s resilience against solar radiation fluctuations.
热离子转换因其简单的固态结构能够直接将热量转化为电能,在聚光太阳能发电方面前景广阔。然而,由于阴极温度极高,大部分热量会流失到环境中。本文介绍了一种选择性热辐射-石墨烯热离子转换(STR-GTI)的新概念,它涉及对光子和电子发射的联合控制,以改变辐射耗散。为评估 STR-GTI 太阳能转换的能量转移不可逆性,建立了一个详细的热力学模型。结果表明,选择性热辐射光子发射和石墨烯热电子发射效应协同降低了 STR-GTI 系统的内部不可逆损耗,在浓度比为 425、阴极功函数为 1.8 eV 和热辐射带隙为 0.2 eV 的条件下,最大能量效率为 34.34%。就放能效率和熵产生最小化而言,STR-GTI 系统优于单个 GTI 和 STR 转换器。在热辐射电压为 -0.14 eV 时,与 STR & GTI 系统相比,它的放能效率显著提高了 102.03%,同时放能损失减少了 28.56%,熵产生减少了 37.83%。石墨烯缩小光谱辐射带宽和显著的电子发射能力相结合,有助于该系统抵御太阳辐射波动。
{"title":"Thermoradiative coupling graphene-based thermionic solar conversion","authors":"Guanshi Zou, Guanghua Zheng, Ning Ding, Guanqing Wang, Jiangrong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112702","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermionic conversion, due to its simple solid-state structure capable of converting heat to electricity directly, is promising for concentrated solar power. However, because of the extremely high cathode temperature, a large portion of the heat is lost to the environment. The paper introduces a novel concept of selective thermoradiative-graphene thermionic conversion (STR-GTI) that involving a combined control of photon and electron emission to modify the radiation dissipation. A detailed thermodynamic model is developed to evaluate the energy transfer irreversibility of STR-GTI solar conversion. The results demonstrate that the selective themoradiative photon emission and graphene thermionic electron emission effects synergistically reduce internal irreversible losses in the STR-GTI system, leading to a maximum energy efficiency of 34.34 % at a concentration ratio of 425, cathode work function of 1.8 eV and thermoradiative bandgap of 0.2 eV. The STR-GTI system outperforms both individual GTI and STR converters in terms of exergy efficiency and entropy production minimization. It exhibits a remarkable 102.03 % increase in exergy efficiency compared to the STR & GTI system at a thermoradiative voltage of −0.14 eV, accompanied by a 28.56 % reduction in exergy loss and a 37.83 % decrease in entropy production. The combination of narrowing the spectral radiation bandwidth and significant electron emission capabilities of graphene contribute to the system’s resilience against solar radiation fluctuations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141423728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112707
Masoomeh Shafaee , Elaheh K. Goharshadi , Hassan Behnejad
This research presents an innovative approach for developing a flexible wood sponge (WS) with a hierarchically porous structure. This unique structure is achieved through a sequential process involving balsa wood delignification, freeze-drying, and subsequent coating with graphene flake (GF)/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite. The resulting GF/PANI nanocomposite significantly reduces electron transfer resistivity, thereby enhancing heat generation for water evaporation. This results in self-cleaning photoabsorber, benefiting from GF’s salt-rejecting properties, PANI’s ionic network, and the WS’s porous structure. The photoabsorber demonstrates improved mechanical strength, reduced thermal conductivity, and a single water route design atop a drilled insulator foam, effectively minimizing heat loss during solar desalination. Under 1 sun (1 sun = 1 kW m−2) illumination, the photoabsorber achieves an impressive evaporation flux of 1.49 kg m−2h−1 and a high solar to thermal efficiency of 95.51 %. Importantly, continuous 10-cycle testing under 1 sun illumination reveals no salt deposition on the surface. Furthermore, the photoabsorber demonstrates promising applications in wastewater treatment, effectively purifying dye-contaminated seawater and desalinating both acidic and alkaline seawater. The investigation into the GF/PANI nanocomposite’s effect on steam generation, conducted through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, reveals enhanced interfacial charge transfer, surpassing both PANI and GF due to reduced electrochemical resistance. Evaluation of desalinated seawater and purified wastewater demonstrates a significant decrease in major cation concentrations, meeting WHO and EPA drinking water standards. These findings underscore the potential of the GF/PANI nanocomposite in superior steam generation applications.
{"title":"Salt-resistant hierarchically porous wood sponge coated with graphene flake/polyaniline nanocomposite for interfacial solar steam production and wastewater treatment","authors":"Masoomeh Shafaee , Elaheh K. Goharshadi , Hassan Behnejad","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This research presents an innovative approach for developing a flexible wood sponge (WS) with a hierarchically porous structure. This unique structure is achieved through a sequential process involving balsa wood delignification, freeze-drying, and subsequent coating with graphene flake (GF)/polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite. The resulting GF/PANI nanocomposite significantly reduces electron transfer resistivity, thereby enhancing heat generation for water evaporation. This results in self-cleaning photoabsorber, benefiting from GF’s salt-rejecting properties, PANI’s ionic network, and the WS’s porous structure. The photoabsorber demonstrates improved mechanical strength, reduced thermal conductivity, and a single water route design atop a drilled insulator foam, effectively minimizing heat loss during solar desalination. Under 1 sun (1 sun = 1 kW m<sup>−2</sup>) illumination, the photoabsorber achieves an impressive evaporation flux of 1.49 kg m<sup>−2</sup>h<sup>−1</sup> and a high solar to thermal efficiency of 95.51 %. Importantly, continuous 10-cycle testing under 1 sun illumination reveals no salt deposition on the surface. Furthermore, the photoabsorber demonstrates promising applications in wastewater treatment, effectively purifying dye-contaminated seawater and desalinating both acidic and alkaline seawater. The investigation into the GF/PANI nanocomposite’s effect on steam generation, conducted through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a 0.5 M Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte, reveals enhanced interfacial charge transfer, surpassing both PANI and GF due to reduced electrochemical resistance. Evaluation of desalinated seawater and purified wastewater demonstrates a significant decrease in major cation concentrations, meeting WHO and EPA drinking water standards. These findings underscore the potential of the GF/PANI nanocomposite in superior steam generation applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141423730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112691
Lucas J. Affonço , Silvia L. Fernandes , João P.F. Assunção , Janardan Dagar , Carlos F. de O. Graeff , José H.D. da Silva , Eva Unger
Despite their high efficiency, perovskite solar cells encounter stability issues and necessitate techniques capable of depositing large areas at a high throughput of their layers. Niobium pentoxide exhibits pertinent characteristics, including suitable energy level alignment and photostability for effective integration as transport layer in perovskite solar cells, improving their stability. In this study, the deposition of Nb2O5 as an electron transport layer via slot die coating is systematically investigated. An examination of various parameters for the slot die coating process was conducted, resulting in films with different structural and morphological characteristics. These Nb2O5 layers were used as electron transport layers in n-i-p perovskite devices. Current density versus voltage scans were utilized to evaluate the device performance, alongside transient analysis. Under optimal coating conditions, efficiencies up to 12 % were obtained. A transient analysis at the maximum power point identified an optimal delay time of approximately 200 ms for integration into the current–voltage curves, facilitating the approach towards an equilibrium state within the device. A discussion regarding the transient response is presented, delving into the factors that restrict the device’s performance and proposing potential strategies for its enhancement.
{"title":"Slot-die coating of niobium pentoxide applied as electron transport layer for perovskite solar cells","authors":"Lucas J. Affonço , Silvia L. Fernandes , João P.F. Assunção , Janardan Dagar , Carlos F. de O. Graeff , José H.D. da Silva , Eva Unger","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112691","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite their high efficiency, perovskite solar cells encounter stability issues and necessitate techniques capable of depositing large areas at a high throughput of their layers. Niobium pentoxide exhibits pertinent characteristics, including suitable energy level alignment and photostability for effective integration as transport layer in perovskite solar cells, improving their stability. In this study, the deposition of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> as an electron transport layer via slot die coating is systematically investigated. An examination of various parameters for the slot die coating process was conducted, resulting in films with different structural and morphological characteristics. These Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> layers were used as electron transport layers in n-i-p perovskite devices. Current density versus voltage scans were utilized to evaluate the device performance, alongside transient analysis. Under optimal coating conditions, efficiencies up to 12 % were obtained. A transient analysis at the maximum power point identified an optimal delay time of approximately 200 ms for integration into the current–voltage curves, facilitating the approach towards an equilibrium state within the device. A discussion regarding the transient response is presented, delving into the factors that restrict the device’s performance and proposing potential strategies for its enhancement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141423732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fabrication of a counter electrode possessing elevated catalytic efficiency and steadfast stability is a crucial prerequisite for the high-performance quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). Mesoporous carbon (MC) has been adopted as the desired CE material in the past years, but the disadvantage of its poor conductivity has limited further development of the performance of QDSCs. In this study, we present a straightforward approach for producing highly effective counter electrodes through the integration of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (N-MC) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), forming a composite material that is deposited onto a titanium mesh substrate. The counter electrode (CE) based on composite materials shows excellent electrocatalytic performance, synergistically benefiting from large specific areas of N-MC and high conductivity of CNTs. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the optimal CEs exhibit excellent catalytic reduction activity as well as high electron mobility. Consequently, the corresponding QDSCs show a record power conversion efficiency of 16.68 %.
制备具有较高催化效率和稳定性的对电极是实现高性能量子点敏化太阳能电池(QDSCs)的重要前提。介孔碳(MC)在过去几年中一直被用作理想的CE材料,但其导电性差的缺点限制了QDSCs性能的进一步发展。在本研究中,我们提出了一种生产高效对电极的直接方法,即通过将氮掺杂介孔碳(N-MC)与碳纳米管(CNTs)整合在一起,形成一种沉积在钛网基底上的复合材料。N-MC 的大比面积和 CNT 的高导电性协同作用,使基于复合材料的对电极(CE)显示出卓越的电催化性能。电化学测量结果表明,最佳 CE 具有出色的催化还原活性和高电子迁移率。因此,相应的 QDSCs 显示出 16.68% 的创纪录功率转换效率。
{"title":"Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon combined with carbon nanotubes as counter electrode catalysts for quantum dot sensitized solar cells with record efficiency","authors":"Junjie Zeng, Wenran Wang, Yu Lin, Zhengyan Zhang, Ziwei Li, Huashang Rao, Zhenxiao Pan, Xinhua Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fabrication of a counter electrode possessing elevated catalytic efficiency and steadfast stability is a crucial prerequisite for the high-performance quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs). Mesoporous carbon (MC) has been adopted as the desired CE material in the past years, but the disadvantage of its poor conductivity has limited further development of the performance of QDSCs. In this study, we present a straightforward approach for producing highly effective counter electrodes through the integration of nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (N-MC) with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), forming a composite material that is deposited onto a titanium mesh substrate. The counter electrode (CE) based on composite materials shows excellent electrocatalytic performance, synergistically benefiting from large specific areas of N-MC and high conductivity of CNTs. Electrochemical measurements reveal that the optimal CEs exhibit excellent catalytic reduction activity as well as high electron mobility. Consequently, the corresponding QDSCs show a record power conversion efficiency of 16.68 %.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141423726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112698
Sana Ahmed Khalil , Hichem Bencherif , Raedah A.S Alatawi , Ali A. Keshk , Asma O. Alatawi , Tahani Albalawi
Cu2BaSn(S,Se)4 (CBTSSe) solar cells, are an intriguing kind of photovoltaic devices with theoretical efficiency close to 31 %. Their promise in the field of renewable energy is highlighted by their sustainable structure, as well as their low density of defects. Even with these benefits, the record efficiency for CBTSSe solar cells is now only 5.2 %. In order to identify limitations in performance and clear the path for obtaining improved practical efficiency, this emphasizes the vital requirement for deep analysis. In this work, we investigate a new structure based on Cd free In2S3/CBTSSe heterojunction in which an Indium (III) sulfide as ETL layer, and CBTSSe as absorber layer take the place of the traditional CdS/ CBTSSe structure. For the first time, an analytical model that incorporates a variety of recombination mechanisms occurred in CBTSSe solar cell, such as Auger, Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH), interface recombination, tunneling-enhanced recombination, and non-radiative recombinations is proposed. In our approach the reverse saturation mechanism is taken into account in the suggested model as a metric to identify the main recombination mechanism. Significantly, there is a good agreement between the outcomes of our model and the experiment. It is shown that CBTSSe bulk recombination, In2S3/CBTSSe interface recombination and resistances are dominating. Besides, the developed model serves as fitness function for MOGA approach to locate the optimal parameters design combination that led to optimal efficiency. We demonstrate the ability to obtain an efficiency of up to 10.12 % by carefully tuning both the CBTSSe bulk material parameters and the In2S3/CBTSSe interface features. Our findings demonstrate that the optimized design using In2S3/CBTSSe heterojunction outperforms the baseline, reaching a high JSC of 20.57 mA/cm2, VOC of 0.88 V, and FF of 55.54 %, with appropriate band alignment at the In2S3/CBTSSe interface and optimized physical and geometrical parameters. The suggested approach paves the way for additional design optimization while also making it possible to identify the degradation factors that are responsible.
{"title":"Towards efficiency enhancement of earth abundant Cu2BaSn(S,Se)4 chalcogenide solar cell using In2S3 as efficient electron transport layer","authors":"Sana Ahmed Khalil , Hichem Bencherif , Raedah A.S Alatawi , Ali A. Keshk , Asma O. Alatawi , Tahani Albalawi","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cu<sub>2</sub>BaSn(S,Se)<sub>4</sub> (CBTSSe) solar cells, are an intriguing kind of photovoltaic devices with theoretical efficiency close to 31 %. Their promise in the field of renewable energy is highlighted by their sustainable structure, as well as their low density of defects. Even with these benefits, the record efficiency for CBTSSe solar cells is now only 5.2 %. In order to identify limitations in performance and clear the path for obtaining improved practical efficiency, this emphasizes the vital requirement for deep analysis. In this work, we investigate a new structure based on Cd free In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/CBTSSe heterojunction in which an Indium (III) sulfide as ETL layer, and CBTSSe as absorber layer take the place of the traditional CdS/ CBTSSe structure. For the first time, an analytical model that incorporates a variety of recombination mechanisms occurred in CBTSSe solar cell, such as Auger, Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH), interface recombination, tunneling-enhanced recombination, and non-radiative recombinations is proposed. In our approach the reverse saturation mechanism is taken into account in the suggested model as a metric to identify the main recombination mechanism. Significantly, there is a good agreement between the outcomes of our model and the experiment. It is shown that CBTSSe bulk recombination, In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/CBTSSe interface recombination and resistances are dominating. Besides, the developed model serves as fitness function for MOGA approach to locate the optimal parameters design combination that led to optimal efficiency. We demonstrate the ability to obtain an efficiency of up to 10.12 % by carefully tuning both the CBTSSe bulk material parameters and the In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/CBTSSe interface features. Our findings demonstrate that the optimized design using In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/CBTSSe heterojunction outperforms the baseline, reaching a high <em>J<sub>SC</sub></em> of 20.57 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, <em>V<sub>OC</sub></em> of 0.88 V, and <em>FF</em> of 55.54 %, with appropriate band alignment at the In<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/CBTSSe interface and optimized physical and geometrical parameters. The suggested approach paves the way for additional design optimization while also making it possible to identify the degradation factors that are responsible.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141423727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-18DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112681
Lucas Meirelles Pires Deotti, Ivo Chaves da Silva Junior
The single diode model is one of the most employed to represent the behavior of photovoltaic generators. Nonetheless, the transcendental nature of its characteristic equation requires that some mathematical approach be specifically adopted to allow the determination of its solution. In recent years, the approach via the Lambert W function has gained more and more popularity; however, the calculation of this special function still faces performance issues. That said, the present paper proposes a self-started predictor–corrector method for calculating the Lambert W function in the interval of interest of the single diode model. This method was properly designed to return high-quality solutions at a low and fixed computational cost. In this sense, the moderate complexity of its four equations stands out, as well as its non-conditional and non-iterative nature. The results obtained for appropriate case studies ascertain its elevated level of accuracy. Also, they demonstrate that it is more effective and faster than other state-of-the-art alternatives. Therefore, the paper’s major contribution is this novel method, which proves to be reliable, easy to implement, and useful for making the employment of the single diode model in studies more efficient.
单二极管模型是最常用来表示光伏发电机行为的模型之一。然而,由于其特征方程具有超越性,因此需要专门采用某种数学方法来确定其解法。近年来,通过兰伯特 W 函数求解的方法越来越受欢迎;然而,这种特殊函数的计算仍然面临着性能问题。因此,本文提出了一种自启动预测器-校正器方法,用于计算单二极管模型感兴趣区间内的兰伯特 W 函数。该方法设计合理,能以较低的固定计算成本返回高质量的解。从这个意义上讲,它的四个方程的适度复杂性,以及其非条件和非迭代性质都非常突出。在适当的案例研究中获得的结果证实了其较高的精确度。此外,这些结果还表明,它比其他最先进的替代方法更有效、更快速。因此,本文的主要贡献在于这种新颖的方法,它被证明是可靠的、易于实施的,并且有助于在研究中更有效地使用单二极管模型。
{"title":"A self-started predictor–corrector method for calculating the Lambert W function within the scope of the photovoltaic single diode model","authors":"Lucas Meirelles Pires Deotti, Ivo Chaves da Silva Junior","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2024.112681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2024.112681","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The single diode model is one of the most employed to represent the behavior of photovoltaic generators. Nonetheless, the transcendental nature of its characteristic equation requires that some mathematical approach be specifically adopted to allow the determination of its solution. In recent years, the approach via the Lambert W function has gained more and more popularity; however, the calculation of this special function still faces performance issues. That said, the present paper proposes a <em>self-started predictor–corrector method</em> for calculating the Lambert W function in the interval of interest of the single diode model. This method was properly designed to return high-quality solutions at a low and fixed computational cost. In this sense, the moderate complexity of its four equations stands out, as well as its non-conditional and non-iterative nature. The results obtained for appropriate case studies ascertain its elevated level of accuracy. Also, they demonstrate that it is more effective and faster than other state-of-the-art alternatives. Therefore, the paper’s major contribution is this novel method, which proves to be reliable, easy to implement, and useful for making the employment of the single diode model in studies more efficient.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141423725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}