Solar Energy最新文献_第7页

A comprehensive evaluation framework using generative adversarial networks for infrared defect images in photovoltaic modules 基于生成对抗网络的光伏组件红外缺陷图像综合评估框架

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114311

Xujiang Liu , Guangyu Zhu , Zhigang Li , Dongjing Li

This study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework to objectively assess the performance of generative adversarial networks (GANs) for generating photovoltaic infrared defect images under small-sample conditions. Focusing on realism and diversity, the framework integrates quantitative metrics with semantic-level evaluation. A weighting system is constructed by combining the Entropy Weight Method (EWM) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), enabling systematic calculation of comprehensive scores. Five GAN models, namely DCGAN, LSGAN, WGAN, WGAN-GP, and R3GAN-LS, were evaluated, and their generated images were used to augment the datasets for two defect categories (“Hot-Spot-Multi” and “Soiling”). Classification experiments were subsequently conducted by combining these augmented datasets with images from the “No_Anomaly” category. Results indicate that LSGAN achieves the highest comprehensive score of 0.537 and a classification accuracy of 89.61% for the Hot-Spot-Multi task, whereas WGAN-GP performs best for Soiling, with a comprehensive score of 0.655 and an accuracy of 93.62%. To further validate the framework’s generalizability, additional defect types (“Diode-Multi” and “Cell-Multi”) were respectively assigned to the established “Hot-Spot-Multi” and “Soiling” weighting schemes based on their visual characteristics. Different GAN models were then used to generate “Diode-Multi” and “Cell-Multi” defect images, which were used to augment the corresponding datasets in the subsequent classification experiments. Results show strong consistency between comprehensive evaluation scores and actual test accuracies, confirming the robustness and reliability of the proposed framework. These findings highlight the practical applicability of the framework for guiding GAN-based data augmentation in photovoltaic defect classification.

本研究提出了一个综合评估框架，客观评估生成对抗网络（gan）在小样本条件下生成光伏红外缺陷图像的性能。该框架注重现实性和多样性，将定量度量与语义级评估相结合。将熵权法（EWM）与层次分析法（AHP）相结合，构建权重体系，实现综合得分的系统计算。对DCGAN、LSGAN、WGAN、WGAN- gp和R3GAN-LS五种GAN模型进行了评估，并使用它们生成的图像来增强两种缺陷类别（“热点-多”和“污染”）的数据集。随后，将这些增强数据集与“No_Anomaly”类别的图像相结合，进行分类实验。结果表明，LSGAN对热点-多任务的综合得分最高，为0.537，分类准确率为89.61%；WGAN-GP对脏脏任务的综合得分最高，为0.655，分类准确率为93.62%。为了进一步验证框架的可泛化性，根据缺陷的视觉特征，将额外的缺陷类型（“二极管-多”和“细胞-多”）分别分配给已建立的“热点-多”和“污染”加权方案。然后使用不同的GAN模型生成“二极管-多”和“细胞-多”缺陷图像，这些图像用于在随后的分类实验中增强相应的数据集。结果表明，综合评价分数与实际测试精度具有较强的一致性，验证了所提框架的鲁棒性和可靠性。这些发现突出了该框架在光伏缺陷分类中指导基于gan的数据增强的实际适用性。

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引用次数: 0

Optimizing the Performance of Multi-Structure TOPCon Solar Cells: A Numerical Analysis using Sentaurus-TCAD 多结构TOPCon太阳能电池性能优化：基于Sentaurus-TCAD的数值分析

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114297

Savita Kashyap , Pradeep Padhamnath , Anil Kottantharayil

Tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) is the most widely used technology for fabricating high-efficiency silicon solar cells (SCs). This technology has been successfully scaled up and is being produced commercially by major photovoltaic (PV) manufacturers worldwide. For most commercial applications, polysilicon (poly-Si) based passivating contacts on the rear side are being used. However, the current SCs can be improved further if the recombination losses on the front side emitter and under the metal contacts can be either eliminated or minimized. Furthermore, it is essential to comprehend the various fundamental mechanisms and factors that contribute to achieving higher efficiencies. This work examines the performance of various TOPCon device structures, considering both monofacial and bifacial configurations with single-side (SS) and double-side (DS) TOPCon structures. TOPCon structures based on doped poly-Si are explored and modelled through Sentaurus TCAD software. An advanced selective-emitter (SE)- based bifacial DS-TOPCon cell is proposed and analyzed to reduce parasitic absorption and contact resistivity, thereby improving current collection efficiency. By following the SE technology, the optimized device achieved an efficiency of up to 26.7%. We believe this study provides an understanding of the excellent performance of TOPCon devices and could provide a pathway for improving the performance of advanced commercial TOPCon SCs.

隧道氧化钝化接触（TOPCon）是目前应用最广泛的高效硅太阳能电池制造技术。这项技术已经成功地扩大了规模，并正在由世界各地的主要光伏（PV）制造商进行商业化生产。对于大多数商业应用，背面的多晶硅（polysi）基钝化触点被使用。然而，如果可以消除或最小化正面发射极和金属触点下的复合损耗，则可以进一步改善当前的sc。此外，必须了解有助于实现更高效率的各种基本机制和因素。本研究考察了各种TOPCon器件结构的性能，考虑了单面和双面结构的单面（SS）和双面（DS） TOPCon结构。利用Sentaurus TCAD软件对掺杂多晶硅的TOPCon结构进行了探索和建模。提出并分析了一种先进的基于选择性发射极（SE）的双面DS-TOPCon电池，以减少寄生吸收和接触电阻率，从而提高电流收集效率。采用SE技术，优化后的器件效率高达26.7%。我们相信这项研究提供了对TOPCon器件优异性能的理解，并可以为提高先进的商用TOPCon SCs的性能提供途径。

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引用次数: 0

Hexagonal microtextured glass to achieve high optical performance in thin-film silicon solar cells 六方微纹理玻璃在薄膜硅太阳能电池中实现高光学性能

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114292

Govind Padmakumar, Aravind Balaji, Federica Saitta, Paula Perez-Rodriguez, René A.C.M.M. van Swaaij, Arno H.M. Smets

Periodic hexagonal microtexture arrays (also known as honeycombs) are successfully implemented for the first time in a superstrate glass configuration. Hexagonal textures on glass demonstrate an anti-reflective effect when compared to flat glass. It is shown that light scattering increases at the honeycomb interfaces with an increase in texture height and periodicity. The performance of the textures is demonstrated using thin-film single-junction PV devices based on an indirect bandgap semiconductor material, nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H), which requires light trapping in the infrared region of the spectrum. Inspecting the nc-Si:H bulk absorber suggests a conformal, crack-free growth of crystals on the hexagonal arrays. Short-circuit current density (

J_{S C}

) increases with an increase in the aspect ratio of the superstrate, without compromising voltage and fill factor. The

J_{S C}

enhancement is attributed to a combined benefit of (i) the anti-reflective nature of developed textures, (ii) trapping light within the absorbing layer through multiple order diffraction at the front and (iii) reflection from a back reflector with adapted hexagonal morphology. With the above observations, a

J_{S C}

of 28.6 mA/cm² (photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 9.3 %) is achieved for a 5

μ

m periodic texture with a height of 1

μ

m (aspect ratio = 0.21). This is the highest reported

J_{S C}

for a single-junction nc-Si:H solar cell in a superstrate configuration without an external anti-reflection coating.

周期性六边形微纹理阵列（也称为蜂窝）首次在超层玻璃结构中成功实现。与平面玻璃相比，玻璃上的六角形纹理具有抗反射效果。结果表明，蜂窝界面的光散射随织构高度和周期性的增加而增加。使用基于间接带隙半导体材料纳米晶硅（nc-Si:H）的薄膜单结光伏器件证明了纹理的性能，该材料需要在光谱的红外区域捕获光。检查nc-Si:H体吸收体表明，在六边形阵列上晶体的保形，无裂纹生长。短路电流密度（JSC）随着上覆层宽高比的增加而增加，而不影响电压和填充因子。JSC的增强归因于以下因素的综合效益：(i)发达纹理的抗反射特性，（ii）通过前面的多级衍射在吸收层内捕获光，以及（iii）具有适应六边形形态的后反射器的反射。通过上述观察，对于高度为1μm（宽高比为0.21）的5μm周期纹理，获得了28.6 mA/cm2的JSC（光伏转换效率为9.3%）。这是目前报道的无外抗反射涂层的单结nc-Si:H太阳能电池的最高JSC。

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引用次数: 0

Agent-based modeling of residential solar adoption in subsidized energy markets 补贴能源市场中住宅太阳能采用的基于主体的模型

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114290

Wael M. Attiya , Mohamed Bin Shams , Abdulla Alabbasi , Hanan Albuflasa

Residential rooftop photovoltaics (PV) are a cost-effective route to decarbonizing household electricity, yet uptake in subsidy-distorted markets remains sluggish. Focusing on Bahrain—a Gulf Cooperation Council member with world–class solar resource but highly subsidized tariffs—we build a data–driven agent–based model of 158 representative households and simulate diffusion over 2025–2050 under four policy settings: (i) status–quo baseline, (ii) a value–added–tax (VAT) reduction on PV hardware, (iii) a concessional loan whose monthly repayment is capped at the prevailing electricity bill, and (iv) a combined package. The model is calibrated to Rogers’ 2.5 % innovator share in 2027 and anchored to national income statistics.

Financial levers dominate other behavioral drivers. Relative to the baseline trajectory (22 % adoption by 2050), VAT relief lifts uptake to 38.9 % and the loan scheme to 39.0 %; the combined package yields 52.8 % adoption, a mean pay–back of 4.0 years, and an internal rate of return around 58 %. The integrated policy also delivers the most significant public–finance benefit, saving 342 million SCF of natural gas and avoiding 21,169 tons of CO₂ by 2050, while the incremental VAT outlay is recovered through lower electricity–subsidy expenditure. Social–capital effects accelerate diffusion, but only once strong monetary incentives exist.

The study demonstrates how agent-based techniques can quantify welfare trade-offs in heavily subsidized electricity systems and highlights the complementarity of upfront tax relief and income–stream smoothing. Its findings are immediately relevant to Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) energy planners and to other jurisdictions seeking to reconcile entrenched subsidies with renewable–energy targets.

住宅屋顶光伏（PV）是一种具有成本效益的家庭电力脱碳途径，但在补贴扭曲的市场中，吸收仍然缓慢。巴林是海湾合作委员会的成员，拥有世界一流的太阳能资源，但却享受着高额的电价补贴。我们以巴林为例，建立了一个基于数据驱动的基于主体的模型，涵盖了158个有代表性的家庭，并在2025-2050年期间模拟了四种政策设置下的扩散：(i)现状基线，（ii）光伏硬件的增值税（VAT）减免，（iii）每月还款上限为现行电费的优惠贷款，以及（iv）综合方案。该模型是根据罗杰斯提出的2027年2.5%的创新份额进行校准的，并与国民收入统计数据挂钩。财务杠杆主导着其他行为驱动因素。相对于基线轨迹（到2050年采用22%），增值税减免将其提高到38.9%，贷款计划提高到39.0%；综合方案的采用率为52.8%，平均投资回收期为4.0年，内部回报率约为58%。综合政策还带来了最显著的公共财政效益，到2050年节省了3.42亿立方英尺的天然气，避免了21169吨的二氧化碳排放，而增加的增值税支出通过降低电力补贴支出得到了补偿。社会资本效应加速扩散，但前提是存在强有力的货币激励。该研究展示了基于主体的技术如何量化大量补贴电力系统的福利权衡，并强调了前期税收减免和收入流平滑的互补性。它的研究结果对海湾合作委员会（GCC）的能源规划者和其他寻求将根深蒂固的补贴与可再生能源目标相协调的司法管辖区具有直接意义。

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引用次数: 0

A data-driven multi-criteria model for anticipating consumer adoption of distributed photovoltaics 预测消费者采用分布式光伏的数据驱动多标准模型

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114315

Felipe Moraes do Nascimento, Julio Cezar Mairesse Siluk, Paula Donaduzzi Rigo, Graciele Rediske, Flávia Ferrari dos Santos

The growing adoption of sustainable technologies is steadily increasing, creating uncertainty for Distribution System Operators (DSOs), which are responsible for delivering energy to end consumers. Although DSOs collect large amounts of data, these datasets are underexplored in addressing the adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this context, this study proposes a multi-criteria decision-making model to classify electricity consumers based on their potential for adopting photovoltaic distributed generation (PV DG), using data already available in distribution utility databases and integrating multi-criteria decision-making techniques. The proposed methodology is structured into four phases: (i) identification and weighting ten key performance indicators (KPIs) using the Best-Worst Method (BWM); (ii) identification of 19 relevant attributes within DSO databases capable of measuring the KPIs, through a systematic literature review (SLR); (iii) determination of the most appropriate attributes for measuring KPIs using the DEMATEL method; and (iv) calculation of an adoption potential index via the TOPSIS method. The model was applied using real data from the distributor ELETROCAR (Brazil), comprising 30,858 consumer units (CUs). The results demonstrate that the integrated multi-criteria model offers a robust, data-driven approach to identifying consumers with high potential for PV DG adoption, thereby supporting DSOs in strategic planning and decision-making.

可持续技术的应用正在稳步增长，这给负责向终端消费者输送能源的配电系统运营商（dso）带来了不确定性。虽然dso收集了大量的数据，但这些数据集在解决光伏（PV）系统的采用方面尚未得到充分的探索。在此背景下，本研究提出了一个多准则决策模型，利用配电公用事业数据库中已有的数据，并集成多准则决策技术，根据消费者采用光伏分布式发电（PV DG）的潜力对电力消费者进行分类。建议的方法分为四个阶段：(i)使用最佳最差方法（BWM）确定和加权十个关键绩效指标（kpi）；（ii）通过系统的文献回顾（SLR），确定能够衡量kpi的DSO数据库中的19个相关属性；（iii）使用DEMATEL方法确定衡量kpi的最合适属性；（iv）通过TOPSIS方法计算采用潜力指数。该模型使用了来自分销商ELETROCAR（巴西）的真实数据，包括30,858个消费者单位（cu）。结果表明，集成的多标准模型提供了一种强大的、数据驱动的方法来识别具有光伏发电DG采用潜力的消费者，从而支持dso进行战略规划和决策。

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引用次数: 0

Performance and drying kinetics of solar dryer with sinusoidal absorber plate and thermal energy storage 正弦吸收板蓄热太阳能干燥器性能及干燥动力学

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114319

S. Madhankumar , V. Suresh Kannan , Gobikrishnan Udhayakumar , Anita Kumari , Akhilesh Kumar Singh , M.N.V.S.A. Sivaram Kotha

The growing demand for sustainable and energy-efficient food items drying techniques necessitates innovative solar drying systems capable of delivering consistent performance under varying climatic environments. This research presented the performance assessment of an Indirect Solar Dryer (ISD) integrated with a Sinusoidal Absorber plate Solar Collector (SASC) and a fin-inserted paraffin wax-filled Thermal Energy Storage (TES) unit to enhance thermal retention. The system’s performance was experimentally investigated across spring and summer environments for dehydrating Momordica Charantia Samples (MCS), a high-moisture-content horticultural product. The SASC demonstrated a mean outlet air temperature of 38.23

^{°} C

in spring and 40.11

^{°} C

in summer, achieving corresponding thermal efficiencies of 23.31

%

and 25.28

%

, respectively. The ISD removed the initial moisture content of MCS from 92

%

(w.b.) to 12

%

(w.b.), requiring 12.5

hours

under spring conditions and 11

hours

during summer trials. The mean energy efficiency was 20.99

%

in spring and 19.24

%

in summer. To evaluate performance, Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) and Specific Moisture Extraction Rate (SMER) were determined, providing direct measures of energy use and drying effectiveness. Drying kinetics were examined using twelve thin-layer models, of which the Weibull distribution model gave the closest agreement with the experimental data. These results indicate that the ISD configuration achieves practical energy efficiency and offers a sustainable option for post-harvest drying.

对可持续和节能食品干燥技术的需求不断增长，需要能够在不同气候环境下提供一致性能的创新太阳能干燥系统。本研究介绍了一种集成正弦吸收板太阳能集热器（SASC）和插入式石蜡填充热储能（TES）装置的间接太阳能干燥器（ISD）的性能评估。对该系统在春季和夏季两种环境下对高含水量园艺产品苦瓜（Momordica Charantia）进行脱水试验。春季和夏季的平均出风口温度分别为38.23°C和40.11°C，热效率分别为23.31%和25.28%。ISD将MCS的初始含水率从92% （w.b.）降至12% (w.b.)，在春季条件下需要12.5小时，在夏季试验中需要11小时。春季和夏季的平均能源效率分别为20.99%和19.24%。为了评估性能，测定了比能量消耗（SEC）和比水分提取率（SMER），为能量使用和干燥效果提供了直接指标。用12个薄层模型考察了干燥动力学，其中威布尔分布模型与实验数据最吻合。这些结果表明，ISD配置实现了实际的能源效率，并为收获后干燥提供了可持续的选择。

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引用次数: 0

Defect detection network for photovoltaic panels with adaptive feature selection and dynamic channel fusion 基于自适应特征选择和动态信道融合的光伏板缺陷检测网络

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114305

Kangye Zhang, Zhanying Li, Yu Gao, Junjie Liu, Haoyang Yu

Photovoltaic power generation has become an important part of clean energy because of its simplicity and reliability, and the accompanying detection of photovoltaic panel defects is also becoming increasingly important. However, there are many kinds of defects in photovoltaic panels, and problems such as different scales and sizes make them difficult to detect. This paper proposes a photovoltaic cell defect detection network with multi-scale feature extraction and adaptive feature fusion. First of all, we have designed the multi-scale edge information enhancement and selection framework(MSSAM), which is used to handle multi-scale feature tasks and enhance the ability to extract edge features. Secondly, we have built an efficient feature extraction network(EPSENet) to effectively extract the rich features of surface defects. Then we build a hierarchical edge-aware channel aggregation network(HECANet) by designing dynamic channel fusion(DCFA) to improve the integration ability of defect feature information. Finally, a shared convolutional detection head(SCDH) is designed to improve the ability of defect positioning and classification. The experimental results on the photovoltaic panel defect dataset show that the improved model detection accuracy has reached 90.4%, which is 5.3% higher than the You Only Look Once(YOLOv10s) model. At the same time, it performs very well in the detection of infrared thermal images, which fully demonstrates the generalisation of the model.

光伏发电以其简单、可靠的特点成为清洁能源的重要组成部分，伴随而来的光伏板缺陷检测也变得越来越重要。然而，光伏板的缺陷种类繁多，尺寸大小不一等问题使其难以检测。提出了一种基于多尺度特征提取和自适应特征融合的光伏电池缺陷检测网络。首先，设计了多尺度边缘信息增强与选择框架（MSSAM），用于处理多尺度特征任务，增强边缘特征提取能力；其次，构建了高效的特征提取网络（EPSENet），有效提取表面缺陷的丰富特征；然后，通过设计动态通道融合（DCFA），构建分层边缘感知通道聚合网络（HECANet），提高缺陷特征信息的集成能力；最后，设计了共享卷积检测头（SCDH）来提高缺陷定位和分类的能力。在光伏板缺陷数据集上的实验结果表明，改进后的模型检测准确率达到90.4%，比You Only Look Once（YOLOv10s）模型提高5.3%。同时，它在红外热图像的检测中也有很好的表现，充分证明了模型的泛化性。

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引用次数: 0

Bandgap tuning through controlled Bi/Sb substitution in Cs2AgBi1-xSbxBr6 enhances overall solar cell performance 通过控制Bi/Sb取代Cs2AgBi1-xSbxBr6的带隙调谐提高了太阳能电池的整体性能

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114298

N. Fangachi , I. Chabri , O. Fangachi , M. Yessari , A. Hajjaji

The search for non-toxic, high-efficiency alternatives to lead-based perovskites is one of the most active frontiers in solar energy research. In this study, we introduce a novel double perovskite design strategy based on the partial substitution of Bi³⁺ with Sb³⁺ in Cs₂AgBi_1-xSb_xBr₆, aiming to simultaneously enhance light harvesting, charge transport, and device stability. Using a validated SCAPS-1D model coupled with experimental benchmarking, we reveal how controlled Bi/Sb alloying enables precise bandgap tuning and optimized energy-level alignment without structural distortion. The Cs₂AgBi_0.1Sb_0.9Br₆ composition emerges as the most promising, exhibiting a narrowed bandgap (2.08 eV) and superior optoelectronic balance, leading to a 6.23 % PCE. A subsequent multi-parameter optimization, including defect density reduction (N_t = 10¹⁴ cm⁻³), absorber thickness adjustment (1.8 µm), and optimal p-type doping (N_A = 10¹⁵ cm⁻³), raised the efficiency to 11.76 %. Replacing the conventional P3HT with MoO₃ as a hole-transport layer further refined interfacial energetics, achieving a record 14.05 % simulated efficiency for lead-free ITO/SnO₂/Cs₂AgBi_0.1Sb_0.9Br₆/MoO₃/Au cells. This work delivers a comprehensive and original framework combining compositional engineering and interfacial design, offering new insights into the rational design of lead-free double perovskite photovoltaics with high stability and scalability for sustainable solar energy applications.

寻找无毒、高效的铅基钙钛矿替代品是太阳能研究中最活跃的前沿之一。在这项研究中，我们引入了一种新的双钙钛矿设计策略，该策略基于Sb3+部分取代Cs2AgBi1-xSbxBr6中的Bi3+，旨在同时增强光捕获，电荷传输和器件稳定性。利用经过验证的SCAPS-1D模型和实验基准测试，我们揭示了受控Bi/Sb合金如何实现精确的带隙调谐和优化的能级对准，而不会产生结构畸变。Cs2AgBi0.1Sb0.9Br6是最有前途的组合物，具有窄带隙（2.08 eV）和优异的光电平衡，PCE为6.23% .随后的多参数优化，包括缺陷密度降低（Nt = 1014 cm−3），吸收器厚度调整（1.8µm）和最佳p型掺杂（NA = 1015 cm−3），将效率提高到11.76%。用MoO3取代传统的P3HT作为空穴传输层，进一步改善了界面能量，在无铅ITO/SnO2/Cs2AgBi0.1Sb0.9Br6/MoO3/Au电池中实现了创纪录的14.05%的模拟效率。本工作提供了一个综合的、原创的框架，结合了成分工程和界面设计，为合理设计具有高稳定性和可扩展性的无铅双钙钛矿光伏电池提供了新的见解，可用于可持续太阳能应用。

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引用次数: 0

Parametric and distribution-based definition of climatic zones for photovoltaics 基于参数和分布的光伏气候带定义

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2025.114295

Ismael Medina , Ana M. Martínez , Ewan Dunlop

The definition of climatic zones for photovoltaics (PV) is critical for improving resource simulation, energy forecasting, and performance evaluation. Existing classifications provide valuable frameworks, but suffer from limitations in integrating relevant PV parameters into the classification pipeline and remaining technology-agnostic. This paper addresses these shortcomings by introducing a classification tailored to key PV performance metrics: the PV array energy yield (

Y_{A}

) and module performance ratio (

MPR

), using the annual irradiation (

H_{y e a r}

) and a novel irradiation-weighted module temperature (

T_{w}

) as core climatic parameters. These parameters ensure a technology-independent yet performance-relevant classification for the two most widely used parameters in the PV community. The classification is backed by high-resolution climatic data (

{0.1}^{\circ} \times {0.1}^{\circ}

) and recent advancements in PV simulations and data science. Additionally, we explore a distribution-based approach to account for the increasing importance of variability in PV generation. Applying the theory of optimal transport to the distribution of daily irradiation, we devise a novel classification concept that groups locations with similar daily generation characteristics. This method is better suited for applications where the variability of the generation, rather than annual averages, is the main feature of interest, such as firm power generation. We apply our framework to a global and pan-European classification to illustrate the effectiveness of our methodology.

光伏气候带的定义对于改善资源模拟、能源预测和性能评估至关重要。现有的分类提供了有价值的框架，但在将相关PV参数集成到分类管道和技术不可知方面存在局限性。本文通过引入针对关键光伏性能指标的分类来解决这些缺点：光伏阵列发电量（YA）和组件性能比（MPR），使用年辐照（Hyear）和新型辐照加权组件温度（Tw）作为核心气候参数。这些参数确保了光伏行业中最广泛使用的两个参数的技术独立但与性能相关的分类。这种分类的依据是高分辨率气候数据（0.1°×0.1°）以及PV模拟和数据科学的最新进展。此外，我们探索了一种基于分布的方法来解释光伏发电中可变性日益增加的重要性。将最优运输理论应用到日辐照分布中，提出了一种新的分类概念，将日发电量特征相似的地点进行分组。这种方法更适合于发电的可变性而不是年平均值是主要特征的应用，例如稳定的发电。我们将我们的框架应用于全球和泛欧分类，以说明我们方法的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Improving Thermal and Electrical Performance of PV Panels Using Leaf Vein Fins 利用叶脉翅片改善光伏板的热电性能

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114325

Yasser A. Jebbar , Mohammed Salih Hassan , Farhan Lafta Rashid , Arman Ameen , Ihab Hasan Hatif , Mohand Mosa Mohammad

The electrical performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules is strongly dependent on operating temperature, with elevated cell temperatures causing significant efficiency losses. Passive air-cooled heat sinks offer a sustainable alternative to active cooling systems; however, identifying fin geometries that maximise heat dissipation remains a key challenge. This study numerically investigates the thermal and electrical performance of PV panels integrated with leaf vein–inspired fins in four configurations: parallel-I (PAR-I), parallel-II (PAR-II), pinnate (PIN), and reticulate (RET). Three-dimensional CFD simulations were conducted using ANSYS Fluent to evaluate the effects of fin spacing (0.02–0.07 m), height (0.02–0.07 m), and thickness (0.002–0.007 m). All leaf vein fin configurations significantly enhanced heat dissipation compared with the uncooled PV panel. Among the investigated designs, the RET configuration provided the most effective cooling due to its branched geometry. The optimal RET geometry, 0.03 m spacing, 0.05 m height, and 0.006 m thickness, achieved a maximum temperature reduction of approximately 33.6 °C relative to the uncooled panel and increased PV efficiency from 12.04% to 14.19%, corresponding to a relative improvement of about 18%. These findings demonstrate that leaf vein–inspired fin architectures provide an effective, low-cost, and maintenance-free solution for passive thermal management of PV systems operating in hot climates. The associated efficiency gains also imply potential economic savings and reduced CO₂ emissions under hot-climate operating conditions.

光伏（PV）组件的电性能强烈依赖于工作温度，电池温度升高会导致显著的效率损失。被动式风冷散热器提供了主动冷却系统的可持续替代方案；然而，确定最大限度散热的翅片几何形状仍然是一个关键挑战。本研究数值研究了四种配置：平行- i （PAR-I）、平行- ii （PAR-II）、羽状（PIN）和网状（RET）集成叶脉启发鳍的光伏板的热学和电学性能。利用ANSYS Fluent软件进行了三维CFD仿真，评估了翅片间距（0.02 ~ 0.07 m）、高度（0.02 ~ 0.07 m）和厚度（0.002 ~ 0.007 m）的影响。与未冷却的光伏面板相比，所有叶脉翅片配置都显着增强了散热。在研究的设计中，由于其分支几何结构，RET配置提供了最有效的冷却。优化的RET几何结构（间距0.03 m，高度0.05 m，厚度0.006 m）与未冷却面板相比，最大温度降低了约33.6°C，光伏效率从12.04%提高到14.19%，相对提高了约18%。这些研究结果表明，叶脉式翅片结构为在炎热气候下运行的光伏系统的被动热管理提供了一种有效、低成本和免维护的解决方案。在炎热气候条件下，相关的效率提高也意味着潜在的经济节约和二氧化碳排放的减少。

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引用次数: 0