Solar Energy最新文献_第2页

Saharan dust and cirrus clouds: Dominating indirect impact of dust events on photovoltaic energy generation in Hungar y (2019–2024) 撒哈拉沙尘和卷云：沙尘事件对匈牙利光伏发电的主要间接影响（2019-2024）

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114385

György Varga , Fruzsina Gresina , András Gelencsér , Adrienn Csávics , Ágnes Rostási

Saharan dust outbreaks increasingly affect Europe, yet their full impact on photovoltaic (PV) performance remains insufficiently represented in models. We investigate Saharan dust events over Hungary, a country with the highest share of PV-based electricity generation (2024: 25%). Using 2019–2024 PV production for Hungary, combined with MERRA-2, MODIS and CAMS datasets, we show that the dominant losses arise not from the direct radiative attenuation of dust, but from dust-induced enhancement of cirrus clouds, which substantially increases atmospheric extinction.

Across the study period, PV performance ratio during high-dust and high-cirrus conditions fell to 46%, compared to > 75% on low-dust days. Cirrus reflectance increased by 55%, and cirrus coverage by 60–85% during high-dust episodes, highlighting a robust aerosol-cloud interaction (ACI) signal.

Seasonal analyses reveal that these indirect impacts peak in the transitional seasons (spring and autumn), when thermodynamic conditions favour heterogeneous ice nucleation. In these seasons, PV performance ratio exhibits a clear sensitivity to dust load (R²≈0.94–0.96), and cirrus optical thickening is most pronounced. Bootstrap-based mediation analysis also demonstrates that the dominant impact of dust on performance operates indirectly through dust-induced cirrus enhancement rather than through direct aerosol attenuation alone.

This study provides the first quantitative separation of direct dust effects and cirrus-mediated indirect pathways in national-scale photovoltaic performance, revealing that ACI dominate PV losses during dust intrusions. By moving beyond correlation-based analyses, it introduces a transferable, statistically robust framework for diagnosing dust impacts on solar energy systems under real-world operating conditions.

撒哈拉沙尘疫情日益影响欧洲，但其对光伏（PV）性能的全面影响在模型中仍未充分体现。我们调查了匈牙利的撒哈拉沙尘事件，匈牙利是一个光伏发电份额最高的国家（2024年：25%）。利用匈牙利2019-2024年的光伏产量，结合MERRA-2、MODIS和CAMS数据集，我们发现主要的损失不是来自尘埃的直接辐射衰减，而是来自尘埃引起的卷云增强，这大大增加了大气消光。在整个研究期间，高沙尘和高卷云条件下的PV性能比下降到46%，而低沙尘条件下的PV性能比为75%。在高沙尘期，卷云反射率增加了55%，卷云覆盖率增加了60-85%，突出了一个强大的气溶胶-云相互作用（ACI）信号。季节分析表明，这些间接影响在过渡季节（春季和秋季）达到峰值，此时热力学条件有利于非均质冰核。在这些季节，PV性能比对粉尘负荷表现出明显的敏感性（R2≈0.94-0.96），卷云光学增厚最为明显。基于bootstrap的中介分析还表明，粉尘对性能的主要影响间接地通过粉尘引起的卷云增强而不是直接的气溶胶衰减来实现。该研究首次定量分离了国家尺度光伏性能中的直接粉尘效应和卷云介导的间接途径，揭示了ACI在粉尘入侵期间主导光伏损失。通过超越基于相关性的分析，它引入了一个可转移的、统计上可靠的框架，用于诊断在实际操作条件下对太阳能系统的尘埃影响。

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引用次数: 0

Comparative analysis and trends in performance of identical PV panels under different climatic conditions 相同光伏板在不同气候条件下性能的比较分析和趋势

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114349

Iroshani Jayawardene , Dumitru Roman , Xiang Ma , Alessandro Liberale , Alicia Arce , Alfredo Gonzalez Naranjo , Rafael Martin Salinas , Rebeca Gutierrez , Hélène Ben Khemis , Zaher Khantouch , Claudio Fernández-Acevedo , Jesús Cordón , Julián Crespo , Ahmet Soylu , Antoine Pultier , Alexander Ulyashin

In this paper, a comparative analysis and trends in performance of identical photovoltaic (PV) panels under different climatic conditions are presented. Three PV demo sites situated in Oslo, Norway; Tozeur, Tunisia; and Sevilla, Spain are included into performed comparative analysis. Each site includes sets of identical mono-Si based PV panels supplied by the same manufacturers. The PV panel configurations include: (i) mono-facial, (ii) bi-facial, and (iii) innovative bi-facial PV panels with front glass covered by hydrophobic (HFB) or hydrophilic (HFL) coatings. At all three locations, each panel is equipped with Tigo optimizers, enabling module-level monitoring and DC energy-based performance assessment. Performance metrics are evaluated using IEC 61,724 based indicators, with irradiance derived from global horizontal irradiance data. Statistical analyses are applied to validate observed performance differences between panel types across locations. The results provide a technology-controlled comparison of PV panel behavior across cold-wet, warm-wet, and warm-dry climates, highlighting the influence of temperature, surface reflectivity, and coating type on relative performance trends.

本文对相同光伏板在不同气候条件下的性能进行了比较分析和趋势分析。位于挪威奥斯陆的三个光伏示范站点；Tozeur,突尼斯;和西班牙塞维利亚进行了比较分析。每个站点都包含由同一制造商提供的相同的单硅基光伏板。光伏面板配置包括：(i)单面，（ii）双面和（iii）创新的双面光伏面板，其前玻璃由疏水（HFB）或亲水（HFL）涂层覆盖。在所有三个位置，每个面板都配备了Tigo优化器，实现模块级监控和基于直流能源的性能评估。使用基于IEC 61,724的指标评估性能指标，辐照度来自全球水平辐照度数据。应用统计分析来验证不同地点面板类型之间观察到的性能差异。研究结果提供了在冷湿、暖湿和暖干气候条件下光伏面板性能的技术控制比较，突出了温度、表面反射率和涂层类型对相对性能趋势的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal performance experimental study of a robust funnel solar cooker using an enhanced evaluation method 基于改进评价方法的鲁棒漏斗太阳灶热性能实验研究

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114340

Celestino Rodrigues Ruivo , Semaan Azize , Xabier Apaolaza-Pagoaga , Antonio Carrillo-Andrés

The Pucca solar cooker is a domestic funnel-type cooker, constructed of concrete and silvered glass mirrors. Its robust construction allows it to be kept outside permanently, in all weather conditions. However, its reflectors may gradually degrade over time, leading to diminished performance. To assess this issue, six Pucca cookers were tested side by side using a water load of 2 kg in each cooker. Two of the cookers had new mirrors, two had minimally degraded mirrors, and two had badly degraded mirrors. Non-linear efficiency curves were determined by a suitable enhanced evaluation method. Small differences were noted between the efficiency curves of the four cookers with the least degraded reflectors. By contrast, the points of maximum efficiency for the two cookers with badly degraded reflectors amounted to only about 70% of the value seen in the other cookers. The impact of this degradation on performance is illustrated by the figures predicted using the enhanced procedure, where the measured temperature data were fitted to a second-order polynomial with a time-dependent exponential term to derive nonlinear efficiency curves. The best performing cooker is expected to boil 2 kg of water in about three hours when the ambient temperature is 20 °C and the solar irradiance is 700 Wm⁻², and in only 1.4 h when the ambient temperature is 30 °C and solar irradiance is 1000 Wm⁻². The two cookers with badly degraded mirrors could not boil 2 kg of water at all under either of those conditions. The enhanced method is reliable.

普卡太阳能炊具是一种家用漏斗式炊具，由混凝土和镀银玻璃镜子组成。其坚固的结构使其能够在任何天气条件下永久保持在室外。然而，它的反射器可能会随着时间的推移而逐渐退化，导致性能下降。为了评估这个问题，六个普卡炊具被并排测试，每个炊具的水负荷为2公斤。其中两个炊具有新镜子，两个有最小程度退化的镜子，两个有严重退化的镜子。采用合适的强化评价方法确定了非线性效率曲线。反射器退化程度最低的四种炊具的效率曲线之间存在微小差异。相比之下，两个反射器严重退化的炊具的最高效率点仅相当于其他炊具的70%左右。这种退化对性能的影响通过使用增强程序预测的数字来说明，其中测量的温度数据被拟合到具有时间相关指数项的二阶多项式中，以导出非线性效率曲线。当环境温度为20°C，太阳辐照度为700 Wm - 2时，性能最好的炊具预计在3小时左右煮沸2公斤水，而当环境温度为30°C，太阳辐照度为1000 Wm - 2时，仅需要1.4小时。两个镜子严重退化的炊具在任何一种条件下都不能煮沸2公斤的水。增强方法是可靠的。

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引用次数: 0

Amplitude-dependent analyses on nonlinear flutter performance of single-axis solar trackers 单轴太阳跟踪器非线性颤振性能的幅值依赖性分析

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114381

Qiaofei Wu , Xingang Wang , Jia He , Zhengqing Chen , Xugang Hua

The single-axis solar tracking systems are vulnerable to excessive vibration caused by strong wind. To investigate the aerodynamic stability of these structures, sectional-model wind tunnel tests and the corresponding computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted in this study. The nonlinearity of flutter performance and amplitude-dependent phenomena are found and discussed in details. As the vibrational amplitude increases, the negative aerodynamic damping gradually decreases. A steady limit cycle oscillation (LCO) can be observed when the damping ratio of the system reaches zero. Moreover, spectral analyses show that the contribution of higher-order harmonic components becomes large as the wind speed increases. It can be also found that the vibrational frequency of structural model decreases as the rotational amplitude increases. The influence of structural natural frequency, structural damping ratio and turbulence intensity on flutter critical wind speed is discussed based on CFD simulation results. It is found that the former plays a more important role in affecting the flutter critical wind speed, as compared with the latter two. The findings presented in this study can provide valuable reference for optimizing the design of photovoltaic (PV) modules and improving their aerodynamic stability.

单轴太阳能跟踪系统容易受到强风引起的过度振动的影响。为了研究这些结构的气动稳定性，本研究进行了截面模型风洞试验和相应的计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟。发现并详细讨论了颤振性能的非线性和幅值相关现象。随着振动幅值的增大，负气动阻尼逐渐减小。当系统阻尼比达到零时，可以观察到稳定的极限环振荡（LCO）。此外，谱分析表明，随着风速的增大，高次谐波分量的贡献增大。还可以发现，结构模型的振动频率随着旋转幅值的增大而减小。基于CFD仿真结果，讨论了结构固有频率、结构阻尼比和湍流强度对颤振临界风速的影响。与后两者相比，前者对颤振临界风速的影响更大。研究结果可为光伏组件的优化设计和提高其气动稳定性提供有价值的参考。

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引用次数: 0

Seasonal thermal performance of geopolymer wall with phase change material and green façade: Southern Italy study 相变材料和绿色外墙地聚合物墙体的季节性热性能：意大利南部研究

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114372

Rosa Francesca De Masi , Valentino Festa , Antonio Gigante , Silvia Ruggiero , Francesca Villano

This study presents a comprehensive experimental assessment of a full-scale geopolymer wall system enhanced with phase change material (PCM) and a vertical green façade, tested under real-world climatic conditions in Southern Italy. The research focuses on the synergistic thermal behavior of this hybrid passive system across transitional and winter seasons, an area underexplored in current literature. A geopolymer-based panel was monitored in two configurations—standard and PCM-enhanced—on a rotating test cell equipped with high-resolution heat flux and temperature sensors. Additionally, the PCM-enhanced panel was coupled with a modular green façade system using evergreen vegetation. Over a five-month monitoring period (September–January), detailed measurements revealed that the integrated system effectively reduced thermal fluxes by up to 3 W/m² and surface temperature amplitudes by 12% during warmer months, while offering significant thermal inertia and buffering capacity during colder periods—even when the PCM remained inactive. Violin plots and cumulative energy analyses demonstrate that PCM integration reduced heat release into the indoor environment by 16% and enhanced overall energy moderation. The green façade further improved microclimatic conditions by delaying thermal peaks and mitigating surface temperature extremes. A complementary simulation analysis further quantifies the annual energy implications of each façade configuration, extending the experimental evidence. This study contributes rare empirical data supporting the co-deployment of PCMs and green envelopes as a viable, passive, multi-seasonal strategy for energy-efficient building envelopes.

本研究对相变材料（PCM）和垂直绿色外墙增强的全尺寸地聚合物墙体系统进行了全面的实验评估，并在意大利南部的真实气候条件下进行了测试。该研究的重点是这种混合被动系统在过渡季节和冬季的协同热行为，这是目前文献中未充分探索的领域。在配备高分辨率热流通量和温度传感器的旋转测试单元上，对基于地聚合物的面板进行了两种配置（标准配置和pcm增强配置）的监测。此外，pcm增强面板与使用常绿植被的模块化绿色遮阳系统相结合。在为期5个月的监测期间（9月至1月），详细的测量结果显示，在较温暖的月份，集成系统有效地减少了高达3 W/m2的热通量和12%的地表温度幅值，同时在较冷的时期提供了显著的热惯性和缓冲能力，即使在PCM处于不活动状态时也是如此。小提琴图和累积能量分析表明，PCM集成减少了16%的热量释放到室内环境，并增强了整体能量调节。绿色farade通过延迟热峰值和减轻地表极端温度进一步改善了小气候条件。补充的模拟分析进一步量化了每个farade配置的年度能量影响，扩展了实验证据。本研究提供了罕见的经验数据，支持pcm和绿色围护结构的共同部署是一种可行的、被动的、多季节的节能建筑围护结构策略。

{"title":"Seasonal thermal performance of geopolymer wall with phase change material and green façade: Southern Italy study","authors":"Rosa Francesca De Masi , Valentino Festa , Antonio Gigante , Silvia Ruggiero , Francesca Villano","doi":"10.1016/j.solener.2026.114372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solener.2026.114372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive experimental assessment of a full-scale geopolymer wall system enhanced with phase change material (PCM) and a vertical green façade, tested under real-world climatic conditions in Southern Italy. The research focuses on the synergistic thermal behavior of this hybrid passive system across transitional and winter seasons, an area underexplored in current literature. A geopolymer-based panel was monitored in two configurations—standard and PCM-enhanced—on a rotating test cell equipped with high-resolution heat flux and temperature sensors. Additionally, the PCM-enhanced panel was coupled with a modular green façade system using evergreen vegetation. Over a five-month monitoring period (September–January), detailed measurements revealed that the integrated system effectively reduced thermal fluxes by up to 3 W/m<sup>2</sup> and surface temperature amplitudes by 12% during warmer months, while offering significant thermal inertia and buffering capacity during colder periods—even when the PCM remained inactive. Violin plots and cumulative energy analyses demonstrate that PCM integration reduced heat release into the indoor environment by 16% and enhanced overall energy moderation. The green façade further improved microclimatic conditions by delaying thermal peaks and mitigating surface temperature extremes. A complementary simulation analysis further quantifies the annual energy implications of each façade configuration, extending the experimental evidence. This study contributes rare empirical data supporting the co-deployment of PCMs and green envelopes as a viable, passive, multi-seasonal strategy for energy-efficient building envelopes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":428,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy","volume":"307 ","pages":"Article 114372"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146074348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Performance comparison of ETC-driven indirect dryers and natural convection greenhouse dryer for multiple vegetable loads 多种蔬菜负载的间接烘干机与自然对流温室烘干机性能比较

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114345

Abhishek Jain , Manoj Kumar , Harveer Singh Pali , Anish Malan

In this manuscript, experiments have been performed on an evacuated tube collector indirect solar dryer (ETC-ISD) and a natural convection greenhouse dryer (NCGHD), across three vegetables (carrot, spinach, tomato) and varying crop loads (2.5, 5, and 10 kg) at the National Institute of Solar Energy, Gurugram, India (March–May 2025), with real-time monitoring of solar irradiance, chamber conditions, drying kinetics, moisture ratio, and visual assessment of microbial spoilage. Vegetables were dried from initial moisture contents of 88 % (carrot), 92.6 % (spinach), and 95 % (tomato) to safe levels of 5 %, 7 %, and 9 % on a wet basis, respectively. The NCGHD consistently maintained higher chamber temperatures (15–20 °C above ETC-ISD, peaking at 71.8 °C), resulting in 28–35 % faster drying and 1.7–2.5 times higher drying efficiency. While the ETC-ISD provided uniform thermal distribution, its higher internal humidity occasionally led to fungal development in tomatoes during extended drying. An economic assessment indicates that the initial cost of the NCGHD is around 78.5 % lower than that of the ETC-ISD. Overall, the results highlight the suitability of drying systems for decentralised solar drying aligned with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 (Zero Hunger), 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), and 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure).

在本文中，在印度Gurugram国家太阳能研究所（2025年3月至5月），在真空管收集器间接太阳能干燥器（ETC-ISD）和自然对流温室干燥器（NCGHD）上进行了实验，涉及三种蔬菜（胡萝卜，菠菜，西红柿）和不同的作物负荷（2.5,5和10公斤），实时监测太阳辐照度，室条件，干燥动力学，水分比和微生物腐烂的视觉评估。蔬菜从最初的88%（胡萝卜）、92.6%（菠菜）和95%（番茄）的水分含量分别干燥到5%、7%和9%的安全水平。NCGHD始终保持较高的腔室温度（比ETC-ISD高15-20°C，峰值为71.8°C），使干燥速度提高28 - 35%，干燥效率提高1.7-2.5倍。虽然ETC-ISD提供了均匀的热分布，但其较高的内部湿度偶尔会导致真菌在长时间干燥的西红柿中发展。一项经济评估表明，NCGHD的初始成本比ETC-ISD低78.5%左右。总体而言，研究结果强调了分散太阳能干燥系统的适用性，符合可持续发展目标（sdg） 2（零饥饿）、7（负担得起的清洁能源）和9（工业、创新和基础设施）。

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引用次数: 0

Solar-light-active photocatalytic SrBi2Nb2O9-Li2O-B2O3 glass-ceramic plates 太阳光活性光催化SrBi2Nb2O9-Li2O-B2O3玻璃陶瓷板

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114370

Rahul , Abhishek Shukla , C Vamshi , Vishal Singh Chauhan , Rahul Vaish

Toxic pollutants released from textile, dye, paper, and related manufacturing industries pose a significant environmental threats. Degrading these pollutant into non-toxic, harmless by products are essential for safeguarding clean and safe water resources. Therefore, the development of efficient and sustainable treatment strategies are crucial. In this context, photocatalysis has emerged as a highly promising approach, enabling the degradation of hazardous organic pollutant using abundant solar irradiation. In this study, SrBi₂Nb₂O₉ (SBN), a member of Aurivillius family, was explored for its photocatalytic potential in glass-ceramic plates form. 16.66SrO-16.66Bi₂O₃-16.66Nb₂O₅-50Li₂B₄O₇ (mol%) glass plates were prepared via the conventional melt-quenching technique, followed by controlled heat treatments at 530 °C, 590 °C and 650 °C (HT530, HT590 and HT650) to induce crystallization. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye revealed that the HT650 glass–ceramic plate exhibited the highest degradation performance of ∼ 58% under visible light (∼32000 lx) within 240 min and ∼ 68% under solar light (∼72000 lx) within 60 min. Under solar irradiation, degradation efficiencies of ∼ 62%, ∼68%, and ∼ 74% were achieved for catalyst surface areas of 75, 150, and 300 mm², respectively. When the initial dye concentration was varied using a fixed surface area of 150 mm², degradation efficiencies of ∼ 77%, ∼68%, and ∼ 54% were obtained for dye concentrations of 7.5, 10, and 12.5 ppm, respectively. A general SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis further highlighted the potential of SBN glass–ceramic plates as a promising and sustainable photocatalyst for environmental remediation under solar irradiation.

纺织、染料、造纸及相关制造业排放的有毒污染物对环境构成严重威胁。将这些污染物降解为无毒、无害的副产品是保障水资源清洁安全的必要条件。因此，制定有效和可持续的治疗策略至关重要。在这种情况下，光催化已经成为一种非常有前途的方法，可以利用充足的太阳辐射降解有害的有机污染物。在这项研究中，SrBi2Nb2O9 （SBN）是Aurivillius家族的一员，探索了它在玻璃陶瓷板形式下的光催化潜力。采用传统的熔融淬火工艺制备16.66SrO-16.66Bi2O3-16.66Nb2O5-50Li2B4O7 （mol%）玻璃板，然后在530℃、590℃和650℃（HT530、HT590和HT650）进行控制热处理，诱导晶化。对亚甲基蓝（MB）染料的光催化降解表明，HT650玻璃陶瓷板在可见光（~ 32000 lx）下240 min内的降解性能最高，为~ 58%，在太阳光（~ 72000 lx）下60 min内的降解性能最高，为~ 68%。在太阳照射下，催化剂表面积为75、150和300 mm2时，降解效率分别为~ 62%、~ 68%和~ 74%。当初始染料浓度为150 mm2的固定表面积变化时，染料浓度为7.5、10和12.5 ppm时，降解效率分别为~ 77%、~ 68%和~ 54%。SWOT（优势、劣势、机会和威胁）分析进一步强调了SBN玻璃陶瓷板作为一种有前途的、可持续的光催化剂在太阳照射下进行环境修复的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Correlation of heat transfer and flow characteristics for convex protruded triangular shaped solar air heater 凸凸三角形太阳能空气加热器传热与流动特性的关系

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114347

Rajneesh Kumar , Abhishek Saxena

The break-up of viscous sublayer near the absorber due to artificial roughness enhances the performance of Solar Air Heaters (SAHs). In this work, 3-D triangular-shaped computational fluid dynamics is considered to study the impact of convex-shaped protrusions on the performance using Finite Volume Method under steady state conditions. The protrusions are fabricated in a periodic rectangular pattern with streamwise pitch ratio (P_l) and crossway pitch ratio (P_t) of 6 to 16 and 6 to 16, respectively, and Reynolds number (Re) range of 4.2 × 10³ to 20 × 10³ (ensure fully developed turbulent flow, specifically relevant to drying and space heating). The flow structure and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed using the RNG turbulent. The SIMPLE algorithm was used to predict the solution, and the model is validated against the Gnielinski’s correlation that shows a maximum error within a range of ±6.5 %. The convex protrusions have shown significant improvement in the Nusselt number (Nu) by breaking the laminar sublayer and generating secondary vortices. Simultaneously, the pressure drop occurs due to secondary vortices increasing the frictional penalty. Compared to a conventional SAH, this design achieves 218.28 % higher thermal augmentation, accompanied by a 268 % increase in the friction factor. The highest overall enhancement achieved is 2.59 at a Re of 20 × 10³, which indicates that the protrusion-shaped roughness is better for higher Reynolds values. Moreover, the protrusions provide 36 % higher thermal performance than dimple-shaped roughness elements. Additionally, a generalized empirical correlation has been developed to predict thermal performance and friction factors, with an error of only 5 %.

吸收体附近的粘性亚层由于人为粗糙度而破裂，提高了太阳能空气加热器的性能。本文考虑三维三角形计算流体力学，采用有限体积法研究稳态条件下凸凸对性能的影响。凸出物以周期性矩形图样制作，顺流节距比（Pl）和横向节距比（Pt）分别为6到16和6到16，雷诺数（Re）范围为4.2 × 103到20 × 103（确保充分发展湍流，特别是与干燥和空间加热有关）。利用RNG紊流分析了其流动结构和换热特性。采用SIMPLE算法对溶液进行预测，并根据Gnielinski相关对模型进行验证，最大误差在±6.5%的范围内。凸出物通过破坏层流亚层，产生二次涡，显著提高了努塞尔数（Nu）。同时，由于二次涡增加了摩擦损失，导致压力下降。与传统的SAH相比，这种设计实现了218.28%的热增益，同时摩擦系数增加了268%。当雷诺数为20 × 103时，获得的整体增强效果最高，为2.59，表明在较高的雷诺数值下，凸出形状的粗糙度更好。此外，凸出体的热性能比凹坑形状的粗糙度元件高36%。此外，已经开发了一个广义的经验相关性来预测热性能和摩擦因素，误差仅为5%。

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引用次数: 0

Anomaly detection, filtering and visualization for Outdoor photovoltaic data 户外光伏数据的异常检测、滤波与可视化

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114351

Goodfriend M. Whyte , Andreas Gerber , Uwe Rau , Bart E. Pieters

Long-term outdoor testing of photovoltaic (PV) modules is critical for assessing reliability but is often challenged by inconsistent and noisy data, necessitating robust filtering techniques. Traditional threshold-based filtering methods (e.g., irradiance

> 300 W / m^{2}

) are inadequate for capturing complex data patterns inherent to outdoor data. This study presents an advanced multi-dimensional filtering framework combining Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) and Hierarchical Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (HDBSCAN) for unsupervised classification and visualization. Our approach effectively identifies meaningful data classes, such as conditions of partial shading and fluctuating irradiance levels, enabling the development of targeted filters. Additionally, we employ the Local Outlier Factor (LOF) to detect and remove anomalies. To demonstrate the effectiveness of class-specific filtering—such as the exclusion of partially shaded data—combined with LOF-based anomaly detection, we correct outdoor measurements to Standard Test Conditions (STC) using IEC 60891:2021. Our results show that this methodology achieves higher accuracy than conventional threshold-based filtering while preserving a larger proportion of the data.

光伏（PV）组件的长期户外测试对于评估可靠性至关重要，但经常受到不一致和噪声数据的挑战，需要强大的滤波技术。传统的基于阈值的滤波方法（例如，辐照度>；300W/m2）不足以捕获室外数据固有的复杂数据模式。本研究提出了一种先进的多维滤波框架，将统一流形逼近与投影（UMAP）和基于层次密度的带噪声应用空间聚类（HDBSCAN）相结合，用于无监督分类和可视化。我们的方法有效地识别有意义的数据类别，例如部分遮阳和波动辐照度水平的条件，从而能够开发目标过滤器。此外，我们采用局部离群因子（LOF）来检测和去除异常。为了证明特定类别过滤（例如排除部分阴影数据）与基于lof的异常检测相结合的有效性，我们使用IEC 60891:2021将室外测量值修正为标准测试条件（STC）。我们的结果表明，该方法比传统的基于阈值的滤波获得更高的精度，同时保留了更大比例的数据。

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引用次数: 0

Mesoporous NH2-MIL-125(Ti)/Zn0.5Cd0.5S photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under solar light 介孔NH2-MIL-125(Ti)/Zn0.5Cd0.5S光催化剂及其改进的光催化析氢性能

IF 6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy

Pub Date : 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.solener.2026.114388

Zao Jiang , Xiaoning Li , Jian Sun , Ziman Hao , Qiu Yu , Chenglun Liu , Longjun Xu , Yi Zheng

The mesoporous NH₂-MIL-125(Ti)/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S (TMZCS) composite photocatalyst is effectively fabricated through a two-step hydrothermal synthesis approach. The photocatalytic hydrogen generation efficiency of the TMZCS is systematically investigated in pure water. The results indicate that when the mass fraction of NH₂-MIL-125(Ti) is 15%, the maximum hydrogen production after 3 h of illumination in pure water reaches 1528 μmol, corresponding to a hydrogen yield rate of 509.6 μmol h⁻¹, nearly double that of pure ZCS. Furthermore, the TMZCS also demonstrates excellent photocatalytic stability. Even after four consecutive recycles, the photocatalytic hydrogen yield remains virtually unchanged. The improved photocatalytic efficiency of TMZCS arises predominantly from the establishment of a type II heterojunction at the interface between ZCS and NH₂-MIL-125(Ti). This structure effectively enhances the dissociation of photogenerated carriers and suppresses their recombination. This research presents a high-performance and robust photocatalyst for hydrogen yield from water.

采用两步水热合成法制备了介孔NH2-MIL-125(Ti)/Zn0.5Cd0.5S （TMZCS）复合光催化剂。系统地研究了TMZCS在纯水条件下的光催化产氢效率。结果表明，当NH2-MIL-125（Ti）的质量分数为15%时，在纯水中光照3 h后的最大产氢量为1528 μmol，产氢率为509.6 μmol h−1，几乎是纯ZCS的两倍。此外，TMZCS还表现出优异的光催化稳定性。即使在连续四次循环之后，光催化产氢量几乎保持不变。TMZCS光催化效率的提高主要是由于在ZCS与NH2-MIL-125（Ti）的界面处建立了II型异质结。这种结构有效地促进了光生载流子的解离，抑制了它们的重组。本研究提出了一种高性能、坚固耐用的水制氢光催化剂。

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