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Stumbling Upon the Archive 偶然发现档案
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.32
Jonathan Boyarin
My title is inspired by the image of the Stolpersteine, protruding bricks set into the sidewalks of German cities and commemorating Jewswho had lived in those places prior to the Great Destruction, which are intended to interrupt not only a smooth passage through space but also through time. Even those of us whose professional efforts are devoted to documenting and analyzing such interruptions are inevitably, beyondworking hours, caught up just like others of our class in the ongoing time-flow of progress (we have no desire to see our retirement accounts forming “constellations” with the Great Recession). Hence evidence from beyond the occasionally claustrophobic discourse of critical theory that time really is not only continuous and progressive comes as a bracing reminder. I am a scholar of modern Jewish studies, with a deep commitment to understanding both the dynamics of Jewish diasporic existence transnationally and transhistorically, and especially the relationship between the politics of Jewish difference inside Europe on one hand and “the colonial encounter” on the other. I therefore read Geraldine Heng’s chapter 2, titled “A Case Study of the Racial State: Jews as Internal Minority in England,” as an important intervention in a broader conversation about the relations among Christianity, Jewishness, and the rhetorics and techniques of the modern nation-state.1 Making that intervention as one of a set of case studies of racialization also sets the question of Jewish difference in premodern Europe squarely within another broad conversation about the links between racialization (in the broad definition that Heng proposes) within and beyond Europe’s boundaries.2 Moreover, whatever the critical consensus about the merits of that broad definition may turn out to be, it
我的标题灵感来自Stolpersteine的图像,它将突出的砖块镶嵌在德国城市的人行道上,纪念在大破坏之前曾生活在这些地方的犹太人,这不仅是为了中断在空间中的平稳通道,也是为了中断在时间中的平稳通过。即使是我们这些专业致力于记录和分析这种中断的人,在工作时间之外,也不可避免地会像我们班上的其他人一样,陷入持续的时间流中(我们不希望看到我们的退休账户与大衰退形成“星座”)。因此,来自偶尔幽闭恐怖的批判理论话语之外的证据,即时间实际上不仅是连续的和进步的,这是一个令人振奋的提醒。我是一名现代犹太研究学者,致力于理解犹太流散在跨国和跨历史上的存在动态,尤其是欧洲内部犹太人差异政治与“殖民遭遇”之间的关系。因此,我阅读了Geraldine Heng的第二章,题为“种族国家的个案研究:犹太人作为英格兰的内部少数民族”,作为对基督教、犹太性、,以及现代民族国家的修辞和技巧。1将这种干预作为一系列种族化的案例研究之一,也将前现代欧洲的犹太人差异问题直接置于另一场关于欧洲边界内外种族化(在Heng提出的广义定义中)之间联系的广泛对话中。2此外,无论对这一宽泛定义的优点达成何种关键共识
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引用次数: 0
The Historiographies of Premodern Critical Race Studies and Jewish Studies 前现代批判种族研究和犹太研究的史学
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.40
Dorothy Kim
In recent discussions of Geraldine Heng’s foundational book, The Invention of Race in the European Middle Ages, one chapter has received much critical attention: chapter 2, “State/Nation: A Case Study of the Racial State: Jews as Internal Minority in England.” This chapter and her separate book, England and the Jews: How Religion and Violence Created the First Racial State in the West, delineate how England, over 400 years, created the blueprint for an almost complete racialized state and continued to use Jewish racialization after Jewish expulsion in 1290.1 She uses medieval England’s situation as a “case study of medieval race that concentrates on one country ...” and in so doing tracks how structural racism is attached to medieval English Jews. Heng explains her method and approach— microhistory and case study—as well as how this methodology reinforces her main argument about race in themedieval European past in The Invention of Race:
在最近对杰拉尔丁·亨的基础著作《欧洲中世纪种族的发明》的讨论中,有一章受到了很多批评:第二章,“国家/民族:种族国家的案例研究:犹太人在英国的内部少数民族”。这一章和她的另一本书《英格兰和犹太人:宗教和暴力如何创造了西方第一个种族国家》,描绘了400多年来英国如何为一个几乎完全种族化的国家创造了蓝图,并在1290.1年犹太人被驱逐后继续使用犹太人的种族化。她将中世纪英格兰的情况作为“集中在一个国家的中世纪种族案例研究……,并以此追踪了结构性种族主义是如何与中世纪英国犹太人联系在一起的。在《种族的发明》一书中,亨解释了她的方法和方法——微观历史和案例研究——以及这种方法如何强化她关于中世纪欧洲过去种族的主要论点:
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引用次数: 0
Comments on “The New Jewish Question” 评《新犹太问题》
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.26
F. Devji
If the “old” Jewish Question had asked how a Jew could be a citizen, the “new” one posed by Daniel Boyarin’s remarkable and courageous article asks how nationality can exist without a state. Striking about this formulation is the distance it marks from the European debates about emancipation and assimilation that had defined its predecessor. Boyarin’s context is not continental but imperial, taking into account Jews in colonized lands as much as the historical relationship between Europe and empire. As Hannah Arendt was the first to argue in The Origins of Totalitarianism, this relationship possessed an outward trajectory that went through anti-Semitism and an inward return by way of genocide.1
如果说“老”犹太人问题问的是犹太人如何成为公民,那么丹尼尔·博亚林(Daniel Boyarin)那篇杰出而勇敢的文章提出的“新”问题则是,民族如何在没有国家的情况下存在。引人注目的是,这一提法标志着它与欧洲关于解放和同化的辩论之间的距离,而欧洲关于解放和同化的辩论定义了它的前身。博亚林的背景不是欧洲大陆,而是帝国,他既考虑到了欧洲与帝国之间的历史关系,也考虑到了殖民土地上的犹太人。正如汉娜·阿伦特(Hannah Arendt)在《极权主义的起源》(the Origins of Totalitarianism)一书中第一个提出的那样,这种关系具有一条通过反犹主义向外发展的轨迹,以及一条通过种族灭绝向内回归的轨迹
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引用次数: 0
Solidarity and the Medieval Invention of Race 团结与中世纪种族的发明
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.37
S. Chaganti
As I wrote this piece, University of Leicester administrators proposed to excise Chaucer and other medieval authors from the English Department’s curriculum, choosing instead “modules” pertaining to “race, ethnicity, sexuality, and diversity” to achieve a “decolonised curriculum.”1 Responses ranged from advocacy of inclusive access to Chaucer to interrogation of the neoliberal agenda underlying the cuts to debate over medieval studies’ ability to incorporate those other modules.2 The Leicester Students’ Union noted the “co-opting” of “decolonisation rhetoric.”3 This last point raises two related questions. First, what did scholars in modern and contemporary fields engaging in liberatory work on decoloniality and self-determination think about this iteration of the administrative weaponization of left-leaning language given the many ways that ethnic and gender studies have historically dealt with administrators’ similar co-optive demobilizations? Second, how are we creating solidarity beyond medieval studies with these and other fields? A medievalist response to administrative threat could be to fight for a radical curriculum across many fields; to take action against the zero-sum, divide-and-conquer terms that administrations set; to amplify labor union actions, such as strikes and boycotts; to insist that no one, including but not limited to medievalists, be fired.4 Medievalists have always
在我写这篇文章的时候,莱斯特大学的管理人员提议将乔叟和其他中世纪作家从英语系的课程中删除,取而代之的是与“种族、民族、性别和多样性”相关的“模块”,以实现“非殖民化”的课程。回应的范围很广,从倡导全面接触乔叟的作品,到质疑削减预算背后的新自由主义议程,再到辩论中世纪研究是否有能力将其他模块纳入其中莱斯特学生会(Leicester Students’Union)注意到“吸纳”了“非殖民化的修辞”。最后一点提出了两个相关的问题。首先,从事非殖民化和自决解放工作的现当代学者如何看待左倾语言的行政武器化的迭代,考虑到种族和性别研究在历史上处理管理者类似的合作遣散的许多方式?第二,我们如何在中世纪研究之外与这些和其他领域建立团结?面对行政威胁,中世纪式的反应可能是争取在许多领域推行激进的课程;采取行动反对政府制定的零和博弈、分而治之的政策;扩大工会行动,如罢工和抵制;坚持不解雇任何人,包括但不限于中世纪学者中世纪学者总是
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引用次数: 4
The Invention of Race and the Postcolonial Renaissance 种族的发明与后殖民文艺复兴
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.38
A. Dhar
An academic generation before mine, early modern studies, although primarily based in the global north, became the beneficiary of ground-making work along two key intellectual strands emerging from wider connections. First, there was the rich scholarship in premodern critical race studies, with Kim Hall, Ian Smith, Margo Hendricks, and Ayanna Thompson, among others, using the towering intellectual energies of US-based but transatlantic-movement-informed intersectional Black studies. Second, therewas the influence of globe-spanning, globequestioning, postcolonial studies—with Eldred Jones, Imtiaz Habib, Ania Loomba, Jyotsna Singh, and Poonam Trivedi, among others, variously using the works of such intellects as Stuart Hall, Edward Said, Frantz Fanon, C. L. R. James, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, and Homi Bhabha. It is impossible to overstate how deeply this energization of early modern studies as a field has contributed to its continued presence and appeal, even urgency, in the twenty-first century. Without these late-twentieth-century foundations in critical race and postcolonial studies, early modern studies today would have been a far more provincial field than it is, and even more invested in white supremacist fantasies of insular excellence. And arguably, none of the new and generative directions of study, such as of eco-critical early modernisms, transnational early modernisms, borderland and migration studies, global performance studies, food studies, critical book history, Chicanx studies, Dalit Shakespeares, Indigenous studies, and critical disability studies would have found a substrate here on which to grow and build. (See, for instance, new and emerging work by scholars such as Ashley Sarpong, Lubaaba Al-Azami, Noémie Ndiaye, Ruben Espinosa, Alexa Alice Joubin, Amrita Sen, Jennifer Park, Brandi K. Adams, Laura Lehua Yim, Vijetha Kumar, Justin Shaw, and others operating in these emerging streams of study.) However, one of the challenges of scholarly work along the UK-US-axis—and this axis remains the most powerful in my field—is the resistance to widespread discussions of the interlocked legacies of colonialism and capitalism that still shape our world. The United Kingdom, with its deep colonial bequest, is so eager
在我之前的一代学术界,早期现代研究虽然主要基于全球北方,但却成为了从更广泛的联系中产生的两个关键知识链的奠基工作的受益者。首先,在前现代批判性种族研究方面有着丰富的学术成果,金·霍尔、伊恩·史密斯、玛戈·亨德里克斯和阿亚娜·汤普森等人利用了美国但跨大西洋运动的跨部门黑人研究的巨大智力能量。其次,还有跨越全球的、全球性的、后殖民研究的影响——埃尔德雷德·琼斯、伊姆蒂亚兹·哈比卜、阿尼娅·隆巴、Jyotsna Singh和普南·特里维迪等人,不同地使用了斯图尔特·霍尔、爱德华·赛义德、弗兰茨·法农、C.L.R.James、加亚特里·查克拉沃蒂·斯皮瓦克和霍米·巴巴等知识分子的作品。早期现代研究作为一个领域的活力对其在21世纪的持续存在和吸引力,甚至是紧迫性的贡献有多大,怎么强调都不为过。如果没有20世纪末批判性种族和后殖民研究的这些基础,今天的早期现代研究将是一个远比现在更为狭隘的领域,甚至更多地投资于白人至上主义者对孤立卓越的幻想。可以说,没有一个新的和产生性的研究方向,如生态批判早期现代化、跨国早期现代化、边境和移民研究、全球表现研究、食品研究、批判书籍史、芝加哥研究、达利特莎士比亚、土著研究和批判残疾研究,会在这里找到成长和建设的基础。(例如,见Ashley Sarpong、Lubaaba Al Azami、Noémie Ndiaye、Ruben Espinosa、Alexa Alice Joubin、Amrita Sen、Jennifer Park、Brandi K.Adams、Laura Lehua Yim、Vijetha Kumar、Justin Shaw等学者在这些新兴研究领域的新工作。)然而,英美轴心的学术工作面临的挑战之一——这个轴心仍然是我所在领域最强大的轴心——是对殖民主义和资本主义相互交织的遗产的广泛讨论的抵制,这些遗产仍然塑造着我们的世界。拥有深厚殖民遗产的联合王国是如此渴望
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引用次数: 0
Race in the Islamicate Middle East: Reflections after Heng 伊斯兰化的中东种族:亨之后的思考
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.36
Justin Stearns
When we go looking for the present in the past we always find it, a reflection of our own desire that speaks to the time and place we began our search. This problem is well known to historians of premodern science, the term itself in its singular representing a stumbling block to understanding how scholars, practitioners, and their societies classified and pursued knowledge of the natural world. In order to avoid the teleology of shearing all knowledge and practice from whatever does not lead to the science of the twentieth century, such historians turn science into natural philosophy or employ it in the plural, sciences, as discrete bodies of knowledge lacking a unifying method, some mathematical, some drawing on empirical observation, some rooted in the occult.2 This attention to terminology plays a small if initial role in how these historians hope to describe past attempts to understand and intervene in the natural world. Without such attention to the words we use, they argue, we risk misreading the past out of a desire to find there our present moment and our present understandings. To be sure, there are continuities across time, but these must be held in balance with the contingencies of past contexts. With race, we face a similar challenge with another term that gained its current significance in the nineteenth century, but which can plausibly be translated from concepts found in languages around the Mediterranean from antiquity until the present
当我们在过去中寻找现在时,我们总是能找到它,它反映了我们开始寻找的时间和地点。这个问题对于前现代科学的历史学家来说是众所周知的,这个术语本身的单一性代表了理解学者、实践者和他们的社会如何分类和追求自然世界知识的绊脚石。为了避免目的论,即把所有的知识和实践从任何不能通向20世纪科学的东西中剥离出来,这些历史学家把科学变成自然哲学,或者以复数形式使用科学,作为缺乏统一方法的离散的知识体,有些是数学的,有些是借鉴经验观察的,有些根植于神秘学这些历史学家希望如何描述过去理解和干预自然世界的尝试,这种对术语的关注起着很小的作用。他们认为,如果不注意我们使用的词语,我们就有可能因为渴望在过去找到我们现在的时刻和我们现在的理解而误读过去。可以肯定的是,在时间上存在连续性,但这些必须与过去背景的偶然性保持平衡。关于种族,我们面临着另一个类似的挑战,这个词在19世纪获得了它现在的意义,但它似乎可以从地中海周围的语言中找到的概念翻译过来,从古代到现在
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引用次数: 0
As If You Were There 仿佛你就在那里
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.31
Haun Saussy
What is involved in framing a counterfactual? Let’s say I have a daydream about living in Shakespeare’s time. Who would I be and what would I do? Well, I’d go to the Globe, that much I know for sure, and bring a notebook. Of course, it is impossible for me to have lived in Shakespeare’s time, for the “me” that is having this revery is the result of genealogies, circumstances, and relationships that cannot be displaced from the second half of the twentieth century without tearing apart the structure of all world history. To have this imagination, I must first assume that there is a “me” that can be transported into times and places whose definition excludes that “me.” Perhaps the concept of an essential self or soul derives from the wish to pursue such scenarios beyond the point at which they crash into inescapable contradictions.
反事实框架涉及到什么?比方说,我有一个关于生活在莎士比亚时代的白日梦。我会是谁,我会做什么?好吧,我会去《环球报》,我确信这一点,并带上一本笔记本。当然,我不可能生活在莎士比亚的时代,因为拥有这种遐想的“我”是家谱、环境和关系的结果,这些都是在不撕裂所有世界历史结构的情况下,从20世纪下半叶开始无法取代的。要想拥有这种想象力,我必须首先假设,有一个“我”可以被带到时代和地方,其定义将“我”排除在外。也许本质自我或灵魂的概念源于追求这些场景的愿望,而不是它们陷入不可避免的矛盾。
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引用次数: 0
On a Double Decker Omnibus to Golders Green 乘坐双层巴士前往Golders Green
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.43
Bryan Cheyette
My abiding memory of Daniel Boyarin is sitting with him on the top deck of one of London’s famous red buses. We were traveling to Golders Green to eat a kosher meal after a conference in central London. It was the summer of 1994, at the height of Western optimism that the Oslo Accords would bring the Israeli-Palestinian conflict to an end. This optimism, however naive, resulted in an extraordinary phenomenon. Closeted Jews in the British academy attended the conference by the hundreds. The late Laura Marcus and I, who organized “Modernity, Culture, and ‘the Jew,’” were expecting a handful of specialists along with the invited speakers, such as Daniel Boyarin. Instead, the audience was made up of a rainbow alliance of out-Jews and other others who could no longer fit on a single red bus but needed a fleet of double-deckers. This was a time when a new iteration of Jewish studies—feminist, fluidly gendered, postcolonial, antiracist, anti-Eurocentric—came into being and has, thankfully, influenced future generations of scholars.2 No less important, it was a time of a momentary and unspoken hope that the world could be healed and that tikkun olam (the “repair of the world”) might at long last be on the horizon.
我对丹尼尔·博亚林的永久记忆是和他一起坐在伦敦一辆著名的红色巴士的顶层甲板上。在伦敦市中心的一次会议结束后,我们前往高达格林吃了一顿犹太餐。1994年夏天,西方对《奥斯陆协议》将结束以巴冲突的乐观情绪达到了顶峰。这种乐观主义,无论多么天真,却导致了一种非同寻常的现象。英国科学院的密切关注的犹太人有数百人参加了会议。已故的劳拉·马库斯和我组织了“现代性、文化和‘犹太人’”,他们期待着一些专家和受邀的演讲者,比如丹尼尔·博亚林。相反,观众是由一群犹太人和其他人组成的彩虹联盟,他们再也坐不下一辆红色巴士,但需要一队双层巴士。这是一个犹太研究的新迭代——女权主义、流动性别、后殖民主义、反种族主义、反欧洲中心主义——产生的时代,谢天谢地,它影响了未来几代学者。2同样重要的是,这是一种短暂而无言的希望的时代,希望世界能够治愈,“世界的修复”最终可能会出现。
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引用次数: 0
Jarad Zimbler, ed., The Cambridge Companion to J. M. Coetzee. Cambridge University Press, 2020, 274 pp. 贾拉德·津布勒主编,《J·M·库切的剑桥伙伴》。剑桥大学出版社,2020,274页。
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.42
Laila Zaitoun
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引用次数: 0
Nation and Sovereignty: A Response to Boyarin 国家与主权:对博亚林的回应
IF 0.1 3区 文学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/pli.2021.28
Partha Chatterjee
In his provocative article “The New Jewish Question,” Daniel Boyarin has offered a view of the Jewish nation as a collective identity that is not only diasporic but also “counter-sovereign.” I found his reappraisal of the history of Zionism very informative. Unfortunately, I do not have the competence to engage with it. But I do have a few things to say about his more general claim regarding the possibility of nationalism being dissociated from sovereignty.
丹尼尔·博亚林(Daniel Boyarin)在其颇具煽动性的文章《新犹太问题》(The New Jewish Question)中提出了一种观点,认为犹太民族是一种集体认同,不仅是流散的,而且是“反主权的”。我发现他对犹太复国主义历史的重新评价非常有用。不幸的是,我没有能力参与其中。但对于他关于民族主义与主权分离的可能性的更一般的主张,我确实有一些话要说。
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引用次数: 0
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Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry
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