Szakirodalmi szemle. Baksay Gergely – Matolcsy György – Virág Barnabás (szerk.) Új fenntartható közgazdaságtan. Globális vitairat. Magyar Nemzeti Bank, 2022
{"title":"Új közgazdaságtan a fenntarthatóságért","authors":"Pál Péter Kolozsi","doi":"10.35551/psz_2023_1_8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/psz_2023_1_8","url":null,"abstract":"Szakirodalmi szemle. Baksay Gergely – Matolcsy György – Virág Barnabás (szerk.) Új fenntartható közgazdaságtan. Globális vitairat. Magyar Nemzeti Bank, 2022","PeriodicalId":42979,"journal":{"name":"Public Finance Quarterly-Hungary","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69887448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Az elmúlt fél évszázad során a piacgazdaságok működésének elméleti alapjául szolgáló mainstream közgazdaságtan paradox módon a valóságtól elszakadva, értéksemleges modellekben gondolkodott. Ezek erőltetett absztrakciója, továbbá a gazdaságpolitikában uralkodóvá vált dereguláció és a liberalizáció következtében a piacok nem tudták megfelelően kezelni a válságokat, illetve maguk is előidézőivé váltak azoknak. A szerző jelen tanulmányában azt állítja, hogy van megoldási lehetőség: ez a fenntartható piacgazdaság, amelynek alapfeltétele az értékközpontúság reintegrálása a piaci folyamatokba. Azaz olyan paradigmaváltásra van szükség, amelynek középpontjában a fenntarthatóság áll. De a fenntarthatóság mindaddig csak szóvirág, amíg nem tudatosul, hogy a társadalmi, gazdasági mozgásterünk korlátos, vagyis nem mindent tehetünk meg, amire egyébként volna lehetőségünk. Ennek ismeretében bizton állítható, hogy a 21. században csak azok a nemzetek lesznek sikeresek, amelyek megtalálják a fenntartható piacgazdasághoz vezető utat, és képesek is azon járni. A szerző által felvázolt modell ennek a gondolatnak a megvalósítási irányaira tesz javaslatot.
{"title":"Quo vadis, piacgazdaság? Fenntarthatósági és értékrendi kihívások, lehetséges válaszok","authors":"György Kocziszky","doi":"10.35551/psz_2023_1_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/psz_2023_1_1","url":null,"abstract":"Az elmúlt fél évszázad során a piacgazdaságok működésének elméleti alapjául szolgáló mainstream közgazdaságtan paradox módon a valóságtól elszakadva, értéksemleges modellekben gondolkodott. Ezek erőltetett absztrakciója, továbbá a gazdaságpolitikában uralkodóvá vált dereguláció és a liberalizáció következtében a piacok nem tudták megfelelően kezelni a válságokat, illetve maguk is előidézőivé váltak azoknak. A szerző jelen tanulmányában azt állítja, hogy van megoldási lehetőség: ez a fenntartható piacgazdaság, amelynek alapfeltétele az értékközpontúság reintegrálása a piaci folyamatokba. Azaz olyan paradigmaváltásra van szükség, amelynek középpontjában a fenntarthatóság áll. De a fenntarthatóság mindaddig csak szóvirág, amíg nem tudatosul, hogy a társadalmi, gazdasági mozgásterünk korlátos, vagyis nem mindent tehetünk meg, amire egyébként volna lehetőségünk. Ennek ismeretében bizton állítható, hogy a 21. században csak azok a nemzetek lesznek sikeresek, amelyek megtalálják a fenntartható piacgazdasághoz vezető utat, és képesek is azon járni. A szerző által felvázolt modell ennek a gondolatnak a megvalósítási irányaira tesz javaslatot.","PeriodicalId":42979,"journal":{"name":"Public Finance Quarterly-Hungary","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69887432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, internal auditors not only perform assurance activities but also provide consulting services. The internal audit consulting activities are services provided to heads of organisations, resulting in added value. This paper has been prepared with the objective to explore such activities for their importance and practical implementation in budgetary institutions, municipalities, and publicly owned companies. In the course of the study, primary research has been conducted, in addition to processing literature and legal regulations. We have found that the consulting role for supporting decision-makers as part of internal auditing has been reinforced with increased importance in the public sector as well. However, we have found that further steps could be taken to preserve independence and reinforce regularity and efficiency, for example, by giving a stronger focus to these subject matters through training programmes or providing more detailed recommendations.
{"title":"Consulting Activities of Internal Auditors in the Public Sector in Hungary","authors":"T. Kovács","doi":"10.35551/pfq_2022_s_1_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_s_1_4","url":null,"abstract":"Today, internal auditors not only perform assurance activities but also provide consulting services. The internal audit consulting activities are services provided to heads of organisations, resulting in added value. This paper has been prepared with the objective to explore such activities for their importance and practical implementation in budgetary institutions, municipalities, and publicly owned companies. In the course of the study, primary research has been conducted, in addition to processing literature and legal regulations. We have found that the consulting role for supporting decision-makers as part of internal auditing has been reinforced with increased importance in the public sector as well. However, we have found that further steps could be taken to preserve independence and reinforce regularity and efficiency, for example, by giving a stronger focus to these subject matters through training programmes or providing more detailed recommendations.","PeriodicalId":42979,"journal":{"name":"Public Finance Quarterly-Hungary","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study’s three main questions are: 1. What trends can be observed in Chinese sovereign lending? 2. How does the contractual setup differ from the Western one? 3. What proposals have been made to mitigate the related risks, and which ones seem feasible? The research relied on recently established databases and regulatory materials. China is the world’s largest sovereign creditor at the moment. Its credit expansion began as early as 2008, well before the official announcement of the intention. Several conditions in its contracts differ from those of the West, which pose a risk relevant to an international debt settlement. Their purpose is twofold: to make a profit secured by strong collaterals and, if necessary, “soft power” influence. On the other hand, China does not use “debt-trap diplomacy”. Any global reform in sovereign debt management needs the involvement of China, but in the longer term, Chinese lending conditions should also ease.
{"title":"China, as the Sovereign Creditor of Emerging Markets and Developing Economies","authors":"András Póra, Valéria Széplaki","doi":"10.35551/pfq_2022_2_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_2_3","url":null,"abstract":"The study’s three main questions are: 1. What trends can be observed in Chinese sovereign lending? 2. How does the contractual setup differ from the Western one? 3. What proposals have been made to mitigate the related risks, and which ones seem feasible? The research relied on recently established databases and regulatory materials. China is the world’s largest sovereign creditor at the moment. Its credit expansion began as early as 2008, well before the official announcement of the intention. Several conditions in its contracts differ from those of the West, which pose a risk relevant to an international debt settlement. Their purpose is twofold: to make a profit secured by strong collaterals and, if necessary, “soft power” influence. On the other hand, China does not use “debt-trap diplomacy”. Any global reform in sovereign debt management needs the involvement of China, but in the longer term, Chinese lending conditions should also ease.","PeriodicalId":42979,"journal":{"name":"Public Finance Quarterly-Hungary","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69882494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Vokony, B. Sinkovics, P. Sőrés, D. Divényi, M. Szalmáné Csete
In the research, we have developed an operational concept based on new energy generation devices, which, in addition to providing heat and electricity, guarantees uninterrupted supply locally and the sale of system services off-site. Based on international experience in the sector, the overall business concept needs to be developed for successful pilot projects. The trends in the technical-economic and regulatory environment examined show that the direction of change, with uncertain outcomes today, is unanimous: they all support the market penetration and the continued profitability of smallscale power plant devices suitable for secondary regulation. An important task is to identify unique elements in the value propositions. The aim of the research is to identify which of the factors such as realized price differential, heat-side revenues, generation utilization, optimized plant operation, scaling, etc. have an impact on the investment, operation, as well as the overall business model and profitability, and to what extent.
{"title":"Business Opportunities in Power Supply with Gas Engines in the Health Sector","authors":"I. Vokony, B. Sinkovics, P. Sőrés, D. Divényi, M. Szalmáné Csete","doi":"10.35551/pfq_2022_3_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_3_6","url":null,"abstract":"In the research, we have developed an operational concept based on new energy generation devices, which, in addition to providing heat and electricity, guarantees uninterrupted supply locally and the sale of system services off-site. Based on international experience in the sector, the overall business concept needs to be developed for successful pilot projects. The trends in the technical-economic and regulatory environment examined show that the direction of change, with uncertain outcomes today, is unanimous: they all support the market penetration and the continued profitability of smallscale power plant devices suitable for secondary regulation. An important task is to identify unique elements in the value propositions. The aim of the research is to identify which of the factors such as realized price differential, heat-side revenues, generation utilization, optimized plant operation, scaling, etc. have an impact on the investment, operation, as well as the overall business model and profitability, and to what extent.","PeriodicalId":42979,"journal":{"name":"Public Finance Quarterly-Hungary","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effective monetary sovereignty of a state is the ability of the state to use monetary instruments to achieve its economic policy objectives. This notion goes beyond the conceptualisation of the traditional Westphalian sovereignty of interference-free discretion, which is necessary because of the hierarchical operational complexity of the fiat and credit money systems in the modern financial system. At the same time, the monetary challenges of the 21st century may also erode the effective monetary sovereignty of states, which can, however, be partially rescued through the introduction of digital central bank money. The paper therefore explores different areas of the impact of digital central bank money on effective monetary sovereignty, taking chartalist monetary theory as a starting point. It shows how central bank digital currency may achieve an improvement in these areas of effective monetary sovereignty.
{"title":"Monetary Sovereignty and Central Bank Digital Currency","authors":"G. Horváth","doi":"10.35551/pfq_2022_4_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_4_4","url":null,"abstract":"The effective monetary sovereignty of a state is the ability of the state to use monetary instruments to achieve its economic policy objectives. This notion goes beyond the conceptualisation of the traditional Westphalian sovereignty of interference-free discretion, which is necessary because of the hierarchical operational complexity of the fiat and credit money systems in the modern financial system. At the same time, the monetary challenges of the 21st century may also erode the effective monetary sovereignty of states, which can, however, be partially rescued through the introduction of digital central bank money. The paper therefore explores different areas of the impact of digital central bank money on effective monetary sovereignty, taking chartalist monetary theory as a starting point. It shows how central bank digital currency may achieve an improvement in these areas of effective monetary sovereignty.","PeriodicalId":42979,"journal":{"name":"Public Finance Quarterly-Hungary","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the global financial recession of 2008 and the subsequent sovereign debt crisis, the US economic supremacy has experienced setbacks. China has steadily grown into a dependable economic force across the globe, particularly in Asia. Is the renminbi on the verge of becoming a global currency given the financial domination setbacks of the US economy? In this critical review analysis, I contend that the dollar’s hegemonic position is at risk, but the political and economic climate does not appear to be ripe for renminbi globalization. The Chinese hawks see the economic sanctions levied against Russia following the Ukraine invasion as a chance to challenge the dominance of the US dollar. Furthermore, China has benefited from the first-mover advantage through the launching of the Central Bank Digital Currency. However, China must gain the trust of foreign users in the robustness of its financial system, economy, and digital yuan’s functionality for the globalization of the digital yuan to be effective. Moreover, to promote renminbi internalization, China must ease capital regulations, increase renminbi convertibility, and restructure its financial system.
{"title":"Is the Renminbi a Global Currency in the Making? Globalization of Digital yuan","authors":"Wycliffe Obwori Alwago","doi":"10.35551/pfq_2022_4_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_4_5","url":null,"abstract":"Since the global financial recession of 2008 and the subsequent sovereign debt crisis, the US economic supremacy has experienced setbacks. China has steadily grown into a dependable economic force across the globe, particularly in Asia. Is the renminbi on the verge of becoming a global currency given the financial domination setbacks of the US economy? In this critical review analysis, I contend that the dollar’s hegemonic position is at risk, but the political and economic climate does not appear to be ripe for renminbi globalization. The Chinese hawks see the economic sanctions levied against Russia following the Ukraine invasion as a chance to challenge the dominance of the US dollar. Furthermore, China has benefited from the first-mover advantage through the launching of the Central Bank Digital Currency. However, China must gain the trust of foreign users in the robustness of its financial system, economy, and digital yuan’s functionality for the globalization of the digital yuan to be effective. Moreover, to promote renminbi internalization, China must ease capital regulations, increase renminbi convertibility, and restructure its financial system.","PeriodicalId":42979,"journal":{"name":"Public Finance Quarterly-Hungary","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Conscious financial decision-making and functioning is a set of learned elements that are not primarily taught in school. Much of financial behaviour is the result of a socialisation process, the primary arena for which is the family and the individual’s immediate environment. The aim of this paper is to examine the specific arenas of financial literacy and financial socialisation, as well as the impact of the latter on subsequent financial decision-making based on the results of a questionnaire survey. The study seeks to answer the question what foundations of trust financial socialisation creates in individuals, or who the primary actors are on whose advice individuals rely when making their own financial decisions. Using a cross-sectional analysis of the partial results of the questionnaire survey involving 3,515 individuals in 2022 presented in this paper, it is demonstrated that reliance on parents’ help is strong when it comes to making financial decisions. While this result varies from generation to generation due to life circumstances, the importance of parental background is clear for younger respondents. There is also evidence that corporate financial socialisation - and hence subsequent counselling - is more important than the school setting, which calls for a stronger emphasis on financial education in schools. It was also found that the survey respondents do not consider the internet as a credible source of advice at all, which reinforces their financial awareness.
{"title":"Socialisation Determining Individual Financial Decisions from the Aspect of Financial Literacy","authors":"Ágnes Csiszárik-Kocsir","doi":"10.35551/pfq_2022_4_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/pfq_2022_4_6","url":null,"abstract":"Conscious financial decision-making and functioning is a set of learned elements that are not primarily taught in school. Much of financial behaviour is the result of a socialisation process, the primary arena for which is the family and the individual’s immediate environment. The aim of this paper is to examine the specific arenas of financial literacy and financial socialisation, as well as the impact of the latter on subsequent financial decision-making based on the results of a questionnaire survey. The study seeks to answer the question what foundations of trust financial socialisation creates in individuals, or who the primary actors are on whose advice individuals rely when making their own financial decisions. Using a cross-sectional analysis of the partial results of the questionnaire survey involving 3,515 individuals in 2022 presented in this paper, it is demonstrated that reliance on parents’ help is strong when it comes to making financial decisions. While this result varies from generation to generation due to life circumstances, the importance of parental background is clear for younger respondents. There is also evidence that corporate financial socialisation - and hence subsequent counselling - is more important than the school setting, which calls for a stronger emphasis on financial education in schools. It was also found that the survey respondents do not consider the internet as a credible source of advice at all, which reinforces their financial awareness.","PeriodicalId":42979,"journal":{"name":"Public Finance Quarterly-Hungary","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69883149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Európában a mezőgazdaság támogatása egyrészt az élelmiszerellátás biztosítása, másrészt a vidéki életmód fenntarthatósága miatt fontos. Az utóbbi évtizedekben azonban a vidéki lakosságot is érinti a népesség öregedése. Az európai országokban – a mezőgazdasági ágazat sajátosságait figyelembe véve – különböző mezőgazdasági nyugdíjrendszerek jöttek létre. A nyugdíjalapok jellemzően ott kaptak nagyobb súlyt, ahol jelentős volt a kisebb gazdaságok szerepe és teljesen bismarcki típusú volt a nyugdíjrendszer. Általában nem vezettek be ilyet ott, ahol 1990 előtt „kolhozrendszer” működött Kelet-Közép-Európában. Tanulmányunkban a különböző megvalósított formákat vizsgáltuk meg, áttekintettük az utóbbi évtizedekben végbemenő változásokat és feltártuk, hogy az egyes országokban akár 75–85 százalékban is kiegészítették az államok a járulékbefizetéseket a nyugdíjkifizetések biztosításához. Módszertanunk a dokumentumelemzés és az összehasonlító értékelés. Álláspontunk szerint társadalmi, környezeti célokat szem előtt tartva érdemes speciális ágazati szempontú támogatással, életpálya-finanszírozással, illetve nyugdíjakkal arra ösztönözni a gazdákat, hogy kisebb gazdaságokban is tovább folytassák a termelést.
{"title":"Mezőgazdasági nyugdíjak finanszírozása az európai kontinensen","authors":"András Giday, Tibor Tatay","doi":"10.35551/psz_2022_1_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35551/psz_2022_1_5","url":null,"abstract":"Európában a mezőgazdaság támogatása egyrészt az élelmiszerellátás biztosítása, másrészt a vidéki életmód fenntarthatósága miatt fontos. Az utóbbi évtizedekben azonban a vidéki lakosságot is érinti a népesség öregedése. Az európai országokban – a mezőgazdasági ágazat sajátosságait figyelembe véve – különböző mezőgazdasági nyugdíjrendszerek jöttek létre. A nyugdíjalapok jellemzően ott kaptak nagyobb súlyt, ahol jelentős volt a kisebb gazdaságok szerepe és teljesen bismarcki típusú volt a nyugdíjrendszer. Általában nem vezettek be ilyet ott, ahol 1990 előtt „kolhozrendszer” működött Kelet-Közép-Európában. Tanulmányunkban a különböző megvalósított formákat vizsgáltuk meg, áttekintettük az utóbbi évtizedekben végbemenő változásokat és feltártuk, hogy az egyes országokban akár 75–85 százalékban is kiegészítették az államok a járulékbefizetéseket a nyugdíjkifizetések biztosításához. Módszertanunk a dokumentumelemzés és az összehasonlító értékelés. Álláspontunk szerint társadalmi, környezeti célokat szem előtt tartva érdemes speciális ágazati szempontú támogatással, életpálya-finanszírozással, illetve nyugdíjakkal arra ösztönözni a gazdákat, hogy kisebb gazdaságokban is tovább folytassák a termelést.","PeriodicalId":42979,"journal":{"name":"Public Finance Quarterly-Hungary","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69886449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Vokony, Bálint Sinkovics, Péter Márk Sőrés, Dániel Divényi, Mária Szalmáné Csete
A kutatásban új energiatermelő eszközökre alapozva a hő- és villamos energia biztosítása mellett helyben a szünetmentes ellátást szavatoló – telephelyen kívülre rendszerszintű szolgáltatás értékesítésére építő – üzemeltetési koncepciót alakítottunk ki. A szektorra jellemző nemzetközi tapasztalatok alapján teljes üzleti koncepciót szükséges kialakítani a sikeres pilotprojektekhez. A megvizsgált műszaki-gazdasági és regulációs környezet tendenciái alapján látható, hogy a ma még bizonytalan kimenetelű változások iránya egyöntetű: mind támogatja a szekunder szabályozásra alkalmas kiserőművi eszközök piaci térnyerését és profitabilitásának fennmaradását. Fontos feladat az unikális elemek azonosítása az értékajánlatokban. A kutatás célja annak feltárása, hogy a realizált árkülönbség, a hőoldali bevételek, a termelési kihasználtság, az optimalizált üzemviteli működtetés, a méretezés stb. közül melyik és milyen mértékben van hatással a beruházásra, az üzemeltetésre és összességében az üzleti modellre, annak eredményességére.
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