Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献

英文中文

A comprehensive review on the utilization of industrial solid waste in thermal energy storage field

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113562

Yaxuan Xiong , Miao He , Yuting Wu , Yanan Su , Meng Li , Meichao Yin , Aitonglu Zhang , Xiang Li , Shuo Li , Yang Yang , Xi Tian , Yulong Ding

The utilization of industrial solid waste for thermal energy storage represents an innovative approach to address environmental challenges while advancing energy storage technologies. This review comprehensively examines the potential of industrial solid wastes, including coal fly ash, red mud, sewage sludge, gypsum, metallurgical slag, and waste concrete, as thermal energy storage materials. The discussion encompasses the material properties, preparation methods, and applications of industrial solid wastes in both sensible and composite heat storage systems. The study highlights their capacity for high-temperature stability, enhanced thermal conductivity, and phase change material integration, offering significant energy density improvements. Moreover, the review identifies challenges such as material heterogeneity and long-term thermal cycling performance. Strategies for industrial solid waste modification, encapsulation of phase change materials, and innovative composite designs are analyzed to enhance their applicability in sustainable thermal energy storage systems. This work aims to provide a foundation for future research and industrial applications, emphasizing the dual benefits of environmental protection and energy efficiency improvement.

{"title":"A comprehensive review on the utilization of industrial solid waste in thermal energy storage field","authors":"Yaxuan Xiong , Miao He , Yuting Wu , Yanan Su , Meng Li , Meichao Yin , Aitonglu Zhang , Xiang Li , Shuo Li , Yang Yang , Xi Tian , Yulong Ding","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of industrial solid waste for thermal energy storage represents an innovative approach to address environmental challenges while advancing energy storage technologies. This review comprehensively examines the potential of industrial solid wastes, including coal fly ash, red mud, sewage sludge, gypsum, metallurgical slag, and waste concrete, as thermal energy storage materials. The discussion encompasses the material properties, preparation methods, and applications of industrial solid wastes in both sensible and composite heat storage systems. The study highlights their capacity for high-temperature stability, enhanced thermal conductivity, and phase change material integration, offering significant energy density improvements. Moreover, the review identifies challenges such as material heterogeneity and long-term thermal cycling performance. Strategies for industrial solid waste modification, encapsulation of phase change materials, and innovative composite designs are analyzed to enhance their applicability in sustainable thermal energy storage systems. This work aims to provide a foundation for future research and industrial applications, emphasizing the dual benefits of environmental protection and energy efficiency improvement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 113562"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Active W-VO2-based Kirigami-structured films with digital control for energy efficient smart window

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113551

Zhengjie Chen , Chengchen Feng , Lin Jiang , Yujie Ke , Xiaoxue Han , Xinghai Liu

Smart window promises to enhance the building energy efficiency by dynamically controlling the indoor solar irradiation. In this study, a new thermochromic smart films for smart window applications were proposed. This film is based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated tungsten-doped VO₂ (W-VO₂) and polyurethane acrylate (PUA). It is demonstrated that the PVP-coating technique plays a vital role in improving the optical properties of the film and the dispersion of W-VO₂ in PUA. The optimized 3D-printed Kirigami-structured films exhibit favorable tensile properties and improved optical properties. Furthermore, an innovative device has been developed to enable automatic adjustment of the film stretch rate in response to the angle of sunlight, ensuring the smart window's dynamic response to sunlight. The film's solar transmittance varies between 48.50 % and 78.56 % during stretching, accompanied by a solar modulation up to 30.05 %. In the indoor and outdoor demo experiments, the temperature drops by 5.2 °C and 4.8 °C, respectively, compared to a PUA film window. The work developed a new film for energy-efficient smart windows and provides a systematic technological route from materials synthesis, structural optimization, system digital control, to practical demo assessment, which promises to facilitate the development of VO₂-based materials and energy-efficient windows.

{"title":"Active W-VO2-based Kirigami-structured films with digital control for energy efficient smart window","authors":"Zhengjie Chen , Chengchen Feng , Lin Jiang , Yujie Ke , Xiaoxue Han , Xinghai Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smart window promises to enhance the building energy efficiency by dynamically controlling the indoor solar irradiation. In this study, a new thermochromic smart films for smart window applications were proposed. This film is based on polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated tungsten-doped VO<sub>2</sub> (W-VO<sub>2</sub>) and polyurethane acrylate (PUA). It is demonstrated that the PVP-coating technique plays a vital role in improving the optical properties of the film and the dispersion of W-VO<sub>2</sub> in PUA. The optimized 3D-printed Kirigami-structured films exhibit favorable tensile properties and improved optical properties. Furthermore, an innovative device has been developed to enable automatic adjustment of the film stretch rate in response to the angle of sunlight, ensuring the smart window's dynamic response to sunlight. The film's solar transmittance varies between 48.50 % and 78.56 % during stretching, accompanied by a solar modulation up to 30.05 %. In the indoor and outdoor demo experiments, the temperature drops by 5.2 °C and 4.8 °C, respectively, compared to a PUA film window. The work developed a new film for energy-efficient smart windows and provides a systematic technological route from materials synthesis, structural optimization, system digital control, to practical demo assessment, which promises to facilitate the development of VO<sub>2</sub>-based materials and energy-efficient windows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 113551"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Study and mitigation of moisture-induced degradation in SHJ modules by modifying cell structure

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113557

Lucie Pirot-Berson , Romain Couderc , Romain Bodeux , Frédéric Jay , Paul Lefillastre , Julien Dupuis

Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) modules are known for their high efficiency and are expected to gain significant market share in the coming years. In terms of reliability, SHJ technology can be sensitive to moisture-induced degradation and sodium-induced degradation from sodium ions released from the glass. In these degradation mechanisms, the different layers of the SHJ cell structure could play an important role that needs to be understood. This work investigates the moisture-induced degradation in SHJ modules under damp heat (DH) by varying the cell structure with different types and thicknesses of transparent conductive oxide (TCO). Due to the migration of sodium ions, the thinner the TCO layer, the higher the degradation induced. The protective effect of dielectric capping layers is also investigated, allowing at the same time to reduce the indium consumption, which is a crucial issue for SHJ cells. These layers provide protection against degradation. Finally, a schematic model is proposed to summarize the degradation mechanisms, including the effect of cell structure on them.

{"title":"Study and mitigation of moisture-induced degradation in SHJ modules by modifying cell structure","authors":"Lucie Pirot-Berson , Romain Couderc , Romain Bodeux , Frédéric Jay , Paul Lefillastre , Julien Dupuis","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) modules are known for their high efficiency and are expected to gain significant market share in the coming years. In terms of reliability, SHJ technology can be sensitive to moisture-induced degradation and sodium-induced degradation from sodium ions released from the glass. In these degradation mechanisms, the different layers of the SHJ cell structure could play an important role that needs to be understood. This work investigates the moisture-induced degradation in SHJ modules under damp heat (DH) by varying the cell structure with different types and thicknesses of transparent conductive oxide (TCO). Due to the migration of sodium ions, the thinner the TCO layer, the higher the degradation induced. The protective effect of dielectric capping layers is also investigated, allowing at the same time to reduce the indium consumption, which is a crucial issue for SHJ cells. These layers provide protection against degradation. Finally, a schematic model is proposed to summarize the degradation mechanisms, including the effect of cell structure on them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 113557"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Physics-informed machine learning for TCO-layer thickness prediction and process analysis from multi-spectral images

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113541

Alexandra Wörnhör, Saravana Kumar, Daniel Burkhardt, Jonas Schönauer, Sebastian Pingel, Ioan Voicu Vulcanean, Anamaria Steinmetz, Stefan Rein, Matthias Demant

We present a machine learning model for a robust and fast evaluation of thickness maps of Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) layers based on multichannel spectral images only. The model is applicable for the quality inspection of heterojunction solar cells with textured surfaces and an amorphous silicon layer stack beneath the TCO layer. Within our physics-informed approach, synthetic data are created online for model training by simulating reflection maps for given TCO thickness variations.

The developed method determines a full-scale TCO-thickness map in 1 s from inline measurable RGB image data. The spatially resolved analysis allows inline quality inspection of the thickness distributions. Additionally, the thickness profile at the edges is inspected with high spatial resolution in Silicon heterojunction solar cell precursors, where TCO edge exclusion at the rear side is required to avoid shunting. We demonstrate our approach by quantifying the completeness and masking area for narrow masks, which is a process optimization step for increasing cell efficiency. We derive sorting criteria for an early-stage process control regarding shunts and quantify the influence of the positioning accuracy of the mask on the short-circuit current.

{"title":"Physics-informed machine learning for TCO-layer thickness prediction and process analysis from multi-spectral images","authors":"Alexandra Wörnhör, Saravana Kumar, Daniel Burkhardt, Jonas Schönauer, Sebastian Pingel, Ioan Voicu Vulcanean, Anamaria Steinmetz, Stefan Rein, Matthias Demant","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113541","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a machine learning model for a robust and fast evaluation of thickness maps of Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) layers based on multichannel spectral images only. The model is applicable for the quality inspection of heterojunction solar cells with textured surfaces and an amorphous silicon layer stack beneath the TCO layer. Within our physics-informed approach, synthetic data are created online for model training by simulating reflection maps for given TCO thickness variations.</div><div>The developed method determines a full-scale TCO-thickness map in 1 s from inline measurable RGB image data. The spatially resolved analysis allows inline quality inspection of the thickness distributions. Additionally, the thickness profile at the edges is inspected with high spatial resolution in Silicon heterojunction solar cell precursors, where TCO edge exclusion at the rear side is required to avoid shunting. We demonstrate our approach by quantifying the completeness and masking area for narrow masks, which is a process optimization step for increasing cell efficiency. We derive sorting criteria for an early-stage process control regarding shunts and quantify the influence of the positioning accuracy of the mask on the short-circuit current.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 113541"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integration of aluminum contacts in TOPCon solar cells: A pathway to reduce silver usage

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113559

Yuhao Cheng , Yuchao Zhang , Yuwen Xu , Alex Stokes , Marwan Dhamrin , Shuo Deng , Lizhi Sun , Kosuke Tsuji , Jan Seidel , Daming Chen , Yifeng Chen , Martin Green , Ning Song

The high silver consumption in Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) solar cells presents significant challenges regarding material costs and availability. This work demonstrates the feasibility of replacing silver (Ag) contacts with aluminum (Al) contacts on the rear side of industrial n-type TOPCon cells. Our findings indicate that specially formulated Al pastes effectively suppress excessive alloying with the poly-Si layer, achieving much lower contact recombination (J_{0, metal}) compared to conventional Al pastes. The contact mechanisms between Al pastes and n⁺ poly-Si layers under varying firing conditions were systematically investigated, leading to the identification of optimised firing conditions that achieve low contact resistivity (

ρ_{c}

) while maintaining high surface passivation quality. The rear-Al champion cell achieved a promising efficiency of 22.9 %, exhibiting a 0.8 % efficiency gap with the 23.7 % rear-Ag reference cell. Additionally, numerical simulation has identified key pathways to enhance rear-Al cell performance, providing a roadmap to achieve the efficiency of reference cells with Ag contacts. These findings highlight the potential for aluminum pastes as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for significantly reducing silver consumption in terawatt-scale photovoltaic manufacturing.

{"title":"Integration of aluminum contacts in TOPCon solar cells: A pathway to reduce silver usage","authors":"Yuhao Cheng , Yuchao Zhang , Yuwen Xu , Alex Stokes , Marwan Dhamrin , Shuo Deng , Lizhi Sun , Kosuke Tsuji , Jan Seidel , Daming Chen , Yifeng Chen , Martin Green , Ning Song","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The high silver consumption in Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) solar cells presents significant challenges regarding material costs and availability. This work demonstrates the feasibility of replacing silver (Ag) contacts with aluminum (Al) contacts on the rear side of industrial n-type TOPCon cells. Our findings indicate that specially formulated Al pastes effectively suppress excessive alloying with the poly-Si layer, achieving much lower contact recombination (J<sub>0, metal</sub>) compared to conventional Al pastes. The contact mechanisms between Al pastes and n<sup>+</sup> poly-Si layers under varying firing conditions were systematically investigated, leading to the identification of optimised firing conditions that achieve low contact resistivity (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) while maintaining high surface passivation quality. The rear-Al champion cell achieved a promising efficiency of 22.9 %, exhibiting a 0.8 % efficiency gap with the 23.7 % rear-Ag reference cell. Additionally, numerical simulation has identified key pathways to enhance rear-Al cell performance, providing a roadmap to achieve the efficiency of reference cells with Ag contacts. These findings highlight the potential for aluminum pastes as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for significantly reducing silver consumption in terawatt-scale photovoltaic manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 113559"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of environmental footprint: Life Cycle Assessment of Laboratory-scale thermal and chemical processes used for materials extraction from waste silicon solar panels

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113556

Chitra Sulkan , Prashant Kumar Thakur , Rebecca Yang , Sushil Kumar , Vivian WY. Tam , Cuong Tran

This study explores recycling methods for recovering valuable components from discarded silicon solar panels, focusing on high-temperature thermal treatment and chemical processing with toluene as a solvent. The environmental impacts of these methods were comprehensively investigated using a detailed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). During thermal treatment, emissions were analyzed by adsorbing them onto quartz filter paper. XRF, TGA-DTG, and FT-IR analyses confirmed the presence of emitted elements, including Si, C, O, B, Na, Mg, Ca, K, P, S, Cl, and Fe, some of which could pose environmental and health risks. The LCA results revealed significant environmental trade-offs between the two approaches. The chemical method demonstrated superior material recovery and solvent management capabilities but had a higher carbon footprint and fossil fuel potential (5.42kg-eq) compared to thermal treatment (0.235kg-eq). Thermal treatment showed lower impacts on climate change, fossil fuel potential, water consumption, ecotoxicity, human toxicity, and particulate matter production but had more pronounced effects on ozone depletion and land use. Choosing between methods depends on specific environmental priorities. To achieve sustainable disposal and material recovery of solar panels, broader considerations including carbon emissions, resource utilization, and waste management strategies are crucial. This study provides insights to promote environmentally responsible practices in solar panel recycling.

{"title":"Evaluation of environmental footprint: Life Cycle Assessment of Laboratory-scale thermal and chemical processes used for materials extraction from waste silicon solar panels","authors":"Chitra Sulkan , Prashant Kumar Thakur , Rebecca Yang , Sushil Kumar , Vivian WY. Tam , Cuong Tran","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores recycling methods for recovering valuable components from discarded silicon solar panels, focusing on high-temperature thermal treatment and chemical processing with toluene as a solvent. The environmental impacts of these methods were comprehensively investigated using a detailed Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). During thermal treatment, emissions were analyzed by adsorbing them onto quartz filter paper. XRF, TGA-DTG, and FT-IR analyses confirmed the presence of emitted elements, including Si, C, O, B, Na, Mg, Ca, K, P, S, Cl, and Fe, some of which could pose environmental and health risks. The LCA results revealed significant environmental trade-offs between the two approaches. The chemical method demonstrated superior material recovery and solvent management capabilities but had a higher carbon footprint and fossil fuel potential (5.42kg-eq) compared to thermal treatment (0.235kg-eq). Thermal treatment showed lower impacts on climate change, fossil fuel potential, water consumption, ecotoxicity, human toxicity, and particulate matter production but had more pronounced effects on ozone depletion and land use. Choosing between methods depends on specific environmental priorities. To achieve sustainable disposal and material recovery of solar panels, broader considerations including carbon emissions, resource utilization, and waste management strategies are crucial. This study provides insights to promote environmentally responsible practices in solar panel recycling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 113556"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143563843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation on the combustion performance of single-glass and double-glazed photovoltaic modules

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113528

Yue Wang , Shouxiang Wang , Qianyu Zhao

In pursuit of ‘carbon peaking and carbon neutrality’ objectives, fire incidents have become increasingly common in photovoltaic power generation systems. The combustion performance of photovoltaic modules and EVA film directly influences the overall combustion behavior. To analyze the combustion performance of single-glass and double-glazed modules from leading brands in the market, this study conducted experimental tests using specialized devices such as Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA) and Single Burning Item (SBI). These tests yielded photovoltaic module's parameters including ignition time and heat release rate. Analysis of the experimental results led to several conclusions. When exposed to thermal radiation, backsheet materials in single-glass modules were more prone to be ignited compared to glass plates, resulting in a broader horizontal flame spread. Double-glazed modules utilized fire-resistant glass instead of PET backsheets in single-glass modules, effectively reducing combustible content. Additionally, fire-resistant glass provided specific fire protection capabilities, making it more challenging for double-glazed modules to be ignited while also lowering total heat release post-ignition. Under similar glass material conditions, double-glazed modules exhibited superior combustion performance compared to their single-glass counterparts. Therefore, locations with high fire risks are recommended to opt for double-glazed photovoltaic modules. Based on these findings from combustion performance testing, this research provides valuable insights for selecting appropriate types of photovoltaic modules based on specific environmental considerations.

{"title":"Experimental investigation on the combustion performance of single-glass and double-glazed photovoltaic modules","authors":"Yue Wang , Shouxiang Wang , Qianyu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In pursuit of ‘carbon peaking and carbon neutrality’ objectives, fire incidents have become increasingly common in photovoltaic power generation systems. The combustion performance of photovoltaic modules and EVA film directly influences the overall combustion behavior. To analyze the combustion performance of single-glass and double-glazed modules from leading brands in the market, this study conducted experimental tests using specialized devices such as Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA) and Single Burning Item (SBI). These tests yielded photovoltaic module's parameters including ignition time and heat release rate. Analysis of the experimental results led to several conclusions. When exposed to thermal radiation, backsheet materials in single-glass modules were more prone to be ignited compared to glass plates, resulting in a broader horizontal flame spread. Double-glazed modules utilized fire-resistant glass instead of PET backsheets in single-glass modules, effectively reducing combustible content. Additionally, fire-resistant glass provided specific fire protection capabilities, making it more challenging for double-glazed modules to be ignited while also lowering total heat release post-ignition. Under similar glass material conditions, double-glazed modules exhibited superior combustion performance compared to their single-glass counterparts. Therefore, locations with high fire risks are recommended to opt for double-glazed photovoltaic modules. Based on these findings from combustion performance testing, this research provides valuable insights for selecting appropriate types of photovoltaic modules based on specific environmental considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 113528"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Property regulations of binary alkali carbonates by SiO2 nanoparticles for high-temperature thermal energy storage

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113537

Zizhou Huang , Zuoxin Hu , Qing Li, Yu Qiu

Affordable molten carbonate salts exhibit potential as heat transfer fluids and thermal storage media for the next-generation concentrating solar plants. However, the limited thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity limit their applications at high temperatures. In this work, the carbonate salt-based nanofluids comprising a binary carbonate salt (50 mol.% Na₂CO₃, 50 mol.% K₂CO₃) and varying fractions of SiO₂ nanoparticles were developed for thermal energy storage. Molecular dynamics simulations were utilized in calculating the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity within the temperature range of 1200–1700 K, concentrating on the effects of nanoparticle fractions. Results indicate that as the volume fraction increases from 1 % to 8 % (defined at 1200 K), specific heat capacity decreases by 0.24–0.83 %, while thermal conductivity improves by 9.7–11.8 %. Subsequent analyses of microstructural evolution, thermal diffusion characteristics, and energy density distribution elucidate the influencing mechanisms of thermal properties. Specifically, interactions between anionic nanoparticle surfaces and salt ions lead to the formation of a condensed interfacial layer encircling the nanoparticle. Within this layer, ions are trapped in a potential well with enhanced order, leading to the layer's high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, thereby improving overall thermal properties. Additional analyses of local specific heat capacity and local heat flux confirm that the interfacial layer exhibits higher values than other regions, directly validating the proposed mechanisms. Moreover, the presence of nanoparticles enhances the proportion of energy transport-driven heat flux, particularly within the condensed interfacial layer.

{"title":"Property regulations of binary alkali carbonates by SiO2 nanoparticles for high-temperature thermal energy storage","authors":"Zizhou Huang , Zuoxin Hu , Qing Li, Yu Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113537","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113537","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Affordable molten carbonate salts exhibit potential as heat transfer fluids and thermal storage media for the next-generation concentrating solar plants. However, the limited thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity limit their applications at high temperatures. In this work, the carbonate salt-based nanofluids comprising a binary carbonate salt (50 mol.% Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>, 50 mol.% K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) and varying fractions of SiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were developed for thermal energy storage. Molecular dynamics simulations were utilized in calculating the thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity within the temperature range of 1200–1700 K, concentrating on the effects of nanoparticle fractions. Results indicate that as the volume fraction increases from 1 % to 8 % (defined at 1200 K), specific heat capacity decreases by 0.24–0.83 %, while thermal conductivity improves by 9.7–11.8 %. Subsequent analyses of microstructural evolution, thermal diffusion characteristics, and energy density distribution elucidate the influencing mechanisms of thermal properties. Specifically, interactions between anionic nanoparticle surfaces and salt ions lead to the formation of a condensed interfacial layer encircling the nanoparticle. Within this layer, ions are trapped in a potential well with enhanced order, leading to the layer's high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, thereby improving overall thermal properties. Additional analyses of local specific heat capacity and local heat flux confirm that the interfacial layer exhibits higher values than other regions, directly validating the proposed mechanisms. Moreover, the presence of nanoparticles enhances the proportion of energy transport-driven heat flux, particularly within the condensed interfacial layer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 113537"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

120-Day perovskite solution stability via deprotonation and iodine reduction by a pyrazolone-based additive

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113545

Tanakorn Kittikool , Ladda Srathongsian , Chaowaphat Seriwattanachai , Duangmanee Wongratanaphisan , Pipat Ruankham , Pasit Pakawatpanurut , Ratchadaporn Supruangnet , Hideki Nakajima , Pongsakorn Kanjanaboos

Perovskite precursor solution undergoes degradation pathways such as deprotonation and iodide oxidation overtimes, which result in short shelf life. Such issue might not be significant for research labs where fresh solutions can be made every time, yet high solution stability improves workflow and reproducibility while reduces cost for actual manufacturing process. In this work, we identify the suitable and low-cost additive, 1-(4-sulfophenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (SMP), to suppress undesirable reactions and prolong solution efficacy. To accelerate solution aging study, we carefully probed aging by-product quantities under room temperature over 120 days via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), establishing a standard heat protocol (60 °C) and collecting the database to assess acceleration factors by comparing by-product quantities with respect to starting organic cations. The aged perovskite solution with the SMP stabilizer exhibits 40-time-less by-products in comparison to the control solution that was aged under the same conditions. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) from such solution with the SMP additive realize similar power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) to those from the fresh solution. Both the accelerated protocol and the long-term ¹H NMR tracking reveal over 120-day stability, marking SMP potential for PSC production.

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引用次数: 0

Defect regulation enhances the efficiency of Cu2ZnSnS4 solar cells by solution engineering

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113555

Long Zou , Hai Ma , Qiang Zhu , Bin Xu , Hongru Wang , Lin Sun , Ye Chen

The preparation of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) through the solution method demonstrates significant application potential due to its high efficiency, simplicity and low cost. However, CZTS still faces several issues, including poor crystallinity of the absorber and complex intrinsic harmful defects, which severely limit the efficiency of the cell. We have developed a simple and effective method for growing large-grain CZTS thin films and regulating defects. By reducing the concentration of the precursor solution, the crystallinity of the absorber is significantly enhanced, thereby avoiding the occurrence of voids and fine grains, and greatly improving the Fill Factor of the solar cell. Due to the improved crystallinity of the absorber and the shallower energy level of the Cu_Zn defect, the carrier density has significantly increased. Furthermore, the reduction in the density of deep-level defects also decreases non-radiative recombination. Through this method, the photovoltaic performance of CZTS solar cells without extra post-annealing has been significantly improved, achieving a cell efficiency of 7.6 %.

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引用次数: 0

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