Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献_第6页

A non-destructive method to infer the bulk lifetime in high-quality silicon wafers 一种推断高质量硅片体寿命的非破坏性方法

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114125

Nicholas E. Grant , Anup Yadav , Sophie L. Pain , Luke Wilkins , Edris Khorani , Lachlan Black

The bulk lifetime (τ_bulk) of high-quality silicon wafers is becoming ever more important as the efficiency of the solar cells increases (i.e. >27 %). As such there is a growing necessity to measure τ_bulk directly. In this work, we showcase a non-destructive technique to infer τ_bulk of high-quality wafers, termed the Charge Decoupling Method. This method is very simple and only requires atomic layer deposited (ALD) aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃)—or any other highly charged film (e.g. >10¹² q cm⁻²)—and corona charging. By measuring the decay in the effective lifetime as the net negative charge decreases—due to the sequential deposition of positive corona charges—we can quantify the shape of the curve—analogous to the fill factor for a solar cell—and from this, determine the injection-dependent τ_bulk and surface recombination velocity S. To experimentally verify the method, we apply the charge decoupling method to Al₂O₃ passivated Czochralski-grown 5 Ω cm, n-type, 150 μm thick silicon wafers. From this we obtain a τ_bulk of ∼30 ms and a corresponding S of 0.2 cm⁻¹ at an injection level of ∼10¹⁵ cm⁻³. Mathematically, we demonstrate that the charge decoupling method depends solely on the ratio of surface to bulk recombination and thus does not depend on the doping type, resistivity, charge density, wafer thickness, interface defect density and the injection-dependent bulk lifetime.

随着太阳能电池效率的提高（即>； 27%），高质量硅片的体积寿命（τbulk）变得越来越重要。因此，直接测量τ体积的必要性日益增加。在这项工作中，我们展示了一种非破坏性的技术来推断高质量晶圆的体积，称为电荷解耦法。这种方法非常简单，只需要原子层沉积（ALD）氧化铝(Al2O3) -或任何其他高电荷膜（例如>；1012 q cm−2）-电晕充电。通过测量净负电荷减少时有效寿命的衰减（由于正电荷的连续沉积），我们可以量化曲线的形状——类似于太阳能电池的填充因子——并由此确定与注入相关的τ体积和表面复合速度s。为了实验验证该方法，我们将电荷去耦方法应用于Al2O3钝化的czochralski生长的5 Ω cm， n型，150 μm厚的硅片。由此我们得到在注入水平为~ 1015 cm−3时τ体积为~ 30 ms，相应的S为0.2 cm−1。在数学上，我们证明了电荷去耦方法仅依赖于表面与本体复合的比率，而不依赖于掺杂类型、电阻率、电荷密度、晶圆厚度、界面缺陷密度和注入相关的本体寿命。

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引用次数: 0

Multilayer neural network simulation of solar-radiative nanofluid flow with entropy generation for solar water pump applications 基于熵产的太阳辐射纳米流体流动的多层神经网络模拟

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114137

Arpita Biswas , Ram Prakash Sharma , Utpal Kumar Saha

The incorporation of nanofluids in solar water pump systems (SWPS) accelerates the thermal efficiency of the solar collectors within them, which extends the reliability and lifespan of the pump. Based on this scenario, the present article scrutinizes the skin friction and heat transfer rate of the magnetized flow of the chemically reactive nanofluid past a permeable solar collector stretching sheet of the SWPS. Moreover, the integration of a solar radiating heat-generation source, chemical reaction, thermal radiation, Joule, and viscous dissipation further enriches the study. To streamline the analysis, the governing partial differential equations are converted into their non-dimensional forms of ordinary differential equations and computed numerically utilizing the shooting mechanism integrated with a 4th-order Runge-Kutta approach. To statistically evaluate the skin friction and heat transfer rate Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is applied. Moreover, to design the efficient predictive capability of skin friction and heat transfer rate, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model using various factors is employed. However, the results expose that the accelerating magnetization and porosity result in a reduction in the velocity profile for both suction and injection cases. The Nusselt number and the skin friction obtained the most significant skin friction and heat transfer rate at epoch 9 and 110 with a gradient of 0.00111 and 4.0542e⁰⁵, respectively. In the context of the inertial drag and Nusselt number, the neural network analysis exhibits the highest sensitivity towards the magnetic parameter and Eckert number, respectively.

在太阳能水泵系统（SWPS）中加入纳米流体可以提高太阳能集热器的热效率，从而延长水泵的可靠性和使用寿命。基于这种情况，本文仔细研究了化学反应纳米流体经过可渗透太阳能集热器拉伸片的磁化流的表面摩擦和传热率。此外，太阳辐射热源、化学反应、热辐射、焦耳和粘性耗散的集成进一步丰富了研究内容。为了简化分析，将控制偏微分方程转化为其无量纲形式的常微分方程，并利用与四阶龙格-库塔方法相结合的射击机构进行数值计算。应用响应面法（Response Surface Methodology， RSM）对表面摩擦和换热率进行了统计分析。此外，为了设计有效的皮肤摩擦和换热率预测能力，采用了多种因素的人工神经网络（ANN）模型。然而，结果表明，加速磁化和孔隙度导致吸入和注入情况下的速度分布减小。Nusselt数和皮肤摩擦在第9和第110时期得到最显著的皮肤摩擦和换热率，梯度分别为0.00111和4.0542e05。在惯性阻力和努塞尔数的情况下，神经网络分析对磁参数和Eckert数的灵敏度最高。

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引用次数: 0

Coffee and turmeric bio-based shape-stabilized composite PCMs for thermal and solar energy storage applications 咖啡和姜黄生物基形状稳定复合pcm用于热能和太阳能储能应用

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114136

Amit Kumar Mishra , Matteo Morciano , Elena Campagnoli , Valter Giaretto , Matteo Fasano , Eliodoro Chiavazzo

Bio-based shape-stabilized composite phase change materials (ss-PCMs) are emerging as sustainable solutions for thermal and solar energy harvesting. However, typical shape-stability issues, poor thermal/optical properties, and complex synthesis methods hinder the use of such materials at large scale. This study reports the design of nanofiller-loaded bio-based composite PCMs with enhanced thermo-optical and mechanical properties (shape-stability). Incorporating a 25 wt% biomass-derived porous matrix (coffee/turmeric powder) significantly enhanced the material's structural integrity by effectively controlling PCM leakage while achieving a high latent thermal energy storage (TES) capacity of ∼130 J/g. Graphene-loaded ss-composite PCMs demonstrated a significant photothermal conversion efficiency enhancement (106 %) and effective thermal management (TM) potential (superheat degree reduced by ∼ 10 °C) compared to pristine PCM, due to the improved photo-thermal properties and power density. Thermal cycling (up to 500 cycles) and load-bearing capacity tests (∼212,566 and ∼31,242 N/m² across the phase transition zone) confirm the high reliability of the proposed novel ss-composite PCMs in terms of thermal and shape stability. These results highlight their strong potential for long-term TES applications, with stable performance even under adverse environmental conditions such as humidity and wetting. This research contributes to the design of bio-compatible (possibly edible) substance-based strategies for creating cost-effective composite PCMs with enhanced thermo-optical and shape stability characteristics, offering significant advancement for latent TES systems and TM technologies.

生物基形状稳定复合相变材料（ss-PCMs）正在成为热能和太阳能收集的可持续解决方案。然而，典型的形状稳定性问题、较差的热/光学性能和复杂的合成方法阻碍了这种材料的大规模使用。本研究报道了具有增强热光学和机械性能（形状稳定性）的纳米填料负载生物基复合pcm的设计。加入25 wt%的生物质衍生多孔基质（咖啡/姜黄粉），通过有效控制PCM泄漏，显著增强了材料的结构完整性，同时实现了高达130 J/g的高潜热储能（TES）容量。与原始PCM相比，负载石墨烯的ss-复合PCM表现出显着的光热转换效率提高（106%）和有效的热管理（TM）潜力（过热度降低约10°C），这是由于光热性能和功率密度的改善。热循环（多达500次循环）和承载能力测试（跨相变区~ 212,566和~ 31,242 N/m2）证实了所提出的新型ss-复合pcm在热稳定性和形状稳定性方面的高可靠性。这些结果突出了它们在长期TES应用中的强大潜力，即使在恶劣的环境条件下（如湿度和潮湿）也具有稳定的性能。该研究有助于设计生物相容（可能可食用）的物质为基础的策略，以创造具有增强热光学和形状稳定性特性的具有成本效益的复合PCMs，为潜在TES系统和TM技术提供重大进步。

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引用次数: 0

Hotspot risk assessment model for TOPCon solar cells based on reverse-biased EL imaging 基于逆偏EL成像的TOPCon太阳能电池热点风险评估模型

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114127

Ying Du , Ziqiang Cheng , Tingting Li , Shan Xin , Taotao Hu , Jixian Song , Shuhai Zhang , Yang Tao , Yinfeng Jiang , Kai Wang , Wusong Tao , Dawei Zhang

Temperature management is of great significance for ensuring the stability and reliability of photovoltaic (PV) modules. The “hotspot” phenomenon, a localized temperature rise in solar cells due to the current mismatch, pose a significant operational risk. This study introduces a rapid hotspot risk assessment method for TOPCon cells based on reverse-biased electroluminescence (EL) imaging. The proposed model predicts both the location and severity of heating under reverse bias, outputing an evaluation parameter that serves as screening criteria to identify and eliminate high-risk cells. Experimental results indicate that PV modules built with screened cells exhibit a 5–13 °C reduction in hotspot temperature, effectively controlling the hotspot temperature below 171 °C. Furthermore, a 40-day outdoor test confirms that this approach reduces power generation loss by approximately 1 %. As this method requires only EL images as input, it offers excellent compatibility for seamless integration into industrial production lines, enabling proactive hotspot risk mitigation in the manufacture process of PV modules.

温度管理对于保证光伏组件的稳定性和可靠性具有重要意义。“热点”现象，即由于电流不匹配导致的太阳能电池局部温度上升，构成了重大的操作风险。提出了一种基于逆偏电致发光成像的TOPCon细胞热点风险快速评估方法。该模型预测了反向偏置下加热的位置和严重程度，并输出一个评估参数，作为识别和消除高风险细胞的筛选标准。实验结果表明，使用筛选过的电池构建的光伏组件的热点温度降低了5-13℃，有效地将热点温度控制在171℃以下。此外，一项为期40天的室外测试证实，这种方法可将发电损失降低约1%。由于该方法只需要EL图像作为输入，因此具有良好的兼容性，可以无缝集成到工业生产线中，从而在光伏组件制造过程中主动降低热点风险。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-responsive phase change aerogel for solar/electro-thermal energy conversion and management 用于太阳能/电热能量转换和管理的多响应相变气凝胶

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114135

Keyan Sun, Zhiyin Ye, Fanmu Meng, Nan Sheng, Chunyu Zhu, Changhui Liu, Fei Hou

Phase change materials are quite promising for energy conversion and management, while limited by the leakage problem and single thermal response for energy storage. Herein, a multi-responsive phase change aerogel with solar/electro-thermal energy conversion is developed. The phase change enthalpy reaches 139.91 J/g with solar/electro-thermal conversion efficiency of 93.5 %/73.4 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowered thermal conductivity of 0.041 W/mK further endows the system enhanced thermal insulation property. Such phase change aerogel may shed light on the development of complementary multi-energy utilization and thermal management application.

相变材料在能量转换和管理方面具有广阔的应用前景，但在储能方面存在泄漏和单一热响应等问题。本文研制了一种具有太阳能/电热转换功能的多响应相变气凝胶。相变焓达到139.91 J/g，太阳能/电热转换效率分别为93.5% / 73.4%。同时，0.041 W/mK的导热系数进一步提高了体系的保温性能。这种相变气凝胶对多能互补利用和热管理应用的发展具有一定的指导意义。

引用次数: 0

Improving performance of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cell by regulating S-to-Se substitution controlled nucleation and cation-redistribution of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 film 通过调节S-to-Se取代控制Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4薄膜成核和阳离子重分布来改善Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4太阳能电池的性能

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114140

Chao Gao, Hao Li, Yanxin Huo, Cong Song, Qing Zhou, Yang Liu, Rui Zhang, Xinzhan Wang, Wei Yu

Control over nucleation and cation-redistribution are challenging works for crystallization optimization of Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe) film. Herein, it is demonstrated that both the processes are associated with S-to-Se substitution of the film in selenization. Thus, deliberate regulation of S-to-Se substitution offers a viable pathway for optimizing crystallization of CZTSSe films. By creating microscopic pores in precursor film, S-to-Se substitution of the film is accelerated in early-stage of selenization (350–400 °C). The accelerated S-to-Se substitution weakens reaction-controlled crystallization by reducing content of Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) within the film, thus inhibiting nucleation of the film. Besides, the accelerated S-to-Se substitution decreases Cu/(Zn + Sn) ratio and increases Zn/Sn ratio in surface region of the film, thereby inhibiting nucleation and benefiting formation of favorable defects in CZTSSe grains. In late-stage of selenization (>500 °C), a loose crystalline layer forms on top of the film due to suppressed nucleation, which eliminates fine-grain layer of the film by benefiting bottom-to-top elemental transport. The altered crystallization decreases donor level and reduces deep-level defects in CZTSSe film, thus suppressing carrier recombination and achieving 13.5 % efficient solar cell (without alloying in CZTSSe layer). These results provide fundamental insights for understanding crystallization of CZTSSe films.

控制Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 （CZTSSe）薄膜的成核和阳离子重分布是优化薄膜结晶的难点。本文证明了这两个过程都与硒化过程中膜的S-to-Se取代有关。因此，刻意调节S-to-Se取代为优化CZTSSe薄膜的结晶提供了一条可行的途径。通过在前驱体膜上形成微观孔隙，硒化早期（350-400℃）加速了膜的S-to-Se取代。加速的S-to-Se取代通过降低膜内Cu2ZnSnS4 （CZTS）的含量来减弱反应控制结晶，从而抑制膜的成核。此外，加速的S-to-Se取代降低了Cu/(Zn + Sn)比，提高了薄膜表面Zn/Sn比，从而抑制了CZTSSe晶粒的成核，有利于有利缺陷的形成。在硒化后期（>500°C），由于抑制成核，在薄膜顶部形成松散的结晶层，有利于自下而上的元素传输，从而消除了薄膜的细晶粒层。改变结晶结构降低了给体水平，减少了CZTSSe薄膜中的深层缺陷，从而抑制载流子复合，实现了13.5%的太阳能电池效率（不含CZTSSe合金层）。这些结果为理解CZTSSe薄膜的结晶过程提供了基础性的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Improved interface passivation in high-efficiency Se-alloyed CdTe solar cells using a SnO2/ZnO n-type bilayer 采用SnO2/ZnO n型双分子层改善了高效硒合金CdTe太阳能电池的界面钝化

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114139

Xiaolei Liu , Luksa Kujovic , Zhaoxia Zhou , Stuart Robertson , Mustafa Togay , Jacques Kenyon , Luis C. Infante-Ortega , Martin Bliss , Jake W. Bowers , John M. Walls , Ciaran Llewelyn , Dan A. Lamb , Stuart J.C. Irvine , Chungho Lee , Wei Zhang , Dingyuan Lu , Gang Xiong

Thin film cadmium telluride is the most important second-generation solar cell technology. Although the photo-absorber is polycrystalline, high conversion efficiency has been achieved by effectively passivating the grain boundaries and other bulk defects. In this paper, we report on the use of a bilayer SnO

_{2}

/ZnO n-type buffer to improve passivation at the p–n junction interface to achieve 21.7% efficiency. We have assessed the quality of the interface with highly sensitive electrical measurements and a combination of high-resolution electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence. High-resolution cathodoluminescence has enabled the measurement of the recombination velocity to quantify the improvement in interface defect passivation. We have combined this with direct observation of the coherence of the interface at the atomic scale. The use of these techniques will revolutionize our ability to assess future passivation strategies at the front p–n junction and also at the back contact of thin film photovoltaic devices.

薄膜碲化镉是最重要的第二代太阳能电池技术。虽然光吸收剂是多晶的，但通过有效钝化晶界和其他体缺陷，实现了高转换效率。在本文中，我们报道了使用双层SnO2/ZnO n型缓冲器来改善p-n结界面的钝化，从而达到21.7%的效率。我们用高灵敏度电测量和高分辨率电子显微镜和阴极发光相结合的方法评估了界面的质量。高分辨率阴极发光使得复合速度的测量可以量化界面缺陷钝化的改善。我们将此与直接观察到的原子尺度上的界面相干性结合起来。这些技术的使用将彻底改变我们在薄膜光伏器件的前pn结和后接触处评估未来钝化策略的能力。

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引用次数: 0

Epi-textured ITO layer as dynamic controller for plasmonic electrochromic smart windows 外延织构ITO层作为等离子体电致变色智能窗的动态控制器

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114132

Zhi Li , Xin Jiang , Long Yuan , Jian Zhang , Yu Duan , Xiaotian Yang

Surface and interface of transparent conductive layers in devices play important roles on charge accumulation, potential distribution, and charge conducting, which affect the properties and performance of opto-electrical devices in many aspects. Herein, we report a surface epi-textured modification strategy on indium tin oxide (ITO) to demonstrate its function in redistribution of charge accumulation on a model plasmonic electrochromic device. The epi-textured ITO layer was grown via a solvothermal method, which changes the randomly grown ITO layers in commercial magnetron sputtering deposited ITO grains into tiny nano-epi-textured octahedral grains. The modified surface structure redistributed the surface potential and charge-transfer pathway, therefore facilitating a faster coloring time and a wide size-distribution of Ag nanocrystals onto the ITO layer in electrochromic device. The modified device show superior optical modulation efficiency and heat insulating performance. This work provides a feasible strategy for electrode surface charge distribution control for the transparent conductive layer, which is important for design and fabrication new opto-electrical devices.

器件中透明导电层的表面和界面对电荷的积累、电位的分布和电荷的传导起着重要的作用，从多方面影响着光电器件的性能和性能。本文报道了氧化铟锡（ITO）表面外延织构修饰策略，以证明其在模型等离子体电致变色器件上电荷积累再分配中的作用。采用溶剂热法生长外延织构ITO层，将商业磁控溅射沉积ITO颗粒中随机生长的ITO层转变为微小的纳米外延织构八面体颗粒。修饰后的表面结构重新分配了表面电位和电荷转移途径，从而促进了银纳米晶体在电致变色器件的ITO层上更快的着色时间和更宽的尺寸分布。改进后的器件具有良好的光调制效率和隔热性能。本研究为透明导电层的电极表面电荷分布控制提供了一种可行的策略，这对设计和制造新型光电器件具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Phase change material-integrated Janus fabric with radiative cooling/solar heating for adaptive thermal management 相变材料集成Janus织物与辐射冷却/太阳能加热自适应热管理

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114134

Yujiao Li , Yixiao Li , Tong Lu , Yongxuan Xiang , Tianyu Cai , Gang Tan , Tieling Xing

As global energy demand rises and climate change intensifies, sustainable and energy-efficient thermal regulation solutions are attracting significant attention. Radiative cooling and solar heating offer passive temperature control without external energy input. However, their unidirectional nature (either cooling or heating) limits adaptability to varying environmental conditions. In this study, a dual-mode Janus composite fabric was developed to enable reversible radiative cooling and solar heating for adaptive thermal management. The asymmetric architecture features a cooling side (porous Poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP)/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)/Paraffin (Pn)@silicon dioxide (SiO₂)) achieving 96.24 % solar reflectance and 94.78 % IR emissivity. The heating side (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/sericin) exhibits 94.23 % solar absorptivity. Thanks to its excellent spectral properties, this Janus fabric demonstrated excellent solar heating performance (39 °C) and passive radiative cooling effect (10 °C) under sunlight compared to original cotton fabrics. Furthermore, the encapsulated PCMs (Pn@SiO₂, ΔH_m = 179.4 J/g) provided a thermal buffer platform during heating and cooling periods, effectively mitigating sudden temperature changes. Additionally, the Janus fabrics demonstrated outstanding flexibility, air permeability, and hydrophobic easy-cleaning properties. These findings suggest that this work could provide a sustainable, energy-free solution for adaptive thermal management in dynamic climatic environments.

随着全球能源需求的增长和气候变化的加剧，可持续和节能的热调节解决方案引起了人们的极大关注。辐射冷却和太阳能加热提供无外部能量输入的被动温度控制。然而，它们的单向性（冷却或加热）限制了对不同环境条件的适应性。在这项研究中，开发了一种双模Janus复合织物，可以实现可逆辐射冷却和太阳能加热，以实现自适应热管理。非对称结构的冷却侧(多孔聚偏氟乙烯-共六氟丙烯(PVDF-HFP)/六方氮化硼（h-BN)/石蜡（Pn）@二氧化硅（SiO2））具有96.24%的太阳反射率和94.78%的红外发射率。加热侧（多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)/丝胶）的太阳吸收率为94.23%。由于其优异的光谱性能，与原始棉织物相比，这种Janus织物在阳光下表现出优异的太阳能加热性能（39°C）和被动辐射冷却效果（10°C）。此外，封装的pcm （Pn@SiO2， ΔHm = 179.4 J/g）在加热和冷却期间提供了一个热缓冲平台，有效地缓解了温度的突然变化。此外，Janus织物具有出色的柔韧性、透气性和疏水性，易于清洁。这些发现表明，这项工作可以为动态气候环境下的适应性热管理提供一个可持续的、无能源的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

In-situ n-type doping by screen-printed aluminum paste for back contact silicon solar cells 后接触式硅太阳能电池用丝网印刷铝浆原位掺杂

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114126

Lizhi Sun , Yuchao Zhang , Yuwen Xu , Marwan Dhamrin , Yuhao Cheng , Shuo Deng , Kosuke Tsuji , Jan Seidel , Martin Green , Ning Song

The self-doping contact concept integrates junction or back surface field (BSF) formation with metal contact deposition in a single step. This approach is particularly well-suited to addressing patterning complexity in back contact (BC) silicon (Si) solar cells. Previous studies have demonstrated silver (Ag)-based self-doping pastes, but the associated cost remains a major limitation. In this work, we present a low-cost alternative based on a modified aluminum (Al) paste, which facilitates in-situ formation of n⁺ regions on Si substrates. For p-type substrate, the modified Al paste enables in-situ formation of the n-type emitter, and the emitter exhibits a thickness of ∼0.4 μm and a peak doping concentration of 1.2 × 10¹⁹ cm⁻³. For n-type substrate, an n⁺ BSF is achieved, reaching a doping concentration of 1.0 × 10²⁰ cm⁻³ within a depth of ∼0.2 μm. The contact properties between this work Al pastes and Si layers are first investigated. In addition, the doping mechanisms of the modified Al paste were systematically studied under various firing conditions. This work enables a simplified Ag-free self-doping process for fabricating both n-type and p-type BC solar cells, eliminating the need for traditional phosphorus diffusion.

自掺杂接触概念将结或后表面场（BSF）的形成与金属接触沉积在一个步骤中集成在一起。这种方法特别适合于解决背接触（BC）硅（Si）太阳能电池的图案复杂性。先前的研究已经证明了银（Ag）基自掺杂浆料，但相关的成本仍然是一个主要限制。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于改性铝（Al）浆料的低成本替代方案，该浆料有助于在Si衬底上原位形成n+区域。对于p型衬底，改性铝浆可以原位形成n型发射极，发射极厚度为~ 0.4 μm，峰值掺杂浓度为1.2 × 1019 cm−3。对于n型衬底，实现了n+ BSF，在~ 0.2 μm深度内达到了1.0 × 1020 cm−3的掺杂浓度。本文首先研究了铝糊与硅层之间的接触特性。此外，系统地研究了不同烧制条件下改性铝浆的掺杂机理。这项工作使一种简化的无银自掺杂工艺用于制造n型和p型BC太阳能电池，消除了传统的磷扩散的需要。

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引用次数: 0