Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献_第6页

Controllable synthesis of montmorillonite/hydrotalcite coatings with high environmental tolerance for passive daytime radiative cooling 可控合成具有高环境耐受性的蒙脱土/水滑石涂层用于被动日间辐射冷却

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114092

Limei Wu , Jiayu Li , Xiaolong Wang , Xinyu Lei , Ning Tang , Qing Wang , Chenkai Hu , Siquan Chen , Mengmeng Niu

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is an emerging zero-energy cooling technology capable of achieving sub-ambient cooling even under intense sunlight. However, most PDRC materials face significant challenges in practical outdoor applications due to their high cost, complex manufacturing processes, and susceptibility to abrasion and pollution, which degrade their performance. In this paper, the composite coatings with both radiative cooling and environmental tolerance were synthesized by layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technology using montmorillonite (MMT) and hydroxide (LDH) as the main radiatively cooling raw materials, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was introduced to enhance the binding force. Therefore, we can get PVA/MMT/LDH (P/M/L) composite coatings with high solar reflectance (65 %) and strong infrared emissivity (98 %). Under simulated sunlight at 987 W/m², it achieves excellent cooling of 13.4 °C below ambient temperature. Moreover, in outdoor tests, the P/M/L composite coatings can reduce temperature by up to 10 °C. The composite coatings demonstrate superior wear resistance and environmental stability, withstanding a pH range of 3–11 and diverse salt solutions, while retaining over 99 % of its initial weight following abrasion. Furthermore, its tensile strength attains 18.85 MPa, thereby effectively overcoming the key challenges associated with outdoor applications. This work provides a promising solution for energy-saving and environmentally friendly applications in the future.

被动日间辐射冷却（PDRC）是一种新兴的零能耗冷却技术，即使在强烈的阳光下也能实现亚环境冷却。然而，大多数PDRC材料在实际户外应用中面临着巨大的挑战，因为它们的高成本，复杂的制造工艺，易磨损和污染，从而降低了它们的性能。本文以蒙脱土（MMT）和氢氧化物（LDH）为主要辐射冷却原料，并加入聚乙烯醇（PVA）增强结合力，采用分层自组装技术合成了具有辐射冷却性能和环境耐受性的复合涂层。因此，我们可以得到具有高太阳反射率（65%）和强红外发射率（98%）的PVA/MMT/LDH （P/M/L）复合涂层。在987 W/m2的模拟阳光下，它达到了比环境温度低13.4℃的优异冷却效果。此外，在室外测试中，P/M/L复合涂层可以将温度降低高达10°C。复合涂层具有优异的耐磨性和环境稳定性，可以承受3-11的pH范围和不同的盐溶液，同时在磨损后保持99%以上的初始重量。此外，它的抗拉强度达到18.85 MPa，从而有效地克服了与户外应用相关的关键挑战。这项工作为未来的节能环保应用提供了一个有前途的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental evaluation of a hemispherical solar distiller incorporated with a dish collector, V-corrugated basin, wick layer, nanofluid, and cover cooling 半球形太阳能蒸馏器的实验评价，包括碟形收集器、v型波纹槽、灯芯层、纳米流体和盖冷却

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114115

Umar F. Alqsair , Abanob Joseph , A.S. Abdullah , Swellam W. Sharshir

Freshwater scarcity, combined with the relatively low productivity and high unit water cost of conventional hemispherical solar stills, limits their practical deployment in decentralized desalination. This study experimentally investigates a reference hemispherical solar still and a modified configuration that combines parabolic dish-based feedwater preheating with four successive performance enhancements: a V-corrugated basin (Case 1), a wick layer to promote thin-film evaporation (Case 2), a carbon black nanofluid to improve solar absorption and heat transfer (Case 3), and external cover cooling to intensify condensation (Case 4). Experiments were conducted under comparable outdoor conditions while monitoring solar intensity, wind speed, ambient temperature, basin and cover temperatures, freshwater yield, and energy and exergy indicators. The main findings are: daily freshwater production increased from 3.39 L/m² for the conventional distiller to 7.17, 8.44, 9.67, and 10.87 L/m² for Cases 1–4, respectively, corresponding to a maximum gain of 220.7 % in the fully modified configuration; cumulative thermal efficiency improved by up to 114.0 % and exergy efficiency by up to 288.7 % relative to the reference still; the cost of produced water decreased from 0.0146 $/L to 0.0095 $/L, while the exergoeconomic factor rose from 2.62 to 7.29 kWh/$ and the exergoenvironmental factor from 0.91 to 5.37 tons of CO₂. Overall, the integrated use of geometric optimization, wick-assisted thin-film evaporation, nanoparticle-enhanced absorption, and cover cooling in a dish-preheated hemispherical solar still delivers substantial technical, economic, and environmental benefits, underscoring its potential as a sustainable solar desalination solution.

淡水短缺，加上传统半球形太阳能蒸馏器相对较低的生产率和较高的单位水成本，限制了它们在分散海水淡化中的实际部署。本研究实验研究了一个参考的半球形太阳能蒸馏器和一个改进的配置，该配置结合了基于抛物面碟的给水预热和四种连续的性能增强：v形波纹盆（案例1），促进薄膜蒸发的灯芯层（案例2），改善太阳能吸收和传热的炭黑纳米流体（案例3），以及加强冷凝的外部盖冷却（案例4）。实验在室外可比条件下进行，同时监测太阳强度、风速、环境温度、流域和覆盖温度、淡水产量以及能量和火用指标。主要发现是：每日淡水产量从常规蒸馏器的3.39 L/m2增加到案例1-4的7.17、8.44、9.67和10.87 L/m2，对应于完全修改配置的最大增益为220.7%；与参考蒸馏器相比，累积热效率提高了114.0%，火用效率提高了288.7%；采出水成本从0.0146美元/升降至0.0095美元/升，耗热经济因子从2.62千瓦时/美元上升至7.29千瓦时/美元，耗热环境因子从0.91吨二氧化碳上升至5.37吨二氧化碳。总体而言，几何优化、芯辅助薄膜蒸发、纳米粒子增强吸收和覆盖冷却在盘子预热的半球形太阳能中的综合应用仍然提供了大量的技术、经济和环境效益，强调了其作为可持续太阳能脱盐解决方案的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

On the underlying mechanism of light-induced patterning of N719-stained photoanodes for “photovoltaic photographs” n719染色光阳极光致图案化的潜在机制

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114113

Allyson Robert , Nico Fransaert , Willem Awouters , Wouter Marchal , Peter Adriaensens , Roland Valcke , Jean V. Manca

Recently, “photovoltaic photographs” were proposed as a creative application of photovoltaic technologies, relevant in fields such as architecture. A high-resolution image is created in solar cells by light-induced patterning of the photoactive layer, causing a local change in the appearance of the solar cell. Here, we investigate the physico-chemical changes induced by this process in the photoactive layer of proof-of-concept N719 photovoltaic photographs, to better understand the underlying mechanisms and further develop the concept. By combining a variety of techniques, we show a previously unreported multi-step degradation of the isothiocyanate ligand of the dye, correlated to visual color changes. Time-resolved UV–VIS spectroscopy revealed the catalytic role played by TiO₂, causing a blueshift (35 nm) in the dye’s 495 nm metal-to-ligand charge-transfer peaks within 10 h. This is confirmed through infrared spectroscopy showing a 24 cm⁻¹ shift to smaller wavenumbers of the CN-stretching vibration. Finally, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) reveals the multi-step nature of the degradation, through the transient increase of an

signal. These insights are of importance for a better understanding of the photo-induced degradation of N719, a more substantiated control of the patterning process, and to design appropriate light-induced patterning techniques for other classes of solar cells.

最近，“光伏摄影”作为光伏技术的创造性应用被提出，与建筑等领域相关。通过光活性层的光诱导模式，在太阳能电池中产生高分辨率图像，引起太阳能电池外观的局部变化。在这里，我们研究了这一过程在概念验证的N719光伏照片的光活性层中引起的物理化学变化，以更好地了解潜在的机制并进一步发展这一概念。通过结合各种技术，我们展示了以前未报道的染料异硫氰酸酯配体的多步降解，与视觉颜色变化相关。时间分辨紫外可见光谱揭示了TiO2的催化作用，在10小时内导致染料495 nm金属到配体的电荷转移峰发生了35 nm的蓝移。通过红外光谱证实了这一点，显示了向cn -拉伸振动的较小波数偏移24 cm−1。最后，飞行时间二次离子质谱（ToF-SIMS）通过信号的瞬态增加揭示了降解的多步性质。这些见解对于更好地理解N719的光诱导降解，更有说服力的图像化过程控制以及为其他类别的太阳能电池设计适当的光诱导图像化技术具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing cycling stability of iodine electrodeposition electrochromic devices Assisted by liquid active adhesion material 液体活性粘附材料辅助碘电沉积电致变色器件的循环稳定性

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114112

Lu Chen , Xianglin Guo , Mingquan Wang , Wei Jiang , Sixiang Cai , Xueqing Tang , Zhen Wang

Electrochromic devices based on non-metallic iodine (I₂) electrodeposition feature a simple structure, low cost, and high optical contrast but suffer from poor cycling stability due to the low conductivity of solid I₂ and the formation of dead iodine. Herein, 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium ions (MPI⁺) are introduced into an I⁻-containing water-in-salt electrolyte, enabling the concurrent generation of solid I₂ and liquid MPII₃ under anodic oxidation. The liquid MPII₃ enhances the I₂ adhesion and interfacial contact, providing a self-healing effect that suppresses dead iodine while improving charge transport and reaction kinetics. As a result, the electrochromic device exhibits outstanding overall performance, including a high optical modulation of 69.2 %, fast switching speeds with coloring/bleaching times of 6.9/11.9 s, and excellent cycling durability with optical contrast retention exceeding 100 % after 20,000 cycles. Furthermore, a large-area dual-deposition electrochromic device with an active area of 100 cm² was successfully fabricated, demonstrating high modulation and uniform coloration capability. This work provides a new strategy and technical foundation for the design and practical development of high-performance solid-state deposition-type electrochromic devices.

基于非金属碘（I2）电沉积的电致变色器件具有结构简单、成本低、光学对比度高的特点，但由于固体I2的电导率低和死碘的形成，循环稳定性差。本文将1-甲基-3-丙基咪唑离子（MPI+）引入到含I−的盐中水电解质中，使固体I2和液体MPII3在阳极氧化下同时生成。液态MPII3增强了I2的粘附和界面接触，提供了自愈效果，抑制了死碘，同时改善了电荷传输和反应动力学。因此，该电致变色器件表现出出色的整体性能，包括69.2%的高光学调制，快速的切换速度，着色/漂白时间为6.9/11.9 s，以及出色的循环耐久性，在20,000次循环后光学对比度保持率超过100%。在此基础上，成功制备了一种有效面积为100 cm2的大面积双沉积电致变色器件，具有较高的调制能力和均匀的显色能力。本工作为高性能固态沉积型电致变色器件的设计和实用化开发提供了新的策略和技术基础。

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引用次数: 0

Decapsulating waste photovoltaic laminated modules using a green solvent terpinolene coupled ultrasound: directional bond cleavage and infinite swelling of EVA 绿色溶剂萜烯耦合超声解封废光伏层压组件：定向键裂解和EVA无限膨胀

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114110

Chunmu Wang, Jiahua Lu, Jie Zhu, Jujun Ruan

Decapsulation constitutes the critical initial phase in the recycling of waste photovoltaic (PV) laminated modules. Wet decapsulation has emerged as a prominent research focus. However, the underlying removal mechanisms of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulants remain insufficiently characterized, and the optimal solvent has not been selected. This article introduces a green alternative solvent terpinolene to decapsulate waste PV laminated modules. The decapsulation parameters were optimized. The waste PV laminated modules could be completely decapsulated under the identified optimal conditions: 2 cm × 2 cm specimens treated with 90 wt% terpinolene solvent under 800 W ultrasound agitation for 55 min. This study reveals the decapsulation mechanism: the ultrasonic field caused the water and terpinolene to produce O· and groups containing methylene radicals. The free radicals approached the directional C-C and C-O bonds in the bridging structure and the directional C-C bonds in the backbones of EVA and oxidized them to make them interrupt and to be grafted. EVA molecules were broken into multiple and smaller organic molecules, resulting in a swelling effect and loss of viscosity, thus prompting the laminated modules to decapsulate. We report for the first time the use of the green solvent terpinolene coupled to ultrasonic efficiently decapsulating waste photovoltaic laminated modules. And this study pioneers the discovery of the infinite swelling induced by terpinolene-mediated radical reactions in PV EVA encapsulants. It provides scientific information and key technologies for the decapsulating of waste PV laminated modules, the recycling of materials and the closed-loop development of PV industry.

解封装是回收废弃光伏（PV）层压模块的关键初始阶段。湿解囊已成为一个突出的研究热点。然而，对乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯（EVA）包封剂的潜在去除机理的研究还不够充分，也没有选择最佳的溶剂。本文介绍了一种绿色替代溶剂萜烯对废弃光伏叠层组件进行脱胶囊处理。优化了解封装工艺参数。在确定的最佳条件下，废弃PV层压组件可以完全脱封：2 cm × 2 cm的样品，用90%的萜烯溶剂在800 W超声搅拌下搅拌55 min。本研究揭示了其解囊机制：超声场使水和萜烯产生含有亚甲基自由基的O·和基团。自由基接近桥接结构中的定向C-C和C-O键以及EVA骨架中的定向C-C键，并将其氧化，使其中断并接枝。EVA分子被分解成多个更小的有机分子，导致膨胀效应和粘度损失，从而促使层压模块脱胶囊。我们首次报道了利用绿色溶剂萜烯偶联超声高效解封废光伏层压组件。本研究率先发现了由萜烯介导的自由基反应在PV EVA封装剂中引起的无限肿胀。为废旧光伏叠层组件解封、材料回收利用、光伏产业闭环发展提供科学信息和关键技术。

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引用次数: 0

Accelerated corrosion performance of solar cells: A critical review 太阳能电池的加速腐蚀性能：综述

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114103

Zuraiz Rana , Douglas Olivares , Aitor Marzo , Víctor M. Jiménez-Arévalo , Edward Fuentealba , Jorge Rabanal-Arabach , Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid

Accelerated corrosion is a key determinant of photovoltaic system degradation, particularly in environments with high moisture content and salt-exposed environments. This review explores a critical synthesis of accelerated corrosion mechanisms in solar cells, highlighting the impact of atmospheric exposure, salt ingress, and moisture penetration on material degradation. Salt spray chamber testing, based on ASTM standards, is discussed as a key method for simulating corrosion. Electrochemical techniques, including potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), are explored for their capacity to quantify corrosion kinetics and detect early-stage degradation. Morphological and structural analyses (SEM, AFM, XPS, FTIR) identify critical defects, including delamination, snail trails, and metallization discoloration (ribbon). These defects reduce electrical performance and optical efficiency. This review aims to discuss generational changes in materials and designs to enhance corrosion resistance. Propose a multidimensional framework for real-time monitoring and failure prediction. These insights are crucial to the development of robust PV technologies, particularly for deployment in extreme climates. This work connects ASTM-B117 salt spray testing with electrochemical and nanoscale characterization, providing a unique framework to explain corrosion in solar cells. This integrated approach highlights ribbon and interconnect corrosion across PV generations and proposes strategies to enhance durability.

加速腐蚀是光伏系统退化的关键决定因素，特别是在高含水量和盐暴露环境中。这篇综述探讨了太阳能电池加速腐蚀机制的关键综合，强调了大气暴露、盐侵入和水分渗透对材料降解的影响。基于ASTM标准，讨论了盐雾室试验作为模拟腐蚀的关键方法。电化学技术，包括动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱（EIS），探索了它们量化腐蚀动力学和检测早期降解的能力。形态和结构分析（SEM， AFM， XPS， FTIR）确定了关键缺陷，包括分层，蜗牛痕迹和金属化变色（带状）。这些缺陷降低了电性能和光学效率。这篇综述旨在讨论材料和设计的世代变化，以提高耐腐蚀性。提出了一种实时监测和故障预测的多维框架。这些见解对于发展强大的光伏技术至关重要，特别是在极端气候下的部署。这项工作将ASTM-B117盐雾测试与电化学和纳米级表征联系起来，为解释太阳能电池的腐蚀提供了一个独特的框架。这种集成的方法强调了光伏发电带和互连的腐蚀，并提出了提高耐久性的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced dust removal stability of highly transparent superhydrophobic coatings by ultrathin ZnO “nano-armor” conformal micro/nanostructures 超薄ZnO“纳米盔甲”保形微纳米结构增强了高透明超疏水涂层的除尘稳定性

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114105

Bao Guo , Hongjun Kang , Huiyang Zhao , Xinzhi Wang , Yang Li , Songtao Lu , Xiaohong Wu

Transparent superhydrophobic coatings provide passive self-cleaning and dust removal functionality for photovoltaic (PV) modules to sustain the energy conversion efficiency, which is highly dependent on micro/nanostructures of coatings. However, it remains challenge to enhance the micro/nanostructures robustness of such coatings while preserving their optical transparency, self-cleaning and dust removal functionality. Herein, we proposed dense and conformal “nano-armor” by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on transparent superhydrophobic coatings to enhance their resistance to particle impact and structural durability. Experimental results revealed that the ALD-treated coating (SZ90-F) maintained the high optical transparency (89.27 %) and superhydrophobicity with water contact angle of 160.3°, while also exhibiting excellent dust removal efficiency of 99.23 %. Meanwhile, the SZ90-F coating retained the superhydrophobicity and excellent dust removal performance after exposure to 6000 g of sand and 4000 g of water droplets, respectively. Mechanism analysis revealed that the enhanced durability of the transparent superhydrophobic coatings originated from the ZnO layer deposited by ALD, which formed strong chemical bonds on the micro/nanostructures surface, resulting in a continuous “nano-armor” structure, thereby providing effective protection against dust impact and preventing damage to the micro/nanostructures. This study provides a novel strategy for designing durable, transparent superhydrophobic coatings with enhanced mechanical robustness.

透明的超疏水涂层为光伏（PV）组件提供被动自清洁和除尘功能，以维持能量转换效率，这高度依赖于涂层的微/纳米结构。然而，在保持其光学透明性、自清洁和除尘功能的同时，如何增强涂层的微/纳米结构的坚固性仍然是一个挑战。在此，我们通过原子层沉积（ALD）在透明超疏水涂层上提出了致密和保形的“纳米盔甲”，以提高其抗颗粒冲击和结构耐久性。实验结果表明，经ald处理后的涂层（SZ90-F）保持了较高的光学透明度（89.27%）和超疏水性（水接触角为160.3°），同时具有99.23%的优异除尘效率。同时，SZ90-F涂层在分别接触6000 g砂粒和4000 g水滴后仍保持了超疏水性和优异的除尘性能。机理分析表明，透明超疏水涂层的耐久性增强源于ALD沉积的ZnO层在微纳结构表面形成强化学键，形成连续的“纳米盔甲”结构，从而有效保护微纳结构免受粉尘冲击，防止微纳结构损坏。该研究为设计耐用、透明的超疏水涂层提供了一种新的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Enhanced thermochromic performance and color display in Au/VO2 composite films via ZrO2 dielectric interfacial layers 通过ZrO2介电界面层增强Au/VO2复合薄膜的热致变色性能和彩色显示

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114104

Haitao Zong , Xinchun Tao , Houchang Chen , Wentao Qiao , Cong Zhang , Ming Li , Yuehong Yin , Wenlei Li

The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) can effectively modulate the inherent brownish-yellow color of vanadium dioxide (VO₂) films, thereby improving their architectural aesthetic performance. However, in the Au/VO₂ composite film system, the phase transition of VO₂ alters the dielectric environment around the Au NPs, leading to instability in their LSPR properties and significantly reducing the solar modulation ability (ΔT_sol) of VO₂ film. To address this issue, this study proposes an interfacial optimization strategy by constructing a zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) dielectric buffer layer between Au NPs and the VO₂ film. The influence of ZrO₂ thickness on the microstructure and thermochromic properties of the Au/ZrO₂ and Au/ZrO₂/VO₂ composite films was systematically investigated. The SEM characterization results demonstrated that Au/ZrO₂ forms a core-shell structure. As the ZrO₂ thickness increases from 0 to 300 nm, the LSPR peak of Au/ZrO₂ composite films redshifts from 529 nm to 620 nm. In the Au/ZrO₂/VO₂ composite films, the incorporation of the VO₂ layer induces a further redshift of the LSPR peak to approximately 650 nm. Concurrently, the surface morphology of VO₂ transitions from aggregated flake-like particles to compactly arranged irregular pyramidal particles. The Au/ZrO₂/VO₂ composite film achieves a maximum ΔT_sol of 9.7 %. Additionally, the composite films exhibit controllable color modulation ranging from yellowish-green to bluish-green and demonstrate high adaptability in architectural aesthetics. The results in this work provide an effective strategy for regulating the thermochromic properties and color display of VO₂ films based on the LSPR of metal NPs.

金纳米粒子（Au NPs）的局部表面等离子体共振（LSPR）效应可以有效地调节二氧化钒（VO2）薄膜固有的棕黄色，从而改善其建筑美学性能。然而，在Au/VO2复合薄膜体系中，VO2的相变改变了Au NPs周围的介电环境，导致其LSPR性能不稳定，并显著降低了VO2薄膜的太阳调制能力（ΔTsol）。为了解决这一问题，本研究提出了一种界面优化策略，即在Au NPs和VO2薄膜之间构建二氧化锆（ZrO2）介电缓冲层。系统地研究了ZrO2厚度对Au/ZrO2和Au/ZrO2/VO2复合膜微观结构和热致变色性能的影响。SEM表征结果表明Au/ZrO2形成核壳结构。随着ZrO2厚度从0增加到300 nm， Au/ZrO2复合膜的LSPR峰从529 nm红移至620 nm。在Au/ZrO2/VO2复合薄膜中，VO2层的加入导致LSPR峰进一步红移至约650 nm。同时，VO2的表面形貌从聚集的片状颗粒转变为排列紧密的不规则锥体颗粒。Au/ZrO2/VO2复合膜的最高收率ΔTsol为9.7%。此外，复合膜具有从黄绿色到蓝绿色的可控颜色调制，在建筑美学上具有很高的适应性。本研究结果为基于金属NPs的LSPR调控VO2薄膜的热致变色性能和彩色显示提供了一种有效的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Contact-Induced Recombination Analysis for Photovoltaics (CIRAP) using one-time Suns-Voc 利用一次性sun - voc对光伏材料进行接触诱导复合分析

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114101

Cheolwook Kwon , Sang Hee Lee , Kwan Hong Min , Yong-Jin Kim , Yunae Cho , Soohyun Bae , Hee-eun Song , Min Gu Kang , Soo Min Kim , Young-Joo Eo , Hae-Seok Lee

<div><div>The contact-formation process is a critical determinant of the final performance of high-efficiency silicon solar cells. Among existing characterization methods, the Suns-V<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> measurement is widely employed to evaluate the intrinsic performance of fully processed solar cells under open-circuit conditions, in which the influence of series resistance is eliminated. This technique enables the extraction of key recombination-loss components, including the emitter (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), base (<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>), and space-charge region (SCR)(<span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>S</mi><mi>C</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> or <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>02</mn></mrow></msub></math></span>), providing insight into the internal recombination mechanisms of the device. In passivated emitter and rear cells, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>f</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> can be extracted by adjusting the metal–emitter contact fraction. However, this approach cannot be applied to silicon heterojunction (SHJ) cells in which full-area contact exists between the transparent conducting oxide (TCO) and doped amorphous silicon. In this study, we define a contact-induced recombination-loss parameter, <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span>, to characterize the recombination loss in SHJ structures. We propose contact-induced recombination analysis for photovoltaics (CIRAP), a method for extracting <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> from Suns-V<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> measurements performed on fully processed SHJ solar cells. This method extracts <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> from Suns-V<span><math><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>O</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> data using nonlinear curve fitting, providing a complementary diagnostic capability that reduces the dependence on additional test structures. Using CIRAP, we extract <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>J</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math></span> values in the range of <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>8</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> A/cm<sup>2</sup>, reflecting the recombination loss induced by the TCO contact. This work provides a nondestructive and accurate diagnostic tool for process optimization in high-efficiency silicon solar cel

接触形成过程是决定高效硅太阳能电池最终性能的关键因素。在现有的表征方法中，sun - voc测量被广泛用于评估全加工太阳能电池在开路条件下的内在性能，消除了串联电阻的影响。该技术能够提取关键的重组损耗元件，包括发射极（J0e）、基极（J0b）和空间电荷区（SCR）（J0SCR或J02），从而深入了解器件的内部重组机制。在钝化的发射极和后电池中，可以通过调整金属-发射极接触分数来提取J0fc。然而，这种方法不能应用于硅异质结（SHJ）电池，其中透明导电氧化物（TCO）和掺杂非晶硅之间存在全面积接触。在这项研究中，我们定义了一个接触诱导的重组损耗参数J0c来表征SHJ结构中的重组损耗。我们提出了接触诱导重组分析（CIRAP），这是一种从完全处理的SHJ太阳能电池上进行的太阳voc测量中提取J0c的方法。该方法使用非线性曲线拟合从sun - voc数据中提取J0c，提供了一种互补的诊断能力，减少了对额外测试结构的依赖。使用CIRAP，我们提取了10−8 ~ 10−9 A/cm2范围内的J0c值，反映了TCO接触引起的复合损耗。本研究为高效硅太阳能电池的工艺优化提供了一种无损、准确的诊断工具。

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Interfacial regulation and welding performance enhancement of front Ag electrodes in TOPCon solar cells via hybrid glass frit 混合玻璃熔块对TOPCon太阳能电池前Ag电极的界面调节及焊接性能的提高

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114102

Yinghu Sun , Jiahao Liu , Shenghua Ma

With the advancement of photovoltaic technology, the mechanical and electrical reliability of Ag electrodes has become increasingly critical, emerging as a key bottleneck limiting module lifetime and power output. This study addresses the performance optimization of glass frits in the front-side Ag paste of tunnel oxide-passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells by proposing a hybrid high and low temperature glass frit system to enhance solder joint reliability. Two base glass frits, L1 (high melting point) and G1 (low melting point), were prepared via the melt-quenching method. The hybrid glass frits, designated as M1, M2, and M3, were obtained by blending the base frits in mass ratios of 5:5, 7:3, and 3:7, respectively. A systematic investigation was conducted on the physicochemical properties, thermal behavior, and wetting characteristics of the hybrid glass frits, as well as their effects on the interface structure of the Ag electrode, grid line morphology, and soldering performance. Results indicate that the hybrid glass frits effectively broaden the melting range, optimize high-temperature viscosity and wetting behavior, and significantly improve the compactness and uniformity of the Ag-Si interface. By precisely adjusting the mixing ratio, the properties of multiple glass components can be synergistically combined to enhance the adhesion between the busbar and the Si substrate while dynamically optimizing the bonding speed between the solder and the Ag layer. This approach markedly improves the soldering reliability of solar cells. Among the samples, M2 (L1:G1 = 7:3) demonstrated the best soldering performance, with an average pull force of 4.304 N and the highest practical soldering rate, effectively enhancing the reliability of busbar soldering. This study offers a new direction for material design in photovoltaic Ag pastes.

随着光伏技术的进步，银电极的机械和电气可靠性变得越来越重要，成为限制组件寿命和功率输出的关键瓶颈。本研究通过提出一种高低温混合玻璃熔块系统来提高焊点可靠性，解决了隧道氧化钝化接触（TOPCon）太阳能电池前端银浆玻璃熔块的性能优化问题。采用熔淬法制备了L1（高熔点）和G1（低熔点）两个基片。将基料按5:5、7:3和3:7的质量比混合，得到的杂化玻璃浆料分别为M1、M2和M3。系统研究了杂化玻璃熔块的理化性质、热行为和润湿特性，以及它们对Ag电极界面结构、栅格线形貌和焊接性能的影响。结果表明，杂化玻璃熔块有效地扩大了熔点范围，优化了高温黏度和润湿性能，显著提高了Ag-Si界面的致密性和均匀性。通过精确调整混合比例，可以将多个玻璃组分的性能协同结合，增强母线与Si衬底之间的附着力，同时动态优化焊料与银层之间的结合速度。这种方法显著提高了太阳能电池的焊接可靠性。其中，M2 （L1:G1 = 7:3）的焊接性能最好，平均拉力为4.304 N，实际焊接速率最高，有效提高了母线焊接的可靠性。该研究为光伏银浆料的材料设计提供了新的方向。

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