Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献_第4页

High-efficiency solar metamaterial absorber based on multilayer circular ring arrays 基于多层环形阵列的高效太阳能超材料吸收体

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113623

Fuyin Luo, Xiaohu He, Chuanliang Li

Artificially designed tunable metamaterial solar absorbers are an important component of high-performance optoelectronic devices. However, these solar absorbers usually have insufficient absorption bandwidth or absorption efficiency, while the efficiency of solar absorbers in terms of thermal radiation efficiency is low or rarely investigated. This makes it difficult to meet the potential applications of solar absorbers in various aspects. In this paper, we propose a concentric ring array (CRA) metamaterial solar perfect absorber. We use the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) to simulate the structure. The simulation results show that the absorptivity of the plane wave incident vertically at 300–4000 nm is more than 95.8%, and the average absorptivity is 98.93%. This means there is perfect absorption in the bandwidth, which is essential for the complete absorption of solar energy. At the same time, the proposed absorber has excellent process tolerance and material substitutability, which means that the errors in the fabrication process and the lack of materials have little impact on our absorber, allowing the device to be manufactured in large quantities. The integrated absorption of CRA in the Air Mass 1.5 solar spectrum is as high as 98.22%, and it can be up to 99% after adjusting the geometrical parameter, which highlights the advantages of the absorber's process tolerance. In terms of thermal radiation, the proposed structure has a thermal radiation efficiency of more than 99% at 300–2000 K, which improves the low thermal radiation efficiency of previous solar absorbers. The temperature thermal stability study reveals that the CRA can maintain excellent working performance at any temperature. Notably, the perfect absorption is not affected by the polarization and angle of the incident light. The above results make the absorber promising for applications in solar energy collection, infrared imaging, electromagnetic cloaking, and emission.

人工设计的可调谐超材料太阳能吸收器是高性能光电器件的重要组成部分。然而，这些太阳能吸收体的吸收带宽或吸收效率通常不足，而太阳能吸收体在热辐射效率方面的效率较低或很少研究。这使得太阳能吸收器在各个方面的潜在应用难以满足。本文提出了一种同心环阵列（CRA）超材料太阳能完美吸收器。我们使用时域有限差分（FDTD）来模拟结构。仿真结果表明，垂直入射300 ~ 4000 nm的平面波吸收率大于95.8%，平均吸收率为98.93%。这意味着在带宽上有完美的吸收，这对于完全吸收太阳能是必不可少的。同时，所提出的吸收器具有优异的工艺公差和材料可替代性，这意味着制造过程中的误差和材料的缺乏对我们的吸收器影响很小，使该装置能够大量制造。在气团1.5太阳光谱中，CRA的综合吸收率高达98.22%，调整几何参数后吸收率可达99%，凸显了吸收体工艺容差的优势。在热辐射方面，该结构在300-2000 K时的热辐射效率可达99%以上，改善了以往太阳能吸收器热辐射效率低的问题。温度热稳定性研究表明，CRA在任何温度下都能保持良好的工作性能。值得注意的是，完全吸收不受入射光的偏振和角度的影响。上述结果使得该吸收剂在太阳能收集、红外成像、电磁隐身和发射等方面具有广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing tubular solar still productivity: A novel rotational absorber, ultrasonic atomizer, and hygroscopic fabric integration 提高管式太阳能蒸馏器的生产效率：一种新型旋转吸收器、超声波雾化器和吸湿织物的集成

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113622

Fuhaid Alshammari , Nasser Alanazi , Mamdouh Alshammari , Ammar H. Elsheikh , Fadl A. Essa

Freshwater scarcity is a growing global challenge, particularly in regions with abundant solar energy but limited access to clean water. Conventional solar stills offer a sustainable solution for freshwater production but suffer from low productivity and efficiency, limiting their practical application. This study addresses these limitations by introducing a novel tubular solar still design with operational enhancements aimed at significantly improving freshwater productivity and thermal efficiency. Key innovations include a centrally suspended rectangular absorber plate with an adjustable rotational mechanism, microcontroller-regulated rotational velocity control, and an ultrasonic atomizer at the still's apex to intermittently disperse water droplets for enhanced evaporation. Hygroscopic burlap fabrics (cotton and jute) were layered on the absorber to amplify surface evaporation. Comprehensive experiments optimized rotational speeds (0–2 rpm) and atomizer duty cycles (fixed 1-min activation with varied deactivation intervals: 2–10 min) to maximize freshwater yield through parametric refinement of rotational dynamics and misting cycles. Key parameters contributing to the system's performance include thermal efficiency, freshwater yield, cost-effectiveness, environmental impact, and durability. Experimental results demonstrated that the modified tubular solar distiller (MTSD) with a rotational suspended absorber increased freshwater yield by 18 % compared to the reference system (RTSD). Jute cloth outperformed cotton, achieving a 90 % productivity improvement versus 82 % for cotton. Optimal performance occurred under conditions combining jute cloth, 1 rpm rotation, and an atomizer duty cycle of 1 min ON/8 min OFF, yielding a 97 % productivity increase (6795 mL/m² for MTSD versus 3450 mL/m² for RTSD) and 49 % thermal efficiency, significantly surpassing the RTSD baseline. Life-cycle cost analysis demonstrated a 52 % reduction in unit production costs for the MTSD configuration with jute-based rotational operation (1 rpm), achieving 0.013/L, compared to 0.025/L for RTSD. These results underscore the efficacy of the design enhancements in maximizing solar still productivity, offering a promising solution to address freshwater scarcity in resource-limited settings.

淡水短缺是一个日益严重的全球挑战，特别是在太阳能丰富但获得清洁水的机会有限的地区。传统的太阳能蒸馏器为淡水生产提供了一种可持续的解决方案，但生产率和效率较低，限制了它们的实际应用。本研究通过引入一种新型管状太阳能蒸馏器设计来解决这些限制，该设计旨在显著提高淡水产量和热效率。关键的创新包括中央悬挂的矩形吸收板，可调节旋转机制，微控制器调节转速控制，以及在蒸馏器顶端的超声波雾化器，以间歇性地分散水滴以增强蒸发。吸湿麻袋织物（棉和黄麻）在吸收器上分层，以扩大表面蒸发。综合实验优化了转速（0-2 rpm）和雾化器占空比（固定1分钟激活，不同的停用间隔：2-10分钟），通过旋转动力学和雾化周期的参数化优化，最大限度地提高淡水产量。影响系统性能的关键参数包括热效率、淡水产量、成本效益、环境影响和耐用性。实验结果表明，与参考系统（RTSD）相比，带有旋转悬浮吸收器的改进管式太阳能蒸馏器（MTSD）的淡水产量提高了18%。黄麻布的表现优于棉花，其生产率提高了90%，而棉花的生产率提高了82%。在黄麻布、1转/分旋转和1分钟开/8分钟关的雾化器工作比条件下，产生了最佳性能，产生了97%的生产率提高（MTSD为6795 mL/m2， RTSD为3450 mL/m2）和49%的热效率，大大超过了RTSD的基线。生命周期成本分析表明，与RTSD的0.025/L成本相比，采用黄麻旋转操作（1 rpm）的MTSD配置的单位生产成本降低了52%，达到0.013/L。这些结果强调了设计增强在最大化太阳能蒸馏器生产力方面的有效性，为解决资源有限环境下的淡水短缺问题提供了一个有希望的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of electrical operating conditions on thermal behavior of PV modules: Numerical and experimental analysis 电工作条件对光伏组件热行为的影响：数值和实验分析

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113625

Amr Osama , Giuseppe Marco Tina , Antonio Gagliano , Gabino Jimenez-Castillo , Francisco José Munoz-Rodríguez

The rapid growth of photovoltaic (PV) energy has the potential to transform the global energy landscape. However, the intermittent nature of solar power presents significant challenges to grid integration, such as overgeneration and curtailment. Consequently, PV systems may operate at points other than the maximum power point (MPP). Monitoring the thermal behavior of photovoltaic systems is critical due to its impact on productivity and system health. Most studies focus on meteorological variables, often overlooking the influence of electrical operating states on thermal performance. Thus the objective is to evaluate the accuracy of existing thermal models from the literature and widely used specialized software tools—alongside their commonly cited coefficients against different electrical operating status (EOS). This study investigates the thermal behavior of PV modules under different EOS: short-circuited (PVset-1), open-circuited (PVset-2), and operating at MPP (PVset-3). The experiment was conducted over four months at Jaén University campus in Spain. Results showed the short-circuited module's temperature was 6.90 °C higher, and the open-circuited module's temperature was 3.67 °C higher than the MPP module. Thermographic investigations revealed multiple hotspots in the short-circuited set. These hotspots can severely impact the module's long-term reliability and efficiency. The analysis of thermal models considering these operating states indicated an overestimation of the MPP module's temperature. However, the Keddouda model demonstrated high accuracy potential, with an average deviation of less than 3.4 %, particularly at high irradiance levels. These findings highlight the necessity of considering EOS in thermal models to enhance the accuracy and reliability of PV system performance assessments.

光伏（PV）能源的快速增长有可能改变全球能源格局。然而，太阳能发电的间歇性给电网整合带来了重大挑战，如过度发电和弃电。因此，光伏系统可以在最大功率点（MPP）以外的点运行。监测光伏系统的热行为是至关重要的，因为它对生产力和系统健康的影响。大多数研究集中在气象变量上，往往忽略了电气运行状态对热工性能的影响。因此，我们的目标是评估现有热模型的准确性，这些模型来自文献和广泛使用的专业软件工具，以及它们针对不同电气操作状态（EOS）的常用引用系数。本研究研究了PV组件在不同EOS下的热行为：短路（PVset-1）、开路（PVset-2）和在MPP下运行（PVset-3）。这项实验在西班牙的雅桑杰大学校园进行了四个多月。结果表明，短路模块的温度比MPP模块高6.90℃，开路模块的温度比MPP模块高3.67℃。热成像调查显示，在短路集多个热点。这些热点会严重影响模块的长期可靠性和效率。考虑这些运行状态的热模型分析表明，MPP模块的温度被高估了。然而，Keddouda模型显示出高精度的潜力，平均偏差小于3.4%，特别是在高辐照水平下。这些发现强调了在热模型中考虑EOS以提高光伏系统性能评估的准确性和可靠性的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Preserving silicon (Si) purity through efficient aluminum (Al) and silver (Ag) extraction and recovery from solar cell waste 通过从太阳能电池废料中高效提取和回收铝（Al）和银（Ag）来保持硅（Si）的纯度

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113601

Mustapha Wahman , Agnieszka Surowiak , Kerstin Forsberg , Burçak Ebin , Katarzyna Berent , Patryk Szymczak

The large scale deployment of Si PV panels presents significant end-of-life challenges due to their limited lifespan. Effective recycling strategies are crucial to reduce the environmental impact and recovering valuable metals. This study presents a simple yet highly efficient two-stage chemical process to preserve Si purity by sequential extraction of Al and Ag from discarded Si solar cells. In the first stage, Al was dissolved with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and then precipitated by adjusting the pH with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). In the second stage, the Ag was extracted with nitric acid (HNO₃), precipitated with sodium chloride (NaCl), and then reduced to metallic Ag with a glucose. Under optimized conditions, the recovery efficiency for Al and Ag was over 99 %, while the resulting Si substrate reached a purity of >99.9 %. ICP-OES, XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDS confirmed the recovered materials' high selectivity and negligible impurities, highlighting their potential for high-value industrial applications.

由于硅光伏板的使用寿命有限，其大规模部署面临着重大的寿命终结挑战。有效的回收战略对于减少对环境的影响和回收有价值的金属至关重要。本研究提出了一种简单而高效的两阶段化学工艺，通过顺序提取废弃硅太阳能电池中的铝和银来保持硅的纯度。第一步用氢氧化钠（NaOH）溶解Al，然后用硫酸（H2SO4）调节pH沉淀Al。在第二阶段，用硝酸（HNO3）提取银，用氯化钠（NaCl）沉淀，然后用葡萄糖还原成金属银。在优化条件下，铝和银的回收率超过99%，硅衬底的纯度达到99.9%。ICP-OES， XRF， XRD和SEM-EDS证实了回收材料的高选择性和可忽略的杂质，突出了其高价值工业应用的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

A multimodal analysis of degradation processes in 10W PV panels under thermal and mechanical stress 热应力和机械应力作用下10W光伏板退化过程的多模态分析

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113617

Iram Sifat , Kallol Biswas , John Ayers , Sung-Yeul Park , Alexander G. Agrios

The worldwide adoption and efficiency of solar energy production rely strongly on the longevity and performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels. There is a need to detect and quantify degradation of PV panels over limited timescales, both for research and development of PV technologies and for early detection of degradation in operating and maintaining PV farms. This paper reports a systematic study of thermal and mechanical stress applied to 10W PV panels, studied by a suite of three measurements: current–voltage (I–V), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and electroluminescence (EL) imaging. While 300 thermal heating and cooling cycles produced minimal change to the I–V curve, significant changes were detected by the other measurements in the series resistance, shunt resistance, and electroluminescent area of the panel. All three measurements saw changes due to mechanical impacts. This study shows how insights can be gained from assessing the changes observed in different measurements. In addition, this work highlights the benefits of using such multimodal analysis to obtain early signs of panel degradation, well before they become apparent in the panel's power output, for categorizing PV panels and in decision-making for reliability enhancement of PV farms.

太阳能在世界范围内的应用和生产效率很大程度上取决于光伏板的寿命和性能。有必要在有限的时间尺度内检测和量化光伏电池板的退化，这既是为了研究和开发光伏技术，也是为了在操作和维护光伏农场时及早发现退化情况。本文报道了一项应用于10W光伏板的热应力和机械应力的系统研究，通过三种测量方法：电流电压（I-V）、电化学阻抗谱（EIS）和电致发光（EL）成像进行了研究。虽然300个加热和冷却循环对I-V曲线的变化很小，但通过对面板的串联电阻、分流电阻和电致发光面积的其他测量，可以检测到显著的变化。所有三种测量都看到了由于机械冲击而产生的变化。这项研究显示了如何通过评估在不同测量中观察到的变化来获得见解。此外，这项工作强调了使用这种多模态分析的好处，可以在电池板的功率输出变得明显之前，获得电池板退化的早期迹象，对光伏电池板进行分类，并为提高光伏农场的可靠性做出决策。

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引用次数: 0

Sb doped Al-Si/AlN composite phase change material with improved thermal conductivity and reliability Sb掺杂Al-Si/AlN复合相变材料的导热性和可靠性提高

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113624

Shuhui Chen , Jinjie Mo , Ziye Ling , Zhengguo Zhang , Xiaoming Fang

The propensity for leaks in high-temperature molten alloys greatly restricts their extensive use in storing high-temperature thermal energy. In tackling this matter, the research concentrates on Al-Si/AlN composite phase change materials (PCMs), incorporating the modifier Sb to significantly improve their heat conduction and thermal steadiness. The results reveal that incorporating Sb alters the Si phase from a bulk form to an elongated one, simultaneously triggering the creation of an Al-Si@Al₂O₃ core-shell configuration. This structural optimization reduces free electron scattering and extends the mean free path of electrons, thereby improving the thermal conductivity of the material. It was established that the ideal fraction of Sb mass is 0.6 %, where the thermal conductivity of the Sb-altered Al-Si/AlN composite PCMs attains 49.5 W/(m·K), marking a 15.2 % enhancement over the original Al-Si/AlN composite PCMs, with a latent heat of 351.5 kJ/kg. Additionally, the creation of the Al₂O₃ shell led to the altered materials showing remarkable thermal stability across 200 high-temperature thermal cycles, resulting in less than a 4 % decrease in latent heat post-cycle and no leakage detected. The study offers not just an innovative approach for creating advanced Al-Si/AlN composite PCMs but also broadens their use in storing thermal energy at high temperatures.

高温熔融合金的泄漏倾向极大地限制了其在储存高温热能方面的广泛应用。为了解决这一问题，研究集中在Al-Si/AlN复合相变材料（PCMs）上，加入改性剂Sb可以显著改善其热传导和热稳定性。结果表明，加入Sb将Si相从块状形态改变为细长形态，同时触发Al-Si@Al2O3核壳结构的产生。这种结构优化减少了自由电子的散射，延长了电子的平均自由程，从而提高了材料的导热性。结果表明，Sb质量的理想分数为0.6%时，Sb改变的Al-Si/AlN复合PCMs的导热系数达到49.5 W/(m·K)，比原Al-Si/AlN复合PCMs的潜热提高了15.2%，潜热为351.5 kJ/kg。此外，Al2O3壳层的形成导致改变后的材料在200个高温热循环中表现出显著的热稳定性，导致循环后潜热下降不到4%，并且没有检测到泄漏。这项研究不仅为制造先进的Al-Si/AlN复合pcm提供了一种创新方法，而且拓宽了它们在高温下储存热能的用途。

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引用次数: 0

Aircraft thermal enhancement via TiO2−SiO2/ PG nanofluids: Solar and magnetic-deborah effects 通过TiO2−SiO2/ PG纳米流体的飞机热增强：太阳和磁底波拉效应

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113621

Umar Farooq , Ali Alshamrani , M.M. Alam

This study investigates the thermal enhancement in aircraft through solar energy capture using parabolic trough solar collectors (PTSC) with hybrid nanofluids. We examine titanium dioxide

(T i O_{2})

and silicon dioxide

(S i O_{2})

nanoparticles suspended in propylene glycol (PG) as the base fluid.

T i O_{2}

can enhance the absorption of solar radiation,

S i O_{2}

helps stabilize the suspension, while PG has low freezing point making it suitable for use in varying environmental conditions. A mathematical has been transformed into higher-order nonlinear differential equations using similarity transformations. These equations are solved numerically with the bvp4c MATLAB algorithm. The hybrid nanofluid exhibits improved thermal conductivity compared to the nanofluid. The study highlights that

T i O_{2}

has advantages due to its photocatalytic properties when exposed to sunlight. The incorporation of the Oldroyd-B model further improves thermal management in aviation cooling systems and energy systems. The novelty lies in combining these nanoparticles with PG for solar-powered aircraft, optimizing aviation thermal efficiency. The results show that with the increase of the radiative parameter value, the relative percentage increases from 93.88 % to 98.41 %, indicating that the radiative heat transfer improves the thermal performance of the hybrid nanofluid, and the most influential factors in improving the heat transfer efficiency are magnetic strength and the Deborah II number, increasing the Nusselt number by 38.96 %–67.89 % and 42.06 %–71.35 %, respectively.

本文研究了利用混合纳米流体的抛物槽太阳能集热器（PTSC）捕获太阳能对飞机的热增强作用。我们研究二氧化钛（TiO2）和二氧化硅（SiO2）纳米颗粒悬浮在丙二醇（PG）作为基液。二氧化钛可以增强对太阳辐射的吸收，二氧化硅有助于稳定悬浮液，而PG的冰点较低，适合在各种环境条件下使用。用相似变换将一个数学方程转化为高阶非线性微分方程。利用bvp4c MATLAB算法对这些方程进行了数值求解。与纳米流体相比，混合纳米流体表现出更好的导热性。该研究强调，TiO2在暴露于阳光下时具有光催化特性，因此具有优势。Oldroyd-B模型的结合进一步改善了航空冷却系统和能源系统的热管理。新颖之处在于将这些纳米颗粒与太阳能飞机的PG结合起来，优化了航空热效率。结果表明：随着辐射参数值的增大，相对百分比从93.88%增加到98.41%，表明辐射传热改善了杂化纳米流体的热性能，对传热效率提高影响最大的因素是磁场强度和底波拉数，分别提高了38.96% ~ 67.89%和42.06% ~ 71.35%的努塞尔数。

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引用次数: 0

Small-signal capacitance-frequency modelling of the back contact barrier in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells Cu(in,Ga)Se2太阳能电池背接触势垒的小信号电容频率建模

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113604

Michael F. Miller , Aayush Nahar , Stefan Paetel , Nicholas Valdes , William Shafarman , Ana Kanevce , Aaron R. Arehart

Accurate capacitance measurements in Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ solar cells as well as any other material system are important for extracting accurate doping profiles, trap energies, and trap concentrations, but non-Ohmic back contacts can impact the measured capacitance. In this case it is demonstrated that a five-element small-signal model accurately fits the capacitance and conductance frequency dependence where two elements represent and are correlated to the back contact, two others represent the semiconductor junction, and the fifth is a series resistance. A temperature-dependent contact conductance (G_C) is found to cause the inflection in the capacitance-frequency (C-f) measurements, which is shown to be responsible for the signature commonly observed in admittance spectroscopy. Good agreement is observed between measured data and simulations using the five-element model across a wide range of temperatures. This analysis shows the importance of performing a C-f measurement before subsequent capacitance measurements to choose an appropriate measurement frequency.

在Cu(in,Ga)Se2太阳能电池以及任何其他材料体系中，精确的电容测量对于提取准确的掺杂谱、陷阱能量和陷阱浓度非常重要，但非欧姆背触点会影响测量的电容。在这种情况下，证明了五元小信号模型准确地拟合电容和电导频率依赖关系，其中两个元素代表并与背触点相关，另外两个代表半导体结，第五个是串联电阻。发现温度相关的接触电导（GC）会导致电容频率（C-f）测量中的弯曲，这是导纳光谱中常见的特征的原因。在广泛的温度范围内，测量数据与使用五元素模型的模拟结果很好地吻合。该分析表明，在随后的电容测量之前进行C-f测量以选择适当的测量频率的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of high-temperature wettability of glass on interfacial contact quality during metallization of silver electrodes in solar cells 太阳电池银电极金属化过程中玻璃高温润湿性对界面接触质量的影响

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.113618

Qian Li , Wenbin Sun , Yinghu Sun , Xiaojie Liu , Hanying Wang , Shenghua Ma

The efficiency of tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells depends on achieving high-quality metallization, with glass frits playing a critical role in promoting effective metallization and establishing stable ohmic contact at the Ag-Si interface. This study primarily investigated the flowability and wettability of different glass frits at high temperatures by adjusting the composition of low-lead glass, and analyzed their impact on the contact quality and electronic transport properties at the silver-silicon interface. The results demonstrated that excessive addition of Bi₂O₃ can lead to over-wetting of the glass frit. Overly etching of glass frit could pose a risk of damaging the silicon substrate. Inadequate wettability can lead to uneven contact interfaces after sintering, which degrades the silver-silicon contact performance. However, appropriate adjustment of the content of Bi₂O₃ and TeO₂ can lower the glass transition temperature (T_g) of the glass frit, promoted the dissolution and flow of silver powder. It also improved the wettability of the glass frit on the substrate material at high temperatures, facilitating the formation of uniform and dense electrode grid. Moreover, it can prevented excessive aggregation of silver particles, promoted the formation of uniformly distributed nano-silver crystallites on the silicon emitter surface. This improved the silver-silicon contact quality, enable more efficient current transfer from the silicon substrate to the electrode. And ultimately improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

隧道氧化物钝化接触（TOPCon）太阳能电池的效率取决于实现高质量的金属化，而玻璃熔块在促进有效的金属化和在Ag-Si界面建立稳定的欧姆接触方面起着关键作用。本研究通过调整低铅玻璃的组成，研究了不同玻璃熔块在高温下的流动性和润湿性，并分析了它们对银硅界面接触质量和电子输运性质的影响。结果表明，Bi2O3的过量添加会导致玻璃熔块的过度润湿。玻璃熔块的过度蚀刻可能会造成硅衬底的损坏。润湿性不足会导致烧结后接触界面不均匀，从而降低银硅接触性能。而适当调整Bi2O3和TeO2的含量，可以降低玻璃熔块的玻璃化转变温度（Tg），促进银粉的溶解和流动。同时提高了玻璃熔块在高温下对基板材料的润湿性，有利于形成均匀致密的电极网格。此外，它可以防止银颗粒过度聚集，促进在硅发射极表面形成均匀分布的纳米银晶体。这提高了银硅接触质量，使电流更有效地从硅衬底转移到电极。并最终提高太阳能电池的光电转换效率。

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引用次数: 0

A smart semi-translucent building-integrated PV module based on integrated-tracking micro-concentration providing high power density and active daylight management 基于集成跟踪微聚光技术的智能半透明建筑一体化光伏组件，具有高功率密度和主动日光管理功能

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-04-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113246

Almudena Garcia-Sanchez , Guido Vallerotto , Steve Askins , Ignacio Antón , César Domínguez

Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) can support the green energy transition by enabling building envelopes as solar generators. However, current development rates are insufficient, partly due to the low efficiency of conventional semi-transparent modules and the difficult integration of the high-glare illumination they produce. This work introduces a smart semi-translucent double-glazed BIPV module utilizing concentrator photovoltaics with integrated tracking. The module concentrates direct irradiance on the solar cells to produce electricity and allows transmission of diffuse irradiance to create comfortable daylighting with very low glare, avoiding the need of blinds. Depending on user needs, tracking can be switched to a high-transmission mode, where direct light is deviated from the cells towards the interior of the building to increase daylighting. This concept can be integrated into roof components (e.g., a skylight), façade components (e.g., a curtain wall) or other exterior elements (e.g., solar shading) of buildings. The optical design employs asymmetric linear Fresnel lenses to concentrate light on an array of 2.3 mm-wide solar cells strips (10X). The focal line moves with solar position, so the cell plane is shifted to collect concentrated light using a micro-tracking system. We evaluate optical efficiency, angular tolerance, and daylighting properties using ray-tracing simulations with realistic material and solar properties. A peak efficiency of 76 % is obtained and it is kept above 60 % for transverse angles of incidence beyond 55° when a secondary optical element is added. Furthermore, photorealistic rendering demonstrates the comfortable daylighting (low glare) produced by the module, showcasing its advantages over conventional semi-transparent BIPV.

建筑集成光伏（BIPV）可以通过使建筑围护结构成为太阳能发电机来支持绿色能源的过渡。然而，目前的发展速度是不够的，部分原因是传统的半透明模块效率低，而且它们产生的高眩光照明难以集成。这项工作介绍了一种智能半透明双层玻璃BIPV模块，利用集成跟踪的聚光光伏。该模块将直接辐照度集中在太阳能电池上产生电能，并允许漫射辐照度的传输，从而产生非常低眩光的舒适采光，避免了百叶窗的需要。根据用户的需要，跟踪可以切换到高传输模式，在这种模式下，直接光线从单元转向建筑内部，以增加采光。这个概念可以集成到屋顶组件（例如天窗）、立面组件（例如幕墙）或建筑物的其他外部元素（例如遮阳）中。光学设计采用非对称线性菲涅耳透镜，将光集中在2.3毫米宽的太阳能电池条阵列上（10倍）。焦点线随着太阳的位置移动，因此电池平面被移动以利用微跟踪系统收集聚光。我们使用具有真实材料和太阳特性的光线追踪模拟来评估光学效率，角公差和采光特性。在横向入射角大于55°的情况下，加入二次光学元件后，其峰值效率可达76%以上。此外，逼真的渲染展示了该模块产生的舒适采光（低眩光），展示了其优于传统半透明BIPV的优势。

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