Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells最新文献_第7页

On the influence of partial shading and the use of bypass diodes on perovskite-based single-junction photovoltaic mini-modules 部分遮阳和旁路二极管对钙钛矿基单结光伏微型组件的影响

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114130

Stefan Gall , Mohammad Fadi Al Rayes , Felix Hermerschmidt , Edgar Nandayapa , Emil J.W. List-Kratochvil

Partial shading poses a significant challenge to the stability of metal halide perovskite solar modules. In solar modules based on serial connection of solar cells, partial shading of the solar module can force shaded solar cells to operate under reverse bias voltages, which might lead to a degradation of the shaded solar cells and therefore also of the whole solar module. Metal halide perovskite solar cells are very sensitive to reverse bias voltages, making partial shading a critical issue for the related solar modules. Bypass diodes connected to each solar cell offer a potential solution to mitigate this problem. We investigated the impact of partial shading on mini-modules comprising two serially connected triple-cation metal halide perovskite single-junction solar cells. The performance of the mini-modules and their individual solar cells was compared before and after partial shading to quantify its influence. Experiments were conducted with and without a bypass diode connected to each individual solar cell. Results revealed power conversion efficiency (PCE) degradation of both shaded and non-shaded solar cells, at which the degradation of the shaded solar cell is significantly more pronounced, especially in the absence of a bypass diode, where an average PCE drop of 96 % was observed for the shaded solar cells. The use of bypass diodes, which limited in our case the reverse bias voltage across the shaded solar cells to about −0.2 V, reduced the average PCE drop of the shaded solar cell from 96 % to 34 %, which is still a significant degradation.

部分遮阳对金属卤化物钙钛矿太阳能组件的稳定性提出了重大挑战。在基于太阳能电池串联的太阳能组件中，太阳能组件的部分遮阳会迫使遮阳太阳能电池在反向偏置电压下工作，这可能导致遮阳太阳能电池的退化，从而导致整个太阳能组件的退化。金属卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池对反向偏置电压非常敏感，使得部分遮阳成为相关太阳能组件的关键问题。旁路二极管连接到每个太阳能电池提供了一个潜在的解决方案，以减轻这一问题。我们研究了部分遮阳对由两个串联的三阳离子金属卤化物钙钛矿单结太阳能电池组成的迷你模块的影响。在部分遮阳前后比较了微型组件及其单个太阳能电池的性能，以量化其影响。实验进行了有和没有旁路二极管连接到每个单独的太阳能电池。结果显示，遮荫和非遮荫太阳能电池的功率转换效率（PCE）下降，其中遮荫太阳能电池的退化更为明显，特别是在没有旁路二极管的情况下，遮荫太阳能电池的平均PCE下降了96%。旁路二极管的使用，在我们的案例中，将遮荫太阳能电池的反向偏置电压限制在- 0.2 V左右，将遮荫太阳能电池的平均PCE下降从96%降低到34%，这仍然是一个显着的下降。

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引用次数: 0

Performance enhancement of single-stage pulsed hybrid reactive magnetron sputtered Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells via sodium pre-deposition treatment 钠预沉积法提高单级脉冲混合反应磁控溅射Cu(In,Ga)Se2太阳能电池性能

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114111

Neha Kumari , Devaraj Ramasamy , Jitendra Kumar , Neslihan Akcay , Pedro Sousa , Nicoleta Nicoara , Pedro Anacleto , Sascha Sadewasser

We report the performance enhancement of single-stage grown Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS) solar cells using a simple and scalable solution-processed sodium (Na) pre-deposition treatment. Na was incorporated via spin-coating of aqueous NaOH solutions with varying concentrations prior to CIGS growth by pulsed hybrid reactive magnetron sputtering (PHRMS). Morphology analysis revealed smoother surfaces and rounded grain edges with Na addition. Atomic force microscopy confirmed a reduction in surface roughness with Na incorporation. Kelvin probe force microscopy revealed a decrease in work function for Na-treated CIGS, indicating a Fermi level shift toward the conduction band, potentially reducing recombination by suppressing deep-level defects. The highest power conversion efficiency of 14.3 % was achieved for a 0.05 M Na-treated CIGS solar cell, compared to 10.1 % for the reference (untreated) device. At higher Na concentrations (1 M), the efficiency dropped to 10.8 %. These results underscore the effectiveness of controlled Na pre-deposition in enhancing single-stage PHRMS-grown CIGS solar cell performance.

我们报道了一种简单的、可扩展的溶液处理钠（Na）预沉积方法，可以提高单级生长Cu(In,Ga)Se2 （CIGS）太阳能电池的性能。在脉冲混合反应磁控溅射（PHRMS）生长CIGS之前，通过不同浓度的NaOH水溶液的自旋涂层来吸收Na。形貌分析表明，添加Na后表面光滑，晶粒边缘圆润。原子力显微镜证实了Na掺入后表面粗糙度的降低。开尔文探针力显微镜显示na处理的CIGS的功函数减小，表明费米能级向导带移动，可能通过抑制深能级缺陷来减少复合。0.05 M na处理的CIGS太阳能电池的最高功率转换效率为14.3%，而参考（未处理）器件的最高功率转换效率为10.1%。在较高的Na浓度（1 M）下，效率下降到10.8%。这些结果强调了控制Na预沉积在提高单级phrms生长的CIGS太阳能电池性能方面的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

Thermal stability of laser-assisted fired TOPCon solar cells: Crucial insights for module manufacturing, certification testing, and field conditions 激光辅助燃烧TOPCon太阳能电池的热稳定性：模块制造、认证测试和现场条件的关键见解

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114124

Xutao Wang , Jing Yuan , Jianjun Nie , Yan Zhu , Xiaoyan Zhang , Ting Gou , Daoxian Li , Weiguang Yang , Feng Li , Xinyuan Wu , Bram Hoex

Laser-assisted firing (LAF) technology, such as laser-enhanced contact optimization (LECO), is increasingly utilized in the mass production of tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) solar cells. However, concerns regarding the thermal stability of LAF TOPCon remain. This study systematically evaluates the thermal stability of LAF TOPCon cells at both the moderate temperatures encountered during module fabrication and a higher temperature of 450 °C. While soldering did not have a negative impact on cell performance, lamination resulted in a ∼0.29 % absolute power conversion efficiency (PCE) loss, primarily due to a reduction in fill factor (FF). The degradation is driven mainly by an increase in J₀₂-like recombination, likely in the space charge region. A 1-min one-sun light soaking at room temperature effectively restores cell performance, suggesting that field operation effectively mitigates such degradation. Under repeated 450 °C rapid thermal annealing and LAF cycles, initial FF and PCE losses (∼21.6 % and ∼6.7 % absolute, respectively) are attributed to contact deterioration, but performance is restored through subsequent LAF treatment. Based on these findings, a three-state defect model and contact degradation mechanisms are proposed. These findings provide new insights into the reliability of LAF TOPCon cells and highlight key considerations for industrial processing and module reliability testing.

激光辅助烧制（LAF）技术，如激光增强接触优化（LECO），越来越多地应用于隧道氧化物钝化接触（TOPCon）太阳能电池的批量生产。然而，对LAF TOPCon热稳定性的担忧仍然存在。本研究系统地评估了LAF TOPCon电池在模块制造过程中遇到的中等温度和450°C的高温下的热稳定性。虽然焊接对电池性能没有负面影响，但层压导致绝对功率转换效率（PCE）损失约0.29%，主要是由于填充因子（FF）的减少。这种退化主要是由类似j02的复合的增加所驱动的，很可能是在空间电荷区。室温下1分钟的阳光浸泡可以有效地恢复细胞性能，这表明野外作业可以有效地缓解这种退化。在450°C快速热退火和LAF循环下，初始FF和PCE损失（分别为21.6%和6.7%的绝对值）归因于接触劣化，但通过随后的LAF处理恢复了性能。在此基础上，提出了三态缺陷模型和接触退化机理。这些发现为LAF TOPCon电池的可靠性提供了新的见解，并强调了工业加工和模块可靠性测试的关键考虑因素。

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引用次数: 0

Thermophysical properties and corrosion behavior of chloride molten salts for next-generation thermal energy storage 新一代储热用氯化物熔盐的热物理性质和腐蚀行为

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114116

Zhaohaitan Zhu , Mingyong Wang , Haotian Shi , Yadong Jia , Lei Dai , Shuqiang Jiao

Chloride molten salts are well considered as a promising high-temperature thermal energy storage (TES) media for prospective third-generation solar thermal power plant. It is essential to develop high-performance and safe chloride molten salt systems. Considering the complex components and high temperature, the accurate understanding to thermophysical properties and corrosion characteristics of chloride molten salts are crucial, but it remains a significant challenge. This review introduces the simulation and calculation methodology for the thermophysical properties. The research advances in the prediction methods of thermophysical properties, such as specific heat capacity, density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, melting point and saturated vapor pressure, and the development of high-performance chloride molten salts are reviewed. It is well known that high-temperature chloride molten salts will bring about serious corrosion. Therefore, the corrosion mechanism of chloride molten salts and controlment strategies are elucidated. Based on the key challenges and attractive prospective, the review will provide valuable inspiration for the rapid advancement of thermal energy storage plant.

氯化物熔盐是一种很有前途的高温储热介质，可用于未来的第三代太阳能热电厂。开发高性能、安全的氯化物熔盐系统至关重要。由于氯化物熔盐的成分复杂、温度高，准确了解其热物理性质和腐蚀特性至关重要，但仍是一项重大挑战。本文介绍了热物理性质的模拟计算方法。综述了氯化物熔盐的比热容、密度、导热系数、粘度、熔点、饱和蒸汽压等热物性预测方法的研究进展，以及高性能氯化物熔盐的开发。众所周知，高温氯化物熔盐会带来严重的腐蚀。因此，本文阐述了氯化物熔盐的腐蚀机理和控制策略。基于当前面临的主要挑战和具有吸引力的前景，本文综述将为储能电站的快速发展提供有价值的启示。

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引用次数: 0

CsxWO3-SH nanoparticles co-doped with thermochromic microcapsules for flexible smart windows with controlled visible transmittance and high near-infrared shielding performance CsxWO3-SH纳米颗粒与热致变色微胶囊共掺杂，用于具有可控可见光透过率和高近红外屏蔽性能的柔性智能窗口

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114119

Ping Yu , Zemin He , Yuzhen Zhao , Wenqi Song , Zongcheng Miao

The problem of energy consumption in buildings is getting more and more attention. As a result, developing a smart window with electrically adjustable visible light transmittance while also providing near-infrared (NIR) shielding is extremely important. Herein, A smart window was developed that simultaneously regulates visible light transmittance and provides NIR shielding by co-doping polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) with cesium tungstate modified with thiol groups (CsxWO₃-SH) and thermochromic microcapsule (TM). The PDLC with the synergistic effect of CsxWO₃-SH and TM has lower saturation voltage (V_sat) and better contrast than the PDLC doped with CsxWO₃-SH and TM alone. In addition, the transmittance of the PDLC samples containing 4 wt % CsxWO₃-SH nanoparticles and 7 wt % TM under visible light can be controlled between 3 % and 48 %, and can obstruct over 90 % of the NIR radiation. The results of thermal insulation suggest that the temperature of the conventional PDLC is 5.56 °C higher than that of the co-doped PDLC after 60 min of sunlight exposure, demonstrating that the co-doped PDLC film possesses superior visible light modulation and NIR shielding capabilities. This research will establish a solid foundation for the advancement of energy-efficient smart windows for buildings.

建筑能耗问题越来越受到人们的重视。因此，开发一种可电调节可见光透过率的智能窗户，同时提供近红外（NIR）屏蔽，是非常重要的。本文通过巯基修饰的钨酸铯（CsxWO3-SH）和热致变色微胶囊（TM）共掺杂聚合物分散液晶（PDLC），开发了一种同时调节可见光透射率和近红外屏蔽的智能窗口。与单独掺杂CsxWO3-SH和TM的PDLC相比，具有CsxWO3-SH和TM协同作用的PDLC具有更低的饱和电压（Vsat）和更好的对比度。此外，含有4 wt % CsxWO3-SH纳米粒子和7 wt % TM的PDLC样品在可见光下的透过率可以控制在3% ~ 48%之间，并且可以阻挡90%以上的近红外辐射。保温结果表明，在阳光照射60 min后，常规PDLC的温度比共掺杂PDLC的温度高5.56℃，表明共掺杂PDLC薄膜具有更好的可见光调制和近红外屏蔽能力。本研究将为建筑节能智能窗的发展奠定坚实的基础。

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引用次数: 0

Hybrid sputter-based oxide carrier transport layers boost crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cell efficiency 杂化溅射基氧化物载流子传输层提高了晶体硅异质结太阳能电池的效率

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114118

Aixin Sun , Xinliang Chen , Heze Yuan , Lin Liu , Yu Chen , Zheng Wang , Liyuan Hu , Dekun Zhang , Huizhi Ren , Pochuan Yang , Ying Zhao , Xiaodan Zhang

Silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells with intrinsic/doped amorphous silicon layers as carrier transport layers have gained significant attention owing to their excellent passivation properties and high efficiency. However, the parasitic absorption and capital-intensive preparation process of doped amorphous silicon films constrain performance improvements and increase manufacturing costs. Transition metal oxides (TMOs) as hole transport layers (HTL) possess high work function and wide bandgap, which are typically grown by thermal evaporation or atomic layer deposition techniques. Here, we construct a hybrid oxide/amorphous silicon HTL, where the amorphous silicon is an ultrathin p-a-Si:H (∼6 nm), and the oxide is a MoO_x thin film grown by RF magnetron sputtering. The interface of MoO_x/p-a-Si:H presents a high quality SiO_x chemical passivated layer, while high work function's MoO_x with field-effect passivation facilitates the extraction of hole carriers. The minority carrier lifetime of the semi-finished SHJ device with hybrid MoO_x/p-a-Si:H HTL has significantly increased by 40 %, reaching 2192.83 μs, with an implied open-circuit voltage (iV_oc) of 742.87 mV. Ultimately, the SHJ solar cell with the hybrid HTL achieved a high conversion efficiency of 23.8 %. This hybrid HTL strategy will effectively reduce the manufacturing costs while enhancing device performance, demonstrating potential for industrial application.

以掺杂非晶硅为载流子传输层的硅异质结（SHJ）太阳能电池因其优异的钝化性能和高效率而受到广泛关注。然而，掺杂非晶硅薄膜的寄生吸收和资本密集的制备过程限制了性能的提高，增加了制造成本。作为空穴传输层（HTL）的过渡金属氧化物（TMOs）具有高功函数和宽带隙，通常采用热蒸发或原子层沉积技术生长。在这里，我们构建了一个氧化物/非晶硅混合HTL，其中非晶硅是超薄的p-a-Si:H (~ 6 nm)，氧化物是通过射频磁控溅射生长的MoOx薄膜。MoOx/p-a-Si:H的界面呈现出高质量的SiOx化学钝化层，高功函数的MoOx场效应钝化有利于空穴载流子的提取。混合MoOx/p-a-Si:H HTL的SHJ器件的少数载流子寿命显著提高了40%，达到2192.83 μs，隐含开路电压（iVoc）为742.87 mV。最终，混合HTL的SHJ太阳能电池实现了23.8%的高转换效率。这种混合html策略将有效降低制造成本，同时提高设备性能，显示出工业应用的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of crack propagation in PV modules with initial micro-cracks 具有初始微裂纹的光伏组件裂纹扩展数值研究

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114120

Bowen Jiao , Qinghe Fang , Chunhui Liu , Yuyun Zhang , Yunpeng Shen , Yu Shen , Anxin Guo

The recent surge in interest in photovoltaic (PV) systems has served to underscore the potential ramifications of cracks in silicon cells on their output power. Most existing studies focus on the effects of cracks on the output power of PV modules or PV power stations. However, the literature on the dynamic progress of a crack in the silicon cell under external loads remains limited. In this study, a 3D FE model was established to investigate the propagation of cracks in silicon cells in a PV module. The XFEM technique was employed to capture the behavior of cracks generated by external loads. The numerical model was compared with experimental results obtained by electroluminescence. Using the validated model, the effect of the mounting location of the PV module, and the initial status of micro-cracks on crack propagation in the silicon cell was investigated. Notably, the mounting location of the PV module significantly influences the maximum principal stress and deflection of the silicon cells. The initial status of micro-cracks plays a crucial role during the propagation of cracks in silicon cells. This study provides insights into the propagation of micro-cracks in silicon cells, which would serve as instrumental inputs in designing PV systems.

最近人们对光伏（PV）系统的兴趣激增，突显了硅电池裂纹对其输出功率的潜在影响。现有的研究大多集中在裂缝对光伏组件或光伏电站输出功率的影响上。然而，关于外部载荷作用下硅电池裂纹动态过程的文献仍然有限。在这项研究中，建立了三维有限元模型来研究光伏组件中硅电池的裂纹扩展。采用XFEM技术对受外荷载作用下的裂纹进行了分析。将数值模型与电致发光实验结果进行了比较。利用验证过的模型，研究了光伏组件安装位置和微裂纹初始状态对硅电池裂纹扩展的影响。值得注意的是，光伏组件的安装位置显著影响硅电池的最大主应力和挠度。微裂纹的初始状态对硅电池裂纹的扩展起着至关重要的作用。这项研究提供了对硅电池微裂纹传播的见解，这将作为设计光伏系统的工具输入。

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引用次数: 0

Controllable synthesis of montmorillonite/hydrotalcite coatings with high environmental tolerance for passive daytime radiative cooling 可控合成具有高环境耐受性的蒙脱土/水滑石涂层用于被动日间辐射冷却

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114092

Limei Wu , Jiayu Li , Xiaolong Wang , Xinyu Lei , Ning Tang , Qing Wang , Chenkai Hu , Siquan Chen , Mengmeng Niu

Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) is an emerging zero-energy cooling technology capable of achieving sub-ambient cooling even under intense sunlight. However, most PDRC materials face significant challenges in practical outdoor applications due to their high cost, complex manufacturing processes, and susceptibility to abrasion and pollution, which degrade their performance. In this paper, the composite coatings with both radiative cooling and environmental tolerance were synthesized by layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly technology using montmorillonite (MMT) and hydroxide (LDH) as the main radiatively cooling raw materials, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was introduced to enhance the binding force. Therefore, we can get PVA/MMT/LDH (P/M/L) composite coatings with high solar reflectance (65 %) and strong infrared emissivity (98 %). Under simulated sunlight at 987 W/m², it achieves excellent cooling of 13.4 °C below ambient temperature. Moreover, in outdoor tests, the P/M/L composite coatings can reduce temperature by up to 10 °C. The composite coatings demonstrate superior wear resistance and environmental stability, withstanding a pH range of 3–11 and diverse salt solutions, while retaining over 99 % of its initial weight following abrasion. Furthermore, its tensile strength attains 18.85 MPa, thereby effectively overcoming the key challenges associated with outdoor applications. This work provides a promising solution for energy-saving and environmentally friendly applications in the future.

被动日间辐射冷却（PDRC）是一种新兴的零能耗冷却技术，即使在强烈的阳光下也能实现亚环境冷却。然而，大多数PDRC材料在实际户外应用中面临着巨大的挑战，因为它们的高成本，复杂的制造工艺，易磨损和污染，从而降低了它们的性能。本文以蒙脱土（MMT）和氢氧化物（LDH）为主要辐射冷却原料，并加入聚乙烯醇（PVA）增强结合力，采用分层自组装技术合成了具有辐射冷却性能和环境耐受性的复合涂层。因此，我们可以得到具有高太阳反射率（65%）和强红外发射率（98%）的PVA/MMT/LDH （P/M/L）复合涂层。在987 W/m2的模拟阳光下，它达到了比环境温度低13.4℃的优异冷却效果。此外，在室外测试中，P/M/L复合涂层可以将温度降低高达10°C。复合涂层具有优异的耐磨性和环境稳定性，可以承受3-11的pH范围和不同的盐溶液，同时在磨损后保持99%以上的初始重量。此外，它的抗拉强度达到18.85 MPa，从而有效地克服了与户外应用相关的关键挑战。这项工作为未来的节能环保应用提供了一个有前途的解决方案。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental evaluation of a hemispherical solar distiller incorporated with a dish collector, V-corrugated basin, wick layer, nanofluid, and cover cooling 半球形太阳能蒸馏器的实验评价，包括碟形收集器、v型波纹槽、灯芯层、纳米流体和盖冷却

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114115

Umar F. Alqsair , Abanob Joseph , A.S. Abdullah , Swellam W. Sharshir

Freshwater scarcity, combined with the relatively low productivity and high unit water cost of conventional hemispherical solar stills, limits their practical deployment in decentralized desalination. This study experimentally investigates a reference hemispherical solar still and a modified configuration that combines parabolic dish-based feedwater preheating with four successive performance enhancements: a V-corrugated basin (Case 1), a wick layer to promote thin-film evaporation (Case 2), a carbon black nanofluid to improve solar absorption and heat transfer (Case 3), and external cover cooling to intensify condensation (Case 4). Experiments were conducted under comparable outdoor conditions while monitoring solar intensity, wind speed, ambient temperature, basin and cover temperatures, freshwater yield, and energy and exergy indicators. The main findings are: daily freshwater production increased from 3.39 L/m² for the conventional distiller to 7.17, 8.44, 9.67, and 10.87 L/m² for Cases 1–4, respectively, corresponding to a maximum gain of 220.7 % in the fully modified configuration; cumulative thermal efficiency improved by up to 114.0 % and exergy efficiency by up to 288.7 % relative to the reference still; the cost of produced water decreased from 0.0146 $/L to 0.0095 $/L, while the exergoeconomic factor rose from 2.62 to 7.29 kWh/$ and the exergoenvironmental factor from 0.91 to 5.37 tons of CO₂. Overall, the integrated use of geometric optimization, wick-assisted thin-film evaporation, nanoparticle-enhanced absorption, and cover cooling in a dish-preheated hemispherical solar still delivers substantial technical, economic, and environmental benefits, underscoring its potential as a sustainable solar desalination solution.

淡水短缺，加上传统半球形太阳能蒸馏器相对较低的生产率和较高的单位水成本，限制了它们在分散海水淡化中的实际部署。本研究实验研究了一个参考的半球形太阳能蒸馏器和一个改进的配置，该配置结合了基于抛物面碟的给水预热和四种连续的性能增强：v形波纹盆（案例1），促进薄膜蒸发的灯芯层（案例2），改善太阳能吸收和传热的炭黑纳米流体（案例3），以及加强冷凝的外部盖冷却（案例4）。实验在室外可比条件下进行，同时监测太阳强度、风速、环境温度、流域和覆盖温度、淡水产量以及能量和火用指标。主要发现是：每日淡水产量从常规蒸馏器的3.39 L/m2增加到案例1-4的7.17、8.44、9.67和10.87 L/m2，对应于完全修改配置的最大增益为220.7%；与参考蒸馏器相比，累积热效率提高了114.0%，火用效率提高了288.7%；采出水成本从0.0146美元/升降至0.0095美元/升，耗热经济因子从2.62千瓦时/美元上升至7.29千瓦时/美元，耗热环境因子从0.91吨二氧化碳上升至5.37吨二氧化碳。总体而言，几何优化、芯辅助薄膜蒸发、纳米粒子增强吸收和覆盖冷却在盘子预热的半球形太阳能中的综合应用仍然提供了大量的技术、经济和环境效益，强调了其作为可持续太阳能脱盐解决方案的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

On the underlying mechanism of light-induced patterning of N719-stained photoanodes for “photovoltaic photographs” n719染色光阳极光致图案化的潜在机制

IF 6.3 2区材料科学 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114113

Allyson Robert , Nico Fransaert , Willem Awouters , Wouter Marchal , Peter Adriaensens , Roland Valcke , Jean V. Manca

Recently, “photovoltaic photographs” were proposed as a creative application of photovoltaic technologies, relevant in fields such as architecture. A high-resolution image is created in solar cells by light-induced patterning of the photoactive layer, causing a local change in the appearance of the solar cell. Here, we investigate the physico-chemical changes induced by this process in the photoactive layer of proof-of-concept N719 photovoltaic photographs, to better understand the underlying mechanisms and further develop the concept. By combining a variety of techniques, we show a previously unreported multi-step degradation of the isothiocyanate ligand of the dye, correlated to visual color changes. Time-resolved UV–VIS spectroscopy revealed the catalytic role played by TiO₂, causing a blueshift (35 nm) in the dye’s 495 nm metal-to-ligand charge-transfer peaks within 10 h. This is confirmed through infrared spectroscopy showing a 24 cm⁻¹ shift to smaller wavenumbers of the CN-stretching vibration. Finally, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) reveals the multi-step nature of the degradation, through the transient increase of an

signal. These insights are of importance for a better understanding of the photo-induced degradation of N719, a more substantiated control of the patterning process, and to design appropriate light-induced patterning techniques for other classes of solar cells.

最近，“光伏摄影”作为光伏技术的创造性应用被提出，与建筑等领域相关。通过光活性层的光诱导模式，在太阳能电池中产生高分辨率图像，引起太阳能电池外观的局部变化。在这里，我们研究了这一过程在概念验证的N719光伏照片的光活性层中引起的物理化学变化，以更好地了解潜在的机制并进一步发展这一概念。通过结合各种技术，我们展示了以前未报道的染料异硫氰酸酯配体的多步降解，与视觉颜色变化相关。时间分辨紫外可见光谱揭示了TiO2的催化作用，在10小时内导致染料495 nm金属到配体的电荷转移峰发生了35 nm的蓝移。通过红外光谱证实了这一点，显示了向cn -拉伸振动的较小波数偏移24 cm−1。最后，飞行时间二次离子质谱（ToF-SIMS）通过信号的瞬态增加揭示了降解的多步性质。这些见解对于更好地理解N719的光诱导降解，更有说服力的图像化过程控制以及为其他类别的太阳能电池设计适当的光诱导图像化技术具有重要意义。

{"title":"On the underlying mechanism of light-induced patterning of N719-stained photoanodes for “photovoltaic photographs”","authors":"Allyson Robert , Nico Fransaert , Willem Awouters , Wouter Marchal , Peter Adriaensens , Roland Valcke , Jean V. Manca","doi":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114113","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.solmat.2025.114113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recently, “photovoltaic photographs” were proposed as a creative application of photovoltaic technologies, relevant in fields such as architecture. A high-resolution image is created in solar cells by light-induced patterning of the photoactive layer, causing a local change in the appearance of the solar cell. Here, we investigate the physico-chemical changes induced by this process in the photoactive layer of proof-of-concept N719 photovoltaic photographs, to better understand the underlying mechanisms and further develop the concept. By combining a variety of techniques, we show a previously unreported multi-step degradation of the isothiocyanate ligand of the dye, correlated to visual color changes. Time-resolved UV–VIS spectroscopy revealed the catalytic role played by TiO<sub>2</sub>, causing a blueshift (35nm) in the dye’s 495nm metal-to-ligand charge-transfer peaks within 10 h. This is confirmed through infrared spectroscopy showing a 24cm<sup>−1</sup> shift to smaller wavenumbers of the CN-stretching vibration. Finally, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) reveals the multi-step nature of the degradation, through the transient increase of an <figure><img></figure> signal. These insights are of importance for a better understanding of the photo-induced degradation of N719, a more substantiated control of the patterning process, and to design appropriate light-induced patterning techniques for other classes of solar cells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":429,"journal":{"name":"Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells","volume":"297 ","pages":"Article 114113"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145735473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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