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The Problem of Intention and the Evaluative Properties of Effects in the Knobe Effect Knobe效应中的意图问题与效果的可评价性
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-29 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29203
Andrzej Waleszczyński, Michał Obidziński, Julia Rejewska
: In the article, we present analyses and findings which add precision to the role of intentions and the relation between effects in attributing the intentionality of causing a side effect. Our research supplements and modifies numerous findings regarding the appearance of the so-called Knobe effect. The experiments and analyses show that the very originality of the story used by Knobe and the relationship between the evaluative to the occurrence of the side-effect effect. Because of this, we reject the thesis that the mode of attitude of the agent to the caused side effect or that the social expectation of this attitude determine the attribution of the intentionality of the caused effect. On the contrary, we defend the thesis that it is the relationship between the evaluative properties of the main effect and those of the side effect, as well as the impact of a side effect on the main effect, that significantly influence the attribution of intentionality in causing a side effect.
:在这篇文章中,我们提出了一些分析和发现,这些分析和发现为意图的作用以及效果之间的关系在归因于引起副作用的意图方面增加了准确性。我们的研究补充和修改了许多关于所谓Knobe效应出现的发现。实验和分析表明,Knobe使用的故事的独创性以及评价与副作用发生之间的关系。正因为如此,我们拒绝接受代理人对因果副作用的态度模式或这种态度的社会期望决定因果意向性归属的论点。相反,我们为以下论点辩护:正是主效应和副效应的评价性质之间的关系,以及副效应对主效应的影响,在引起副效应时显著影响意向性的归因。
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引用次数: 0
Susan Wolf on Supererogation and the Dark Side of Morality 苏珊·沃尔夫谈超代制和道德的阴暗面
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-29 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29202
Nora Grigore
Wolf proposes supererogation as a solution for curbing the exaggerated demands of morality. Adopting supererogation is supposed to prevent us from considering that all morally good deeds are obligatory. Supererogation, indeed, makes some morally good deeds merely optional, saving the agent from the requirement of behaving as much as possible like a Moral Saint. But I argue that Wolf cannot use supererogation in service of her overall project, for two reasons. First, because implied in the concept of supererogation is that going beyond duty adds to our humanity rather than detract from it (as Wolf argues). Secondly, after analyzing attempts to acclimatize supererogation in other theoretical frameworks, I conclude that supererogation can limit morality’s claims only if Wolf’s reasons of “individual perfection” can defeat moral reasons. I argue that a common scale of evaluation between moral and non-moral reasons is needed for their comparison, but Wolf explicitly rejects this way out.
沃尔夫提出,作为遏制道德要求被夸大的一种解决方案,可以采用“超权”。采用超权是为了防止我们认为所有道德上的善行都是强制性的。确实,超代制使得一些道德上的善行仅仅是可选的,从而使行为人不必像道德圣人那样行事。但我认为,出于两个原因,沃尔夫不能使用超代制来服务于她的整体计划。首先,因为超权概念所暗示的是,超越责任会增加我们的人性,而不是减损人性(正如沃尔夫所言)。其次,在分析了在其他理论框架中同化超权的尝试之后,我得出结论,只有当沃尔夫的“个人完美”理由能够击败道德理由时,超权才能限制道德主张。我认为,在道德和非道德原因之间的比较需要一个共同的评估尺度,但沃尔夫明确反对这种方式。
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引用次数: 0
Conditional Uniqueness 条件唯一性
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-29 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29205
Erhan Demircioglu
In this paper, I aim to do three things. First, I introduce the distinction between the Uniqueness Thesis (U) and what I call the Conditional Uniqueness Thesis (U*). Second, I argue that despite their official advertisements, some prominent uniquers effectively defend U* rather than U. Third, some influential considerations that have been raised by the opponents of U misfire if they are interpreted as against U*. The moral is that an appreciation of the distinction between U and U* helps to clarify the contours of the uniqueness debate and to avoid a good deal of talking past each other.
在这篇论文中,我的目标是做三件事。首先,我介绍了唯一性命题(U)和我所说的条件惟一性命题(U*)之间的区别。第二,我认为,尽管他们有官方广告,但一些著名的联合会有效地为U而不是U辩护。第三,如果U的反对者被解释为反对U,他们会提出一些有影响力的考虑。寓意是,对U和U*之间的区别的理解有助于澄清独特性辩论的轮廓,并避免大量谈论对方。
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引用次数: 0
Catarina Dutilh Novaes: The Dialogical Roots of Deduction: Historical, Cognitive and Philosophical Perspectives on Reasoning Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021, xiii + 271 pages 卡塔琳娜·迪蒂尔·诺埃斯:《演绎的对话根源:推理的历史、认知和哲学视角》剑桥:剑桥大学出版社,2021,13 + 271页
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-29 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29207
J. Peregrin
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引用次数: 0
Flattening the Curve of Moral Imagination 压平道德想象的曲线
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-29 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29201
O. Beran
In this paper, I discuss some moral dilemmas related to the COVID-19 crisis and their framing (mainly) in the public debate. The key assumption to engage with is this: that we need primarily to take into account the long-term economic consequences of the pro-posed safety measures of social distancing. I argue that the long-term economic concerns, though legitimate, cannot suspend the irreducibly moral nature of the demand placed on the decision-makers by those who are vulnerable, at risk, or in need of medical treatment. This is discussed in relation to two points: 1) The political endeavour and rhetoric of "flattening the curve" is not necessarily short-sighted, but expresses the acknowledgment of a legitimate expectation placed on elected representatives. 2) Not being able to prevent harm (to those who are in real need, or otherwise vulnerable) may lead to a genuine moral distress, even if it is not clear whether it was in one's, or any-body's, powers to prevent the situation, or even if the best possible outcome has been otherwise reached. The second point may be un-derstood as a part of the broader context of the established criticisms of utilitarianism.
在本文中,我讨论了与COVID-19危机相关的一些道德困境及其(主要)在公共辩论中的框架。需要考虑的关键假设是:我们首先需要考虑到拟议的社交距离安全措施的长期经济后果。我认为,长期的经济关切虽然是合理的,但不能取消那些弱势群体、处于危险之中或需要医疗的人对决策者提出的要求的不可削弱的道德性质。本文将从两点来讨论这个问题:1)“使曲线趋平”的政治努力和修辞不一定是短视的,而是表达了对民选代表的合理期望的承认。2)无法阻止伤害(对那些真正有需要的人,或其他弱势群体)可能会导致真正的道德困境,即使不清楚自己或任何人是否有能力阻止这种情况,或者即使已经达到了最好的结果。第二点可以被理解为对功利主义的既定批评的更广泛背景的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
The Personite Problem and the Stage-Theoretic Reply 人格问题与阶段性理论回答
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-29 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29206
H. Noonan
Personites are shorter-lived, person-like things that extend across part of a person’s life. Their existence follows from the standard perdurance view of persons. Johnston argues that it has bizarre moral consequences. For example, it renders morally problematic spending time learning a difficult language in anticipation of going abroad. The crucial thought is that if persons have moral status so do personites. Johnston argues for this claim. Kaiserman responds, on behalf of stage theory, that this only works on a perdurantist account. This is a conservative response to the problem. It seeks to show that retaining the ontology of perdurantism one can resolve the difficulty by a semantic change. I show that the personite problem can be reworked as an argument against stage theorists. The stage theorist can respond by rejecting an assumption of the reasoning. But if it is acceptable for him to do so the perdurantist can reject this assumption too, which is enough by itself to block Johnston’s argument. Thus, for all it helps with the personite problem, stage theorists might as well be perdurantists.
人格是指寿命较短的、像人一样的东西,延伸到一个人生命的一部分。他们的存在遵循着标准的人的永恒观。约翰斯顿认为这会产生奇怪的道德后果。例如,为了出国而花时间学习一门困难的语言,这在道德上造成了问题。关键思想是,如果人有道德地位,那么人也有道德地位。约翰斯顿支持这一说法。Kaiserman代表舞台理论回应说,这只适用于一个持久主义者的账户。这是对这个问题的保守回应。它试图表明,保留持久主义的本体论可以通过语义变化来解决困难。我证明了人格问题可以被重新定义为反对阶段理论家的论点。舞台理论家可以通过拒绝推理的假设来做出回应。但如果他这样做是可以接受的,那么顽固主义者也可以拒绝这一假设,这本身就足以阻止约翰斯顿的论点。因此,尽管它有助于人格问题,但舞台理论家也可能是持久主义者。
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引用次数: 0
The Whole-Part Dilemma: A Compositional Understanding of Plato’s Theory of Forms 整体-部分困境:柏拉图形式论的组成性理解
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-29 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29204
S. Park
: In this paper, I suggest a way of resolving the whole-part dilemma suggested in the Parmenides . Specifically, I argue that grabbing the second horn of the dilemma does not pose a significant challenge. To argue for this, I consider two theses about Forms, namely, the oneness and indivisibility theses. More specifically, I argue that the second horn does not violate the oneness thesis if we treat composition as identity and that the indivisibility thesis ought to be reinterpreted given Plato’s later dialogues. By doing so, I suggest a compositional understanding of Plato’s theory of Forms, which can resolve the whole-part dilemma.
:在本文中,我提出了一种解决Parmenides中提出的整体困境的方法。具体来说,我认为抓住困境的第二个号角并不是一个重大挑战。为此,我考虑了两个关于形式的命题,即统一性命题和不可分割性命题。更具体地说,我认为,如果我们将构图视为同一性,那么第二个号角并不违反合一性命题,并且鉴于柏拉图后来的对话,不可分割性命题应该重新解释。通过这样做,我建议对柏拉图的形式理论进行一种综合性的理解,以解决整体困境。
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引用次数: 0
Jared Warren: Shadows of Syntax: Revitalizing Logical and Mathematical Conventionalism 贾里德·沃伦:《句法的阴影:重振逻辑和数学的传统主义》
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29107
J. Peregrin
I must start this review non-traditionally, with an apology. As the author of the book remarks (p. 120. footnote 47), “Peregrin (2017) ... cites my (2015), but seems to indicate that I reject unrestricted inferentialism, despite the paper actually being an extensive defense of unrestricted inferentialism.” This, unfortunately, is true. The relevant note in my text was mutilated during my revision of the text based on the proofreading of a native speaker. Mea culpa, mea maxima culpa. However, what Warren now writes in his book makes me think that we might perhaps call it quits. Warren, despite knowing about my work, including my Inferentialism book (which he refers to in his book), does not shy away from claiming that he is the only current defender of unrestricted inferentialism. Part I of the book has two chapters. In the first, Warren distinguishes his version of conventionalism from some other versions, reaching the twin characterizations:
我必须非传统地以道歉开始这篇评论。正如这本书的作者所说(第120页)。脚注47),“Peregrin(2017)……引用我的(2015),但似乎表明我拒绝无限制推理主义,尽管这篇论文实际上是对无限制推理主义的广泛辩护。”不幸的是,这是事实。在我根据母语人士的校对修改文本时,我的文本中的相关注释被破坏了。我的错,我最大的错。然而,沃伦现在在他的书中所写的东西让我认为我们或许可以就此打住。尽管沃伦知道我的工作,包括我的推理主义书(他在书中提到了这本书),但他并不回避声称他是目前唯一一个不受限制的推理主义的捍卫者。这本书的第一部分有两章。在第一篇中,沃伦将他的传统主义版本与其他版本区分开来,得出了两个特征:
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引用次数: 8
A Causal-Mentalist View of Propositions 命题的因果唯心论观点
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29103
J. J. Joaquin, J. Franklin
In order to fulfil their essential roles as the bearers of truth and the relata of logical relations, propositions must be public and shareable. That requirement has favoured Platonist and other nonmental views of them, despite the well-known problems of Platonism in general. Views that propositions are mental entities have correspondingly fallen out of favour, as they have difficulty in explaining how propositions could have shareable, objective properties. We revive a mentalist view of propositions, inspired by Artificial Intelligence work on perceptual algorithms, which shows how perception causes persistent mental entities with shareable properties that allow them to fulfil the traditional roles of (one core kind of) propositions. The clustering algorithms implemented in perception produce outputs which are (implicit) atomic propositions in different minds. Coordination of them across minds proceeds by game-theoretic processes of communication. The account does not rely on any unexplained notions such as mental 48 Jeremiah Joven B. Joaquin – James Franklin Organon F 29 (1) 2022: 47–77 content, representation, or correspondence (although those notions are applicable in philosophical analysis of the result).
命题必须是公共的和可共享的,才能发挥其作为真理和逻辑关系关系的载体的重要作用。尽管普遍存在众所周知的柏拉图主义问题,但这一要求有利于柏拉图主义和其他非精神观点。命题是心理实体的观点也相应地失宠了,因为他们很难解释命题如何具有可共享的客观属性。受人工智能对感知算法的研究启发,我们重新提出了一种唯心主义的命题观,它展示了感知如何导致具有可共享属性的持久心理实体,使它们能够履行(一种核心类型)命题的传统角色。在感知中实现的聚类算法产生的输出是不同头脑中的(隐含的)原子命题。它们在大脑中的协调是通过交流的博弈论过程进行的。该叙述不依赖于任何无法解释的概念,如心理48 Jeremiah Joven B.Joaquin–James Franklin Organon F 29(1)2022:47-77内容、表征或对应关系(尽管这些概念适用于结果的哲学分析)。
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引用次数: 0
Frege on Identity and Co-Reference 论同一性与共同指称
IF 0.5 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.31577/orgf.2022.29102
E. Corazza
In “Über Sinn und Bedeutung” (1892) Frege raises a problem concerning identity statements of the form a=b and he criticizes the view he holds in the Begriffsschrift (1879, § 8). In building on a suggestion by Perry (2001/12, ch. 7) I will show how Frege’s Begriffsschrift account can be rescued and how Frege’s 1892 criticism of his Begriffsschrift’s position somewhat miss the point. Furthermore, the Begriffsschrift’s view can be developed to account in quite an elegant way to the so-called Frege’s Puzzle without committing to the sense/reference (Sinn/Bedeutung) distinction Frege introduces in “Über Sinn und Bedeutung”. To do so we have, though, to give up the idea that all the relevant information conveyed by the utterance of a simple sentence is encapsulated into a single content. I will show of this can be done in adopting a Perry-style pluri-propositionalist model of communication.
在“Über Sinn und Bedeutung”(1892)中,弗雷格提出了一个关于形式为a=b的同一性陈述的问题,并批评了他在《Begriffsschrift》(1879,§8)中所持的观点。在佩里(2001/12,第7章)的建议的基础上,我将展示弗雷格的Begriffsschrift的叙述如何可以被拯救,以及弗雷格1892年对他的Begriffsschrift立场的批评如何在某种程度上没有抓住重点。此外,Begriffsschrift的观点可以发展为以一种相当优雅的方式来解释所谓的弗雷格之谜,而无需致力于弗雷格在“Über Sinn und Bedeutung”中引入的意义/指称(Sinn/Bedeutung)区别。然而,要做到这一点,我们必须放弃这样一种观念,即一个简单句子所传达的所有相关信息都被封装在一个内容中。我将证明这可以通过采用佩里式的多元命题主义交流模式来实现。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Organon F
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