Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2009.109.367
Niall Ó Ciosáin
Abstract:It has been suggested by historians and other critics that following the Act of Union in 1801, Ireland was the object of unusually intense interest on the part of the London parliament and the British public. This assumption is often supported by the observation that 114 parliamentary commissions were established to investigate Ireland between 1800 and 1833. This figure is, in fact, entirely false, the real amount being closer to fourteen. Here the history of this implausible statistic is traced from 1834, when it originated, through to 2008. Some reasons why such an improbable figure was accepted and repeated are suggested, and the preconceptions among historians about nineteenth-century government and Anglo-Irish relations that are implied by that acceptance are explored.
{"title":"'114 commissions and 60 committees': phantom figures from a surveillance state","authors":"Niall Ó Ciosáin","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2009.109.367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2009.109.367","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:It has been suggested by historians and other critics that following the Act of Union in 1801, Ireland was the object of unusually intense interest on the part of the London parliament and the British public. This assumption is often supported by the observation that 114 parliamentary commissions were established to investigate Ireland between 1800 and 1833. This figure is, in fact, entirely false, the real amount being closer to fourteen. Here the history of this implausible statistic is traced from 1834, when it originated, through to 2008. Some reasons why such an improbable figure was accepted and repeated are suggested, and the preconceptions among historians about nineteenth-century government and Anglo-Irish relations that are implied by that acceptance are explored.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"29 1","pages":"367 - 385"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87280774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2015.115.11
S. Lyons
Abstract:AbstractThe historical record is largely used to qualify the consumption of cultivated crops, and other food plants, such as fruits, vegetables, herbs and imported goods in the medieval Irish diet. Despite our rich literary sources, evidence for horticulture as well as the use of collected and exotic foodstuffs in medieval Ireland is still under-represented, and the remains of such plants rarely survive to make any inferences on the subject. The increase in archaeobotanical research in Ireland is producing a valuable archaeological dataset to help assess the nature, composition and variation of food plants in the medieval diet. Botanical remains preserved in anoxic deposits provide a unique snapshot of the diversity of plants consumed at a site, including information on processing techniques, storage and seasonality. With particular reference to urban medieval sites dating from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries, this paper will present and appraise the archaeological evidence for the use and consumption of cultivated, wild and imported foodstuffs, and the areas of research that still need to be addressed.
{"title":"Food plants, fruits and foreign foodstuffs: the archaeological evidence from urban medieval Ireland","authors":"S. Lyons","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2015.115.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2015.115.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:AbstractThe historical record is largely used to qualify the consumption of cultivated crops, and other food plants, such as fruits, vegetables, herbs and imported goods in the medieval Irish diet. Despite our rich literary sources, evidence for horticulture as well as the use of collected and exotic foodstuffs in medieval Ireland is still under-represented, and the remains of such plants rarely survive to make any inferences on the subject. The increase in archaeobotanical research in Ireland is producing a valuable archaeological dataset to help assess the nature, composition and variation of food plants in the medieval diet. Botanical remains preserved in anoxic deposits provide a unique snapshot of the diversity of plants consumed at a site, including information on processing techniques, storage and seasonality. With particular reference to urban medieval sites dating from the tenth to the fifteenth centuries, this paper will present and appraise the archaeological evidence for the use and consumption of cultivated, wild and imported foodstuffs, and the areas of research that still need to be addressed.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"17 1","pages":"111 - 166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90902106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIC.2007.107.205
P. Harbison
{"title":"In Retrospect: The Royal Irish Academy's only archaeological excavation: Dowth in the Boyne Valley","authors":"P. Harbison","doi":"10.3318/PRIC.2007.107.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIC.2007.107.205","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"16 1","pages":"205 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83455966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2013.113.06
Alan R. Hayden
Abstract:The early-medieval ecclesiastical site on Church Island was reportedly fully excavated in the 1950s (O'Kelly 1958). Conservation works on Church Island provided an opportunity to re-examine the site and procure samples for dating. The recent excavations also uncovered a previously unrecorded terraced shrine on the island. Radiocarbon dating of burials on it suggest it was built between the seventh and ninth centuries and enlarged in the tenth or eleventh century, at roughly the same time that the large stone oratory was built on the island. It was previously suggested that these shrines were not erected on sites within the ecclesiastical estates in the area but the surviving archaeological evidence may not substantiate this idea. The small number of sites excavated and the ambiguous and limited nature of the archaeological evidence uncovered allow for few definite conclusions to be drawn regarding the motives for the building of a shrine on any individual site.
{"title":"Early medieval shrines in north-west Iveragh: new perspectives from Church Island, near Valentia, Co. Kerry","authors":"Alan R. Hayden","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2013.113.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2013.113.06","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The early-medieval ecclesiastical site on Church Island was reportedly fully excavated in the 1950s (O'Kelly 1958). Conservation works on Church Island provided an opportunity to re-examine the site and procure samples for dating. The recent excavations also uncovered a previously unrecorded terraced shrine on the island. Radiocarbon dating of burials on it suggest it was built between the seventh and ninth centuries and enlarged in the tenth or eleventh century, at roughly the same time that the large stone oratory was built on the island. It was previously suggested that these shrines were not erected on sites within the ecclesiastical estates in the area but the surviving archaeological evidence may not substantiate this idea. The small number of sites excavated and the ambiguous and limited nature of the archaeological evidence uncovered allow for few definite conclusions to be drawn regarding the motives for the building of a shrine on any individual site.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"62 1","pages":"14 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80426121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIC.2004.104.1.107
O. Frey
Abstract:All modern studies of early Celtic art begin with the work of Paul Jacobsthal. In the sixty years since his magisterial study, however, there have been many new discoveries and there has been much discussion concerning the deeper meaning of Celtic art. Particularly significant in this regard are the two recently discovered Early La Tène burial mounds on the Glauberg in Hesse in Germany. Not only did these burials yield bronzes of major significance, but a unique, almost life-sized human carving displaying weapons and personal ornaments was also found. The finds from the Glauberg shed much new light on the nature of early Celtic art. The influence of the Estrucans of north Italy is especially evident.
{"title":"A New Approach to Early Celtic Art","authors":"O. Frey","doi":"10.3318/PRIC.2004.104.1.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIC.2004.104.1.107","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:All modern studies of early Celtic art begin with the work of Paul Jacobsthal. In the sixty years since his magisterial study, however, there have been many new discoveries and there has been much discussion concerning the deeper meaning of Celtic art. Particularly significant in this regard are the two recently discovered Early La Tène burial mounds on the Glauberg in Hesse in Germany. Not only did these burials yield bronzes of major significance, but a unique, almost life-sized human carving displaying weapons and personal ornaments was also found. The finds from the Glauberg shed much new light on the nature of early Celtic art. The influence of the Estrucans of north Italy is especially evident.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"531 1","pages":"107 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80802881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIC.2007.107.147
A. O’Sullivan
Abstract:People have engaged with Ireland's wetland environments since the earliest times, leaving a unique, fragile and valuable archaeological and environmental legacy. A long history of antiquarian and archaeological investigation of Ireland's wet environments has established a good understanding of this archaeological resource, but ongoing industrial development, land reclamation and climate change continues to threaten its integrity. Multidisciplinary approaches, ongoing survey and excavation and a theoretically engaged study of this wetland archaeology will continue to enable us to explore aspects of settlement, travel and ideologies in Ireland's past, fulfilling this archaeology's significant potential for reconstructing the details of past lives and societies, the perceptions and uses of landscapes and the social, economic and ideological roles of material culture across time.
{"title":"Exploring past people's interactions with wetland environments in Ireland","authors":"A. O’Sullivan","doi":"10.3318/PRIC.2007.107.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIC.2007.107.147","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:People have engaged with Ireland's wetland environments since the earliest times, leaving a unique, fragile and valuable archaeological and environmental legacy. A long history of antiquarian and archaeological investigation of Ireland's wet environments has established a good understanding of this archaeological resource, but ongoing industrial development, land reclamation and climate change continues to threaten its integrity. Multidisciplinary approaches, ongoing survey and excavation and a theoretically engaged study of this wetland archaeology will continue to enable us to explore aspects of settlement, travel and ideologies in Ireland's past, fulfilling this archaeology's significant potential for reconstructing the details of past lives and societies, the perceptions and uses of landscapes and the social, economic and ideological roles of material culture across time.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"56 1","pages":"147 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80990232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2015.115.10
R. Sexton
Abstract:AbstractThis essay investigates how the treatment of food—its acquisition, preparation and consumption, and in particular how food was cooked—can express differences between social classes in pre-Famine Ireland. It describes culinary cultures that range from the singularly simple to the decidedly flamboyant. Drawing on the evidence of estate papers and manuscript receipt (recipe) collections, this paper illustrates how cookery at the upper echelons of Irish society was sophisticated, refined and closely aligned to the norms of British culinary culture. The paper will also briefly describe the stagnant and debased food culture of the rural poor, most especially in the early decades of the nineteenth century. Between these extremes existed a rural ‘middling’ class for whom food and cookery was varied and imbued with value beyond that dictated by the market. The stratified nature of Irish society suggests the coexistence of a number of food and culinary systems. Questions of how distinct, overlapping and interdependent these systems were deserve investigation. However, of equal concern is the fact that these issues also raise the question as to whether the evidence is substantial enough to frame and support any reliable comparative analysis.
{"title":"Food and culinary cultures in pre-Famine Ireland","authors":"R. Sexton","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2015.115.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2015.115.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:AbstractThis essay investigates how the treatment of food—its acquisition, preparation and consumption, and in particular how food was cooked—can express differences between social classes in pre-Famine Ireland. It describes culinary cultures that range from the singularly simple to the decidedly flamboyant. Drawing on the evidence of estate papers and manuscript receipt (recipe) collections, this paper illustrates how cookery at the upper echelons of Irish society was sophisticated, refined and closely aligned to the norms of British culinary culture. The paper will also briefly describe the stagnant and debased food culture of the rural poor, most especially in the early decades of the nineteenth century. Between these extremes existed a rural ‘middling’ class for whom food and cookery was varied and imbued with value beyond that dictated by the market. The stratified nature of Irish society suggests the coexistence of a number of food and culinary systems. Questions of how distinct, overlapping and interdependent these systems were deserve investigation. However, of equal concern is the fact that these issues also raise the question as to whether the evidence is substantial enough to frame and support any reliable comparative analysis.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"46 1","pages":"257 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79281155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/priac.2015.115.13
Alana Hawkes
Abstract:AbstractThis paper examines the technical aspects of indirect cooking using pyrolithic technology in Ireland with a particular focus on its application during the Bronze Age. The widespread distribution of burnt mounds (fulachtaί fia) is striking, suggesting that Ireland was the most prominent user of this technology in Bronze Age Europe. However, narratives related to these sites have long revolved around function, to the extent that the basic definition of this monument type has been called into question. This paper examines the use of these sites based on evidence from some 1,000 excavated examples in Ireland and provides new insights into the use of pyrolithic technology for cooking. The model proposed here is of open-air feasting/food-sharing hosted by small family groups, in a manner that was central to different types of social bonding.
{"title":"Fulachtaί fia and Bronze Age cooking in Ireland: reappraising the evidence","authors":"Alana Hawkes","doi":"10.3318/priac.2015.115.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/priac.2015.115.13","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:AbstractThis paper examines the technical aspects of indirect cooking using pyrolithic technology in Ireland with a particular focus on its application during the Bronze Age. The widespread distribution of burnt mounds (fulachtaί fia) is striking, suggesting that Ireland was the most prominent user of this technology in Bronze Age Europe. However, narratives related to these sites have long revolved around function, to the extent that the basic definition of this monument type has been called into question. This paper examines the use of these sites based on evidence from some 1,000 excavated examples in Ireland and provides new insights into the use of pyrolithic technology for cooking. The model proposed here is of open-air feasting/food-sharing hosted by small family groups, in a manner that was central to different types of social bonding.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"97 1","pages":"47 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77865565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2017.117.02
A. Kirwan
{"title":"R.L. Edgeworth and optical telegraphy in Ireland, c. 1790–1805","authors":"A. Kirwan","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2017.117.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2017.117.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"42 1","pages":"209 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74079079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.3318/PRIAC.2011.112.04
Ciaran Ó Scea
Abstract:This article sets out to fill in neglected gaps in our scholarly knowledge of the system of erenach and church landholding in Gaelic Ulster (1270-1609). In contrast to previous studies which have concentrated on the legal status of coarbs and erenachs, this study analyses at macro level the functioning of erenachships as economic units, and at a micro level the system as it operated in the medieval lordship of Fermanagh. The result has been to demonstrate that the enfranchisement of nativus septs as erenach septs on church-lands took place as a result of the twelfth-century Reform (1101-72). In the case of Fermanagh, outside of the initial transfer of lands from the monasteries to the erenach septs, most of the church-lands were acquired piecemeal over the course of centuries. Many of the erenach septs were furthermore of outside origin, but became accepted as nativus septs through longterm settlement.
{"title":"Erenachs, erenachships and church landholding in Gaelic Fermanagh, 1270-1609","authors":"Ciaran Ó Scea","doi":"10.3318/PRIAC.2011.112.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/PRIAC.2011.112.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article sets out to fill in neglected gaps in our scholarly knowledge of the system of erenach and church landholding in Gaelic Ulster (1270-1609). In contrast to previous studies which have concentrated on the legal status of coarbs and erenachs, this study analyses at macro level the functioning of erenachships as economic units, and at a micro level the system as it operated in the medieval lordship of Fermanagh. The result has been to demonstrate that the enfranchisement of nativus septs as erenach septs on church-lands took place as a result of the twelfth-century Reform (1101-72). In the case of Fermanagh, outside of the initial transfer of lands from the monasteries to the erenach septs, most of the church-lands were acquired piecemeal over the course of centuries. Many of the erenach septs were furthermore of outside origin, but became accepted as nativus septs through longterm settlement.","PeriodicalId":43075,"journal":{"name":"PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY SECTION C-ARCHAEOLOGY CELTIC STUDIES HISTORY LINGUISTICS LITERATURE","volume":"24 1","pages":"271 - 300"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82565882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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