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The Ultimate Ride: A Comparative Narrative Analysis of Action Sequences in 1980s and Contemporary Hollywood Action Cinema 终极旅程:80年代与当代好莱坞动作电影动作序列的比较叙事分析
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2021-02-13 DOI: 10.5406/JFILMVIDEO.73.1.0018
L. Soberon
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引用次数: 0
Cruising the Hyper-Real Highway: Edgar Wright's Baby Driver 巡航超真实的高速公路:埃德加·赖特的《司机》
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2021-02-13 DOI: 10.5406/JFILMVIDEO.73.1.0048
D. Dubois
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引用次数: 0
Back Matter 回到问题
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5406/jfilmvideo.73.2.bm
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引用次数: 0
Back Matter 回到问题
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.5406/jfilmvideo.73.1.bm
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引用次数: 0
Blurred Visions: Atomic Testing, Live Television, and Technological Failure 模糊的视野:原子试验、电视直播和技术失败
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.5406/jfilmvideo.72.3-4.0102
Alexander M. Thimons
the three live network broadcasts of atomic bomb tests in the 1950s were signal events in the early history of American television. They aired on multiple networks simultaneously, drawing lavish coverage in newspapers nationwide and the attention of some of the country’s most prominent broadcast journalists. One report estimated that 35 million people watched the first test, around midday on Tuesday, 22 April 1952 (Fehner and Gosling 3)—less than a year after the completion of AT&T’s transcontinental coaxial cable enabling coast-to-coast live broadcasting and at a time when many cities between the coasts were still not linked into the national network (Sterne 516). NBC and CBS distributed coverage of the detonation from the Yucca Flats near Las Vegas using a microwave relay system built for the purpose by Klaus Landsberg, an engineer at the unaffiliated Los Angeles station KTLA. Las Vegas itself did not yet have a television station, and the FCC’s freeze on station licenses had been lifted only eight days prior. Television was still growing into the nationwide cultural force it would eventually become over the course of the decade, a process in which this program, along with two more that followed, played an important role. The technologically complex broadcasts were expected to be convincing displays of the medium’s power. The tests were also important to the American military’s plans to publicize the power of, and its control over, nuclear weapons. Alongside pamphlets, films, slideshows, and other media, these broadcasts served to justify the military’s nuclear stockpiles via a publicity strategy of conventionalization, in which nuclear weapons were framed publicly as simply larger versions of conventional ones. By this logic, atomic and eventually thermonuclear (hydrogen) weapons were immensely powerful, but also just as manageable as conventional weapons were assumed to be, enabling the government to reconcile the weapons’ force with the American strategy of deterrence. As Guy Oakes puts it, “[a]lthough atomic bombs might be quantitatively more destructive than the conventional bombs used in World War II, qualitatively they achieved essentially the same results. This was the conventionalization argument” (52). Should a nuclear attack by the Soviets occur, so the logic went, the United States would still be able to respond with force of its own. For both the television industry and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and related agencies, therefore, the broadcasts were important as demonstrations of technological control. Ideally, from the planners’ perspectives, the detonations and their television coverage would be mutually reinforcing, each proceeding exactly as anticipated by television engineers and representatives of the atomic agencies alike and each serving as sources of reliable information. Put simply, things did not go according to plan. Onscreen, the detonations were barely Blurred Visions: Atomic Testing, Live Television, and Techn
20世纪50年代三次对原子弹试验的网络直播是美国电视史上早期的标志性事件。他们在多个网络同时播出,吸引了全国报纸的大量报道,并引起了该国一些最杰出的广播记者的注意。一份报告估计,在1952年4月22日星期二中午前后,大约有3500万人观看了第一次测试(Fehner和Gosling 3)——距离美国电话电报公司横贯大陆的同轴电缆建成不到一年,使东海岸到西海岸的直播成为可能,当时许多沿海之间的城市还没有连接到国家网络(Sterne 516)。美国全国广播公司(NBC)和哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)在拉斯维加斯附近的尤卡平原(Yucca Flats)发布了爆炸的报道,使用的是一个微波中继系统,该系统是由不隶属于洛杉矶电视台KTLA的工程师克劳斯·兰茨伯格(Klaus Landsberg)建造的。拉斯维加斯本身还没有电视台,而联邦通信委员会对电视台执照的冻结在8天前才解除。电视仍在成长为一股全国性的文化力量,在接下来的十年里,它最终成为一股全国性的文化力量,在这个过程中,这个节目以及随后的两个节目发挥了重要作用。这种技术复杂的广播预计会令人信服地展示这种媒体的力量。这些试验对美国军方宣传核武器威力及其控制的计划也很重要。除了小册子、电影、幻灯片和其他媒体外,这些广播还通过一种常规化的宣传策略为军方的核武库辩护,在这种宣传策略中,核武器被公开描述为常规武器的放大版。按照这种逻辑,原子武器和最终的热核(氢)武器威力巨大,但也像传统武器一样易于管理,使政府能够将武器的威力与美国的威慑战略相协调。正如盖伊·奥克斯(Guy Oakes)所说,“虽然原子弹在数量上可能比二战中使用的常规炸弹更具破坏性,但从质量上讲,它们基本上达到了相同的效果。”这就是约定俗成的论点”(52)。按照这种逻辑,如果苏联发动核攻击,美国仍然可以用自己的武力予以回应。因此,对电视业和原子能委员会及有关机构来说,广播作为技术控制的示范是重要的。从策划者的角度来看,最理想的情况是,爆炸和电视报道是相辅相成的,每一次的进展都完全符合电视工程师和原子能机构代表的预期,每一次都是可靠信息的来源。简单地说,事情没有按计划进行。在屏幕上,爆炸几乎是模糊的景象:原子试验、电视直播和技术失败
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引用次数: 0
Aging, Auteurism, and the Bergfilm: Olivier Assayas's Sils Maria/Clouds of Sils Maria (2014) and Paolo Sorrentino's La giovinezza/Youth (2015) 衰老、自闭症和伯格电影:奥利维尔·阿萨亚斯的《西尔斯玛利亚》/《西尔斯玛丽亚的云》(2014年)和保罗·索伦蒂诺的《拉焦维涅扎》/《青春》(2015年)
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.5406/jfilmvideo.72.3-4.0073
Christian Quendler, D. Winkler
the renewed cinematic interest in mountains reveals not only the transformative virtue of mountains as mediators of new experiences, ranging from rituals of spiritual purification to consumerist tourist culture, but also the fluid nature of mountains as historical agents. Rather than representing fixed coordinates on geographical, political, and historical maps, mountains can themselves be approached as reflexive objects. Following W. J. T. Mitchell’s conception of landscape as “dynamic medium” (2), cinematic mountainscapes can be seen as stages where sociocultural, geopolitical, ethnic, and gender identities are negotiated along with cinematic forms. Recent film productions such as Philipp Stölzl’s Nordwand [North Face] (2008), Quentin Tarantino’s Inglourious Basterds (2009), Ruben Östlund’s Turist [Force Majeure] (2014), and Andreas Prochaska’s Das finstere Tal [The Dark Valley] (2014) have revisited mountains as historical sites of cinematic self-reflection to renegotiate notions of gender, genre, tourism, and environmentalism in transnational and global contexts. This article complements this list by examining how mountains and mountain films come into play in addressing the very question of auteurism and its historicity.1 Drawing on Eric Rentschler’s seminal essay “Mountains and Modernity,” we suggest viewing Olivier Assayas’s Sils Maria [Clouds of Sils Maria] (2014) and Paolo Sorrentino’s La giovinezza [Youth] (2015), both European coproductions (of France, Germany, and Switzerland and Great Britain, Italy, France, and Switzerland, respectively), as mountainous meditations on aging that draw on mountains and the classical mountain film in order to relocate auteur cinema in a transnational context. We will place aging, auteurism, and mountains in triangular relations––not unlike the love triangles frequently found in melodramatic mountain movies. With our discussion set against an established cultural frame that associates mountains with old age, we will focus on the relationship between auteurism and mountains, on the one hand, and the relationship between auteurism and aging, on the other. While the former calls for an exploration of the aesthetic traditions and genres that have shaped independent cinema, the latter addresses the shift in auteurism from an artistic to a commercial category in the historical development of auteur theory. Although commercial aspects of auteurism have received much attention in recent scholarship (e.g., Corrigan, Cinema without Walls; Buckland), they are still largely viewed in disjunction from the artistic definition of auteurism as a filmmaker’s personalized vision. Both Assayas’s Clouds of Sils Maria and Sorrentino’s Youth pay tribute to this disjunction through surprising and insightful invocations of the classical Bergfilm, a genre that is generally seen in national German and Austrian contexts christian quendler is an associate professor in the Department of American Studies at the University of Innsbru
对山脉重新燃起的电影兴趣不仅揭示了山脉作为新体验媒介的变革性美德,从精神净化仪式到消费主义旅游文化,还揭示了作为历史媒介的山脉的流动性。与在地理、政治和历史地图上表示固定坐标不同,山脉本身可以作为反射性物体来接近。根据W·J·T·米切尔将景观视为“动态媒介”的概念(2),电影山景可以被视为社会文化、地缘政治、种族和性别认同与电影形式一起协商的阶段。最近的电影作品,如菲利普·斯特泽尔的《北方的面孔》(2008年)、昆汀·塔伦蒂诺的《无耻混蛋》(2009年)、鲁本·奥斯特伦德的《不可抗力》(2014年)和安德烈亚斯·普罗查斯卡的《黑暗谷》,以及跨国和全球环境保护主义。这篇文章通过研究山脉和山脉电影如何在解决导演主义及其历史性问题方面发挥作用来补充这一列表。1根据埃里克·伦施勒的开创性文章《山脉与现代性》,我们建议观看奥利维尔·阿萨亚斯的《西尔斯玛利亚的云》(2014)和保罗·索伦蒂诺的《青年》(2015),两部欧洲合拍电影(分别是法国、德国和瑞士以及英国、意大利、法国和瑞士),都是利用山脉和古典山脉电影对衰老进行的山区冥想,目的是在跨国背景下重新定位导演电影。我们将把衰老、导演主义和山脉置于三角关系中——这与情节剧山区电影中常见的三角恋没有什么不同。随着我们的讨论建立在一个将山脉与老年联系在一起的既定文化框架下,我们将一方面关注导演主义与山脉之间的关系,另一方面关注演员主义与衰老之间的关系。前者呼吁探索塑造独立电影的美学传统和流派,而后者则致力于在导演理论的历史发展中,导演主义从艺术范畴向商业范畴的转变。尽管导演主义的商业方面在最近的学术界受到了很大的关注(例如,Corrigan,Cinema without Walls;Buckland),但它们在很大程度上仍然被视为与导演主义作为电影制作人个性化视觉的艺术定义脱节。Assayas的《西尔斯玛利亚的云》和Sorrentino的《青春》都通过对经典伯格电影的令人惊讶和深刻的引用来表达对这种脱节的敬意。伯格电影是一种通常在德国和奥地利国家背景下出现的类型。christian quendler是奥地利因斯布鲁克大学美国研究系的副教授。丹尼尔·温克勒是奥地利维也纳大学浪漫研究系的助理教授。衰老、自闭症和伯格电影:奥利维尔·阿萨亚斯的《西尔斯玛利亚》/《西尔斯玛丽亚的云》(2014年)和保罗·索伦蒂诺的《拉焦维涅扎》/《青春》(2015年)
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引用次数: 1
Monstrous National Allegory: The Making of Monstrous Otherness in Na Hong-jin's The Wailing 怪异的民族寓言:罗洪镇《哀号》中怪异的异于性的形成
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.5406/jfilmvideo.72.3-4.0090
Hisup Shin
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引用次数: 0
The Fix Is In: Dubbing as Transcultural and Transmedia Adaptation 解决办法:配音作为跨文化和跨媒体改编
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.5406/jfilmvideo.72.3-4.0003
Daniel Johnson
tension of being “between” different aspects of film culture, aesthetics, and technology offers a productive space to renew our investigation into film dubbing. The present article will focus on the dubbing of Hollywood films for Japanese television and video, with a particular emphasis on films from the 1980s and early ’90s. This period saw the arrival and subsequent explosion in popularity of home video, but also a realignment of how films were being licensed for television broadcast. These factors led to a proliferation of film dubbing in Japan, which in turn fed into the trend of voice actors (seiyū) becoming figures of cult celebrity. The practice of using the same voice actor to dub a Hollywood star across a large body of films (known as “fixing,” or fikkusu) also contributed to this trend by allowing for composite forms of personality, celebrity, and screen performance to develop. Following those points, this article will approach dubbing as a form of transcultural and transmedia adaptation. I am using adaptation as a companion concept to translation in order to consider how film stars are made to more easily “fit” into local idioms concerning performance style, genre, and identity, both through the aforementioned generative relationship between onscreen body and audible voice and through the intertextual resonance generated by how voice actors are repeatedly paired with Hollywood stars across films. Furthermore, by emphasizing transmedia adaptation as part of the same analysis, I also aim to address some of the ways that dubbing adapts Hollywood cinema to Japanese television and video as dubbing has commonly been understood as an issue of translation and exhibition practice in both film studies and audiovisual translation theory.1 Topics such as the differences between dubbing and subtitling, issues with image/sound synchronization, and the spatial location of the voice in relation to the moving image have all been part of this approach. However, recent scholarship by authors such as Charlotte Bosseaux and Tom Whittaker has connected dubbing to questions of screen performance and film stardom, often by attending to locally specific characteristics of national and regional media cultures. This revitalization of interest in dubbing has developed alongside the emergence of transnational film studies and scholarship on other forms of voice work in cinema, such as playback singing and postsynchronization. As such, if dubbing presents a complication of film performance that exists “between” the body we see onscreen and the voice we hear, it is also something that travels through the spaces between film industries and audiences from around the world. Furthermore, dubbing is also frequently used in the adaptation of film for television and video platforms, suggesting a circulation between different types of screens. With all of that in mind, the
在电影文化、美学和技术的不同方面之间的张力为我们对电影配音的研究提供了一个新的生产空间。本文将集中讨论好莱坞电影为日本电视和录像配音的问题,特别强调1980年代和90年代初的电影。这一时期见证了家庭录像的到来和随后的爆炸式普及,但也重新调整了电影在电视播放中的授权方式。这些因素导致了日本电影配音的激增,这反过来又推动了声优(seiyku)成为邪教名人的趋势。在大量电影中使用同一名配音演员为好莱坞明星配音的做法(称为“fixing”或fikkusu)也促进了这一趋势,因为它允许个性、名人和银幕表演的复合形式发展。根据这些观点,本文将探讨配音作为一种跨文化和跨媒体改编的形式。我将改编作为翻译的一个配套概念,以考虑如何通过前面提到的银幕上的身体和可听的声音之间的生成关系,以及通过配音演员在电影中与好莱坞明星反复配对所产生的互文共鸣,使电影明星更容易“适应”当地关于表演风格、类型和身份的习语。此外,通过强调跨媒体改编作为同一分析的一部分,我还旨在解决配音将好莱坞电影改编为日本电视和视频的一些方式,因为配音通常被理解为电影研究和视听翻译理论中翻译和展示实践的问题诸如配音和字幕之间的差异,图像/声音同步问题,以及声音相对于运动图像的空间位置等主题都是这种方法的一部分。然而,Charlotte Bosseaux和Tom Whittaker等作家最近的研究将配音与银幕表演和电影明星的问题联系起来,通常是通过关注国家和地区媒体文化的当地特定特征。随着跨国电影研究和电影中其他形式的配音工作(如重放歌唱和后同步)的学术研究的出现,配音兴趣的复兴也随之发展起来。因此,如果说配音呈现出一种复杂的电影表演,它存在于我们在屏幕上看到的身体和我们听到的声音之间,那么它也是一种穿越电影产业和世界各地观众之间的空间的东西。此外,配音也经常用于电视和视频平台的电影改编,这表明不同类型的屏幕之间存在循环。考虑到这些,我
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引用次数: 0
Oedipus the King as a Paradigm for Family Trauma Cinema 《俄狄浦斯王》:家庭创伤电影的典范
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.5406/jfilmvideo.72.3-4.0064
G. Finney
©2020 by the board of trustees of the university of illinois in a 2008 collection of essays titled Rethinking Tragedy, Rita Felski points out that despite a resurgence of work on tragedy in recent years, one area that has virtually ignored the subject of tragedy is film criticism (6). Although essays have appeared since that time on individual films, systematic work on the conjunction of the two media has not been done. Jennifer Wallace claims that “[f]ilm is not traditionally considered a tragic art form” (172): the pleasure and escapism associated with film viewing are inimical to the spirit and aim of tragedy. Yet she distinguishes certain subgenres of film that achieve a “new language of tragic cinema” (172), such as film noir, the epic film typified by the work of director David Lean, the Western epics of Sergio Leone, the European films exemplified by Krzysztof Kiéslowski’s Three Colours trilogy, and Lars von Trier’s “Dogma” school of filmmaking (172–76). I would disagree with the notion that film is opposed to the spirit of tragedy. It is my contention that the cinema today, as an organ of popular culture of mass proportions, plays a role in our culture similar to that which theater played for the ancient Greeks. Like Greek theater, which was intended to be performed and not read, film is a visual genre. Both Greek tragedy and film possess enormous cathartic power and broad aesthetic scope. The classical Greek tragedians, well aware that all that is necessary for a tragedy is a family, based many of their plays on transmitted myths about doomed families, above all the House of Atreus. Analogously, I have identified a further tragic subgenre in contemporary film in addition to those listed by Wallace: the cinema of family trauma in the United States. What do I mean by family trauma? Radical alienation between family members, addictions of all kinds, child and spousal abuse, child molestation and parentchild incest, sibling incest, loss of one’s child or parent, suicide, and murder—all in the family. Because the number of American films dealing with family trauma appears to have increased during the 1990s and especially around 2000, I focus on the millennium. Although family trauma is a perennial theme and also occurs in avant-garde and foreign films, its treatment in millennial mainstream American film often employs strategies of displacement, projection, repression, and sublimation in order to moderate traumatic experience that would otherwise be very difficult for actors to convey and/or for audiences to view. To mention a few examples:
©2020由伊利诺伊大学董事会在2008年的论文集《反思悲剧》中,丽塔·费尔斯基指出,尽管近年来关于悲剧的工作重新兴起,但有一个领域实际上忽略了悲剧的主题,那就是电影批评(6)。尽管从那时起就有关于个别电影的文章出现,但关于两种媒体结合的系统工作还没有完成。珍妮弗·华莱士声称“电影在传统上并不被认为是一种悲剧的艺术形式”(172):与观影相关的快乐和逃避主义与悲剧的精神和目的是背道而驰的。然而,她区分了一些实现“悲剧电影新语言”(172)的电影亚类型,如黑色电影,以导演大卫·里恩的作品为代表的史诗电影,塞尔吉奥·莱昂内的西方史诗电影,以克日什托夫·基姆斯洛斯基的《三色》三部曲为代表的欧洲电影,以及拉斯·冯·提尔的“教条”电影制作流派(172 - 76)。我不同意电影反对悲剧精神的观点。我的观点是,今天的电影,作为大众文化的一个器官,在我们的文化中所起的作用类似于戏剧在古希腊所起的作用。就像希腊戏剧是为了表演而不是为了阅读一样,电影也是一种视觉类型。希腊悲剧和电影都具有巨大的宣泄力量和广阔的审美范围。古典希腊悲剧家很清楚,一个悲剧所必需的只是一个家庭,他们的许多戏剧都是基于流传下来的关于注定要失败的家庭的神话,尤其是阿特柔斯家族。类似地,除了华莱士列出的那些,我还发现了当代电影中另一个悲剧亚类型:美国的家庭创伤电影。我说的家庭创伤是什么意思?家庭成员之间的极端疏远,各种各样的成瘾,虐待儿童和配偶,猥亵儿童和亲子乱伦,兄弟姐妹乱伦,失去孩子或父母,自杀和谋杀——所有这些都发生在家庭中。因为在20世纪90年代,尤其是2000年前后,处理家庭创伤的美国电影数量似乎有所增加,所以我把重点放在了千禧年。虽然家庭创伤是一个永恒的主题,也出现在前卫电影和外国电影中,但在千禧一代的美国主流电影中,家庭创伤的处理往往采用位移、投射、压抑和升华的策略,以缓和演员难以传达和/或观众难以观看的创伤体验。举几个例子:
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引用次数: 0
Navigating Alma's Gang Culture: Exploring Testimonio, Identity, and Violence through an Interactive Documentary 导航阿尔玛的帮派文化:通过互动纪录片探索证词,身份和暴力
IF 0.1 3区 艺术学 0 FILM, RADIO, TELEVISION Pub Date : 2020-11-07 DOI: 10.5406/jfilmvideo.72.3-4.0016
H. Mcintosh, Kalen M. A. Churcher
©2020 by the board of trustees of the university of illinois guatemala has struggled for decades with brutal violence under dictatorial rule, government instability, guerrilla warfare, and the Mayan genocide. Government pressure and media consolidation across radio, television, film, and print have inhibited people’s freedom to document, share, and critique events happening within the Central American country (Rockwell and Janus, “Stifling Dissent” 497). As a result, documentaries representing the country’s issues originated with filmmakers from outside Guatemala, who used locals’ stories to convey those traumas to audiences in the filmmakers’ home countries (Arias 15). As a key part of their storytelling, these filmmakers frequently used testimonios, which bring voices of the oppressed to the audiences in order to motivate political engagement and potential action. Rigoberta Menchú’s written testimonio helped call attention to the human rights violations and institutionalized violence during the early 1980s, and her oral testimonio provided the foundation for the film documentary When the Mountains Tremble (Pamela Yates and Tom Sigel, 1983). Originally created for the US television network CBS and shown as part of the network’s CBS Reports series, When the Mountains Tremble was assembled by directors Pamela Yates and Tom Sigel with hopes of mobilizing audiences in the United States (Witham 211–12). Other films from the 1980s and early 1990s that incorporate testimonios include Todos Santos: The Survivors (1989) and Cakchiquel Maya of San Antonio Palopó (1991). Though the 1996 peace accords eased tensions somewhat, the violent instability and media censorship have continued. With one of the highest violent crime rates in Central America, Guatemala averaged ninety-one murders per week and 613 known sexual assault cases in 2015, according to Alma: A Tale of Violence. The US Department of State’s Bureau of Diplomatic Security lists “narco-trafficking activity, gang-related violence, a heavily-armed population, and a police/judicial system that is unable to hold many criminals accountable” as the leading factors driving murder rates (“Guatemala”). The Daily Mail estimated a murder every ninety minutes, with victims’ bodies strewn into the streets as warnings by gang members (Stanton). Rape, assault, and kidnapping also remain high (“Guatemala”). The suppression of dissent continues through consolidation of media ownership and that ownership’s cooperation with the government. As of 2017, Albavisión owned media in sixteen countries in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, including forty-five television stations, sixty-eight radio stations, and sixtyfive movie theaters (“Ángel González”). Under Navigating Alma’s Gang Culture: Exploring Testimonio, Identity, and Violence through an Interactive Documentary
几十年来,危地马拉一直在独裁统治下的残酷暴力、政府不稳定、游击战和玛雅种族灭绝中挣扎。政府的压力和广播、电视、电影和印刷媒体的整合限制了人们记录、分享和批评中美洲国家发生的事件的自由(Rockwell和Janus,“扼杀异议”497)。因此,代表这个国家问题的纪录片起源于危地马拉以外的电影人,他们用当地人的故事向他们祖国的观众传达这些创伤(咏叹调15)。作为叙事的关键部分,这些电影人经常使用证词,将受压迫者的声音带给观众,以激发政治参与和潜在的行动。里戈贝塔Menchú的书面证词有助于唤起人们对20世纪80年代早期侵犯人权和制度化暴力的关注,她的口头证词为电影纪录片《当山脉颤抖》(帕梅拉·耶茨和汤姆·西格尔,1983)提供了基础。这部电影最初是为美国哥伦比亚广播公司电视网制作的,并作为哥伦比亚广播公司报道系列的一部分播出。当山脉颤抖时,导演帕梅拉·耶茨和汤姆·西格尔希望在美国动员观众(Witham 211-12)。其他80年代和90年代早期的影片包括《托多斯·桑托斯:幸存者》(1989)和《圣安东尼奥的卡奇奎尔·玛雅Palopó》(1991)。虽然1996年的和平协议在一定程度上缓解了紧张局势,但暴力不稳定和媒体审查仍在继续。根据《阿尔玛:暴力的故事》,危地马拉是中美洲暴力犯罪率最高的国家之一,2015年平均每周发生91起谋杀案,已知的性侵犯案件有613起。美国国务院外交安全局将“贩毒活动、帮派暴力、全副武装的人口以及无法追究罪犯责任的警察/司法系统”列为导致谋杀率上升的主要因素(“危地马拉”)。据《每日邮报》估计,每90分钟就会发生一起谋杀案,受害者的尸体被黑帮成员撒在街上作为警告(斯坦顿)。强奸、袭击和绑架也居高不下(危地马拉)。通过巩固媒体所有权及其与政府的合作,继续压制异议。截至2017年,Albavisión在中美洲、南美洲和加勒比地区的16个国家拥有媒体,包括45家电视台、68家广播电台和65家电影院(“Ángel González”)。在导航阿尔玛的帮派文化:探索证词,身份和暴力通过一个互动纪录片
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引用次数: 0
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