Abstract: Recently, demographic research on sexual minorities using large-scale surveys has flourished. Yet, there has been little attention paid to whether common survey measures of sexuality – and the use of these measures – capture important racial/ethnic and sex differences, despite evidence suggesting the existence of racial and ethnic differences in how sexuality is both understood and described. This paper focuses on the intersection of race/ethnicity, sex and sexuality, and asks whether the racial/ethnic compositions of populations are sensitive to definitions of non-heterosexual populations, and whether measures of sexuality change over time, racial/ethnic group and sex. Results show that different definitions of non-heterosexual populations influence estimates of racial/ethnic compositions of groups, and that patterns of identification across age cohorts and time also vary by race/ethnicity and sex. Using different theoretical perspectives, the paper concludes with recommendations of how non-heterosexual populations should be conceptualized in future research using large-scale surveys.
{"title":"The Color of LGB: Racial and Ethnic Variations in Conceptualizations of Sexual Minority Status","authors":"H. Cherng","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2017.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2017.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Recently, demographic research on sexual minorities using large-scale surveys has flourished. Yet, there has been little attention paid to whether common survey measures of sexuality – and the use of these measures – capture important racial/ethnic and sex differences, despite evidence suggesting the existence of racial and ethnic differences in how sexuality is both understood and described. This paper focuses on the intersection of race/ethnicity, sex and sexuality, and asks whether the racial/ethnic compositions of populations are sensitive to definitions of non-heterosexual populations, and whether measures of sexuality change over time, racial/ethnic group and sex. Results show that different definitions of non-heterosexual populations influence estimates of racial/ethnic compositions of groups, and that patterns of identification across age cohorts and time also vary by race/ethnicity and sex. Using different theoretical perspectives, the paper concludes with recommendations of how non-heterosexual populations should be conceptualized in future research using large-scale surveys.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90872771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This paper analyses immigration flows in Brazil and their dynamics and networks during the first two decades of the 21st century using thematic cartography and quantitative data analysis. Interpreting information obtained through field research in four regions of the country, we infer that Brazil is following the standard routes and global agenda of international migrations. The main findings of the research point to an increase in the flow of non-traditional countries of origin, especially those from the Caribbean, West Africa and Asia. The post-2015 trends of immigration flows point to a sharp fall after two immigration booms, possibly due to worsening economic and political factors. It is inferred that historical migrations from countries from the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America impacted the consolidation of Brazil, which was the main recipient country of these immigrants during the economic crises of 2008 and 2012. An attempt is made to identify the primary migratory flows of economic immigrants and refugees from each continent towards Brazil in the present context.
{"title":"International Migrations to Brazil in the 21st Century: Profile, Outlook and Trends","authors":"R. Uebel","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2017.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2017.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This paper analyses immigration flows in Brazil and their dynamics and networks during the first two decades of the 21st century using thematic cartography and quantitative data analysis. Interpreting information obtained through field research in four regions of the country, we infer that Brazil is following the standard routes and global agenda of international migrations. The main findings of the research point to an increase in the flow of non-traditional countries of origin, especially those from the Caribbean, West Africa and Asia. The post-2015 trends of immigration flows point to a sharp fall after two immigration booms, possibly due to worsening economic and political factors. It is inferred that historical migrations from countries from the Iberian Peninsula and Latin America impacted the consolidation of Brazil, which was the main recipient country of these immigrants during the economic crises of 2008 and 2012. An attempt is made to identify the primary migratory flows of economic immigrants and refugees from each continent towards Brazil in the present context.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"151 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84779726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
George Wak, Martin Bangha, D. Azongo, A. Oduro, S. Kwankye
Abstract:Considering the importance of reliable and accurate demographic data for development planning and the errors often associated with census data in Africa, this paper examines the level of consistency of reporting between the 2010 Ghana Population Census and the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) for Kasena-Nankana East Municipal and Kassena-Nankana West district in the Republic of Ghana. We apply data evaluation techniques to assess data quality and adopt Test of Proportions to examine differences between the two data systems. The results show some level of consistency between the Census and HDSS data relative to age-sex distribution, crude death rate and mortality pattern. However, the HDSS data suggest relatively better reporting than the Census. We conclude that the large differences observed in some indicators need to be interrogated further to identify their sources so as to allow for improvement in quality of subsequent waves of data collection.
{"title":"Data Reliability: Comparison between Census and Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) Outputs for Kassena-Nankana East and West Districts, Ghana","authors":"George Wak, Martin Bangha, D. Azongo, A. Oduro, S. Kwankye","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2017.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2017.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Considering the importance of reliable and accurate demographic data for development planning and the errors often associated with census data in Africa, this paper examines the level of consistency of reporting between the 2010 Ghana Population Census and the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) for Kasena-Nankana East Municipal and Kassena-Nankana West district in the Republic of Ghana. We apply data evaluation techniques to assess data quality and adopt Test of Proportions to examine differences between the two data systems. The results show some level of consistency between the Census and HDSS data relative to age-sex distribution, crude death rate and mortality pattern. However, the HDSS data suggest relatively better reporting than the Census. We conclude that the large differences observed in some indicators need to be interrogated further to identify their sources so as to allow for improvement in quality of subsequent waves of data collection.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"132 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88817832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Using nationally representative data from the 2010–2014 American Community Survey, this paper provides updated disability rates for working and retirement age Hispanics in the United States. Crude and age standardized rates, disaggregated by gender, national origin group and nativity, are calculated for six measures of disability. The older foreign-born Mexican population is also disaggregated by year and age at arrival. Once age structure is controlled for older foreign-born Mexican males have higher rates of disability than non-Hispanic White males, and older foreignborn Mexican females have higher rates than both US-born Mexicans and non-Hispanic White females – findings that are at odds with immigrant health advantage theories. Further, there is limited impact of either selection on age at migration or era of migration among retirement age foreign-born Mexicans. These updated estimates are critical for researchers and policymakers and shed light on a growing population at risk for an immigrant health disadvantage.
{"title":"Prevalence of Disability among Hispanic Immigrant Populations: New Evidence from the American Community Survey","authors":"M. Sheftel","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2017.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2017.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Using nationally representative data from the 2010–2014 American Community Survey, this paper provides updated disability rates for working and retirement age Hispanics in the United States. Crude and age standardized rates, disaggregated by gender, national origin group and nativity, are calculated for six measures of disability. The older foreign-born Mexican population is also disaggregated by year and age at arrival. Once age structure is controlled for older foreign-born Mexican males have higher rates of disability than non-Hispanic White males, and older foreignborn Mexican females have higher rates than both US-born Mexicans and non-Hispanic White females – findings that are at odds with immigrant health advantage theories. Further, there is limited impact of either selection on age at migration or era of migration among retirement age foreign-born Mexicans. These updated estimates are critical for researchers and policymakers and shed light on a growing population at risk for an immigrant health disadvantage.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"6 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2017-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91279059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Now that the United Kingdom voted in favor of exiting from the European Union, a process commonly known as Brexit, there is a possibility that we will witness a tremendous migration wave between the EU and the UK once Brexit is implemented. This will ultimately affect every aspect of European society and will have repercussions on the global economy and geopolitics. In this paper, we analyze the migration effectiveness between the EU and the UK. The results indicate that, currently, there is an efficient redistribution of the population in favor of the UK, compared to most other EU countries. For instance, the number of UK citizens living in Belgium, Cyprus, Luxemburg and Spain is greater than the number of citizens of Belgium, Cyprus, Luxemburg and Spain living in the UK. Between France and the UK, there is an almost equal number of migrants living in each country. The UK must contend with the possible migration of a significant percent of the 2.9 million EU migrants currently residing in the UK. In addition, the UK has to update its policies to accommodate the 0.8 million UK citizens living in other EU countries.
{"title":"Brexit: Potential Migration Wave and Population Gains and Losses in the European Union and the United Kingdom","authors":"Shrinidhi Ambinakudige, Giorgio Carlo Cappello","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2016.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2016.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Now that the United Kingdom voted in favor of exiting from the European Union, a process commonly known as Brexit, there is a possibility that we will witness a tremendous migration wave between the EU and the UK once Brexit is implemented. This will ultimately affect every aspect of European society and will have repercussions on the global economy and geopolitics. In this paper, we analyze the migration effectiveness between the EU and the UK. The results indicate that, currently, there is an efficient redistribution of the population in favor of the UK, compared to most other EU countries. For instance, the number of UK citizens living in Belgium, Cyprus, Luxemburg and Spain is greater than the number of citizens of Belgium, Cyprus, Luxemburg and Spain living in the UK. Between France and the UK, there is an almost equal number of migrants living in each country. The UK must contend with the possible migration of a significant percent of the 2.9 million EU migrants currently residing in the UK. In addition, the UK has to update its policies to accommodate the 0.8 million UK citizens living in other EU countries.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72556678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Recent research in the United States has found a strong negative association between segregation and minority health outcomes. However, few studies have been conducted which examine this relationship in light of the theoretical processes which could produce such an association. Further, the bulk of this literature is focused on the Black case with little attention as to how this may affect other racial/ethnic minority groups. Using the 2011-2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) combined with metropolitan-level data, I examine the relationship between residential segregation and poor self-rated health for the three largest racial/ethnic minority groups in the US (Blacks, Latinos and Asians), with Whites serving as a comparison group. Moreover, I analyze a variety of factors which could account for this association based on theories of segregation, including economic considerations and immigration. Overall, I find a strong association between racial residential segregation and poor self-rated health across all of the three largest racial/ethnic minority groups in the US. However, this association is partially accounted for by economic factors in the case of Black Americans and fully accounted for by immigration in the case of Asian Americans. These results suggest that segregation should be an important consideration in our understanding of minority health disparities.
{"title":"Residential Segregation and Health Outcomes in the United States: Moving Beyond Black and White","authors":"K. Anderson","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2016.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2016.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Recent research in the United States has found a strong negative association between segregation and minority health outcomes. However, few studies have been conducted which examine this relationship in light of the theoretical processes which could produce such an association. Further, the bulk of this literature is focused on the Black case with little attention as to how this may affect other racial/ethnic minority groups. Using the 2011-2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) combined with metropolitan-level data, I examine the relationship between residential segregation and poor self-rated health for the three largest racial/ethnic minority groups in the US (Blacks, Latinos and Asians), with Whites serving as a comparison group. Moreover, I analyze a variety of factors which could account for this association based on theories of segregation, including economic considerations and immigration. Overall, I find a strong association between racial residential segregation and poor self-rated health across all of the three largest racial/ethnic minority groups in the US. However, this association is partially accounted for by economic factors in the case of Black Americans and fully accounted for by immigration in the case of Asian Americans. These results suggest that segregation should be an important consideration in our understanding of minority health disparities.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"32 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78966899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Badasu, S. Kwankye, O. Sanuade, A. El-Adas, K. Atuahene
Level of religiosity is an indicator of the degree of involvement of people in religious beliefs/activities and a measure of attitudes to sexual-related activities, such as casual sex or using condoms to avert unplanned pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections. This paper uses nationally representative cross-sectional data collected in 2011/2012 to examine the relationship between religiosity and the likelihood of engaging in casual sex and condom use in Ghana. A sample of 4,168 males and females was used to assess sexual activities and condom use with casual sexual partner using binary logistic regression analysis. The study was based on the Reference Group Theory which suggests that religious teachings often dictate the sexual behaviors/attitudes of individuals and was informed by the fact that most conventional religions discourage pre-marital sex and adultery. The study examined how religiosity expressed by individuals impacts casual sex, which is considered a form of adultery. An attempt was made to discover if religiosity impacts condom use as a form of protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancy. The results indicate that persons who attend religious meetings more than once a week are less likely to have a casual sexual partner compared to others who attend occasionally or less frequently. No differences between groups with lower level of religiosity are apparent. The level of religiosity did not affect condom use among those who have sex, when other variables are controlled for. Differences in age, sex, level of education, rural/urban residency and marital status are statistically related to condom use with a casual sex partner. The paper concludes that condom use with a casual sex partner may not largely depend on how religious or otherwise one may be, but rather on the individual’s risk perception based on a person’s socioeconomic status, particularly with respect to a person’s level of education.
{"title":"Religiosity and Condom Use with Casual Sex Partners in Ghana","authors":"D. Badasu, S. Kwankye, O. Sanuade, A. El-Adas, K. Atuahene","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2016.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2016.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Level of religiosity is an indicator of the degree of involvement of people in religious beliefs/activities and a measure of attitudes to sexual-related activities, such as casual sex or using condoms to avert unplanned pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections. This paper uses nationally representative cross-sectional data collected in 2011/2012 to examine the relationship between religiosity and the likelihood of engaging in casual sex and condom use in Ghana. A sample of 4,168 males and females was used to assess sexual activities and condom use with casual sexual partner using binary logistic regression analysis. The study was based on the Reference Group Theory which suggests that religious teachings often dictate the sexual behaviors/attitudes of individuals and was informed by the fact that most conventional religions discourage pre-marital sex and adultery. The study examined how religiosity expressed by individuals impacts casual sex, which is considered a form of adultery. An attempt was made to discover if religiosity impacts condom use as a form of protection against HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancy. The results indicate that persons who attend religious meetings more than once a week are less likely to have a casual sexual partner compared to others who attend occasionally or less frequently. No differences between groups with lower level of religiosity are apparent. The level of religiosity did not affect condom use among those who have sex, when other variables are controlled for. Differences in age, sex, level of education, rural/urban residency and marital status are statistically related to condom use with a casual sex partner. The paper concludes that condom use with a casual sex partner may not largely depend on how religious or otherwise one may be, but rather on the individual’s risk perception based on a person’s socioeconomic status, particularly with respect to a person’s level of education.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"142 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86749837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes time trends in life expectancy at birth in sub-Saharan Africa, allowing the errors to be I(d), where d is a fractional value, instead of making the usual, more restrictive assumptions of I(0) or I(1) errors. The results indicate that the order of integration of the series varies across countries: some are I(d) with d significantly below 1 (which implies mean-reverting behavior), some are I(1) and the remainder exhibit orders of integration significantly above 1. The time trend coefficients are in some cases substantially different from those estimated under the assumptions of I(0) or I(1) errors. There is evidence of a positive trend in most countries, the highest coefficients being those for Gambia, Ethiopia, Mali, Liberia and Cape Verde.
{"title":"Estimating Time Trends in Life Expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"G. Caporale, L. Gil‐Alana","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2016.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2016.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes time trends in life expectancy at birth in sub-Saharan Africa, allowing the errors to be I(d), where d is a fractional value, instead of making the usual, more restrictive assumptions of I(0) or I(1) errors. The results indicate that the order of integration of the series varies across countries: some are I(d) with d significantly below 1 (which implies mean-reverting behavior), some are I(1) and the remainder exhibit orders of integration significantly above 1. The time trend coefficients are in some cases substantially different from those estimated under the assumptions of I(0) or I(1) errors. There is evidence of a positive trend in most countries, the highest coefficients being those for Gambia, Ethiopia, Mali, Liberia and Cape Verde.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"15 22 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72639328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Paterno, L. Salaris, Giuseppe Gabrielli, N. Tedesco
Abstract: The inclusion of immigrants in local labor markets is a complex process that is influenced by the local labor market’s structural and individual characteristics, social networks and migratory projects. We test the contrasting assimilation hypothesis with the segmented assimilation hypothesis and verify the presence of ethnic penalties among immigrants who originate from specific countries/areas. We use data from the Continuous Survey on the Italian Labor Forces to compare the levels of employment and the conditions of immigrants with natives in the Italian labor market in 2010. Subsequently, we focus on the main determinants of time-related underemployment and underqualified employment. The results show that immigrants assume higher risks than native Italians of experiencing the worst conditions. The results also suggest that the segmented assimilation theory applies to the Italian case. Given the existing geographical gradient in the Italian productive system, the economic sector of employment plays an important role in the working conditions that affect men and women differently. Immigrants are unable to improve their occupational situation over time, and the gap between their educational levels and employment positions persists. Moreover, the risk to be “trapped” in underqualified employment is amplified for immigrants who originate from specific countries/areas, which suggests the presence of ethnic penalties.
{"title":"Immigrants and Autochthonous People in the Italian Labor Market: A Comparative Study","authors":"A. Paterno, L. Salaris, Giuseppe Gabrielli, N. Tedesco","doi":"10.1353/PRV.2016.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/PRV.2016.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The inclusion of immigrants in local labor markets is a complex process that is influenced by the local labor market’s structural and individual characteristics, social networks and migratory projects. We test the contrasting assimilation hypothesis with the segmented assimilation hypothesis and verify the presence of ethnic penalties among immigrants who originate from specific countries/areas. We use data from the Continuous Survey on the Italian Labor Forces to compare the levels of employment and the conditions of immigrants with natives in the Italian labor market in 2010. Subsequently, we focus on the main determinants of time-related underemployment and underqualified employment. The results show that immigrants assume higher risks than native Italians of experiencing the worst conditions. The results also suggest that the segmented assimilation theory applies to the Italian case. Given the existing geographical gradient in the Italian productive system, the economic sector of employment plays an important role in the working conditions that affect men and women differently. Immigrants are unable to improve their occupational situation over time, and the gap between their educational levels and employment positions persists. Moreover, the risk to be “trapped” in underqualified employment is amplified for immigrants who originate from specific countries/areas, which suggests the presence of ethnic penalties.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77604142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-02-02DOI: 10.1353/prv.2016.a616118
M. Tariq, Seema Rath, Fadzai Mushoriwa, Sunitha C. Srinivas
Abstract: The epidemic rise in cardiovascular diseases, the primary cause of global mortality, is a major impediment to human sustainable development as it leads to heavy expenditure on chronic treatment and loss in income and productivity due to increased morbidity and mortality. Raised blood pressure is one of the more potent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. High dietary salt consumption triggers an increase in blood pressure and also adversely affects other vital organs, such as the kidneys. The global mean per capita salt intake is almost twice the recommended amount of 5 g/day. Member States of the World Health Organization have thus set a global target of 30% reduction in salt intake by 2025 to address the current health and development challenges, especially those posed to low and middle income countries. This paper compares certain aspects of the policies (and the implementation of those policies) that are aimed at the reduction of salt intake in South Africa and India with those in Canada and the United Kingdom. As developing countries, South Africa and India already face lower levels of development and greater health challenges due to the double burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. This is further exacerbated by these two countries having a large adult population with the increased challenges of raised blood pressure. South Africa and India could benefit from adopting (with appropriate modifications) successful approaches to salt reduction that have been implemented in the UK and Canada. Adoption of sustainable, context-specific, culturally appropriate salt-reduction strategies are needed to reduce death and disability caused by excessive salt intake.
{"title":"Health and Sustainable Development Challenges of the 21st Century: A Comparative Analysis of Salt Reduction Strategies","authors":"M. Tariq, Seema Rath, Fadzai Mushoriwa, Sunitha C. Srinivas","doi":"10.1353/prv.2016.a616118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/prv.2016.a616118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The epidemic rise in cardiovascular diseases, the primary cause of global mortality, is a major impediment to human sustainable development as it leads to heavy expenditure on chronic treatment and loss in income and productivity due to increased morbidity and mortality. Raised blood pressure is one of the more potent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. High dietary salt consumption triggers an increase in blood pressure and also adversely affects other vital organs, such as the kidneys. The global mean per capita salt intake is almost twice the recommended amount of 5 g/day. Member States of the World Health Organization have thus set a global target of 30% reduction in salt intake by 2025 to address the current health and development challenges, especially those posed to low and middle income countries. This paper compares certain aspects of the policies (and the implementation of those policies) that are aimed at the reduction of salt intake in South Africa and India with those in Canada and the United Kingdom. As developing countries, South Africa and India already face lower levels of development and greater health challenges due to the double burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases. This is further exacerbated by these two countries having a large adult population with the increased challenges of raised blood pressure. South Africa and India could benefit from adopting (with appropriate modifications) successful approaches to salt reduction that have been implemented in the UK and Canada. Adoption of sustainable, context-specific, culturally appropriate salt-reduction strategies are needed to reduce death and disability caused by excessive salt intake.","PeriodicalId":43131,"journal":{"name":"Population Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"-"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2016-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91087593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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