Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-5
V. M. Shevchenko, Antonina V. Miamlina, Alexander Yu. Kamenev
The article developed a model for the launch of a new goods in the herbicide group of the Bayer CropScience agricultural division of Bayer LLC to the consumer market. It was established that the agricultural market and the pesticide market in particular grow by an average of 3% annually. But over the past 30 years, no new mechanisms of action of herbicides have been invented. This hinders the emergence of new active substances, which may be part of new drugs of this type. Therefore, due to its innovativeness and own production, the company is developing a new formulation of the already existing drug in the herbicide group. It is noted that it is appropriate to plan the launch of a new goods in the herbicide group using the SOSTAC model. According to this model, clear goals are set that the company must achieve during the year. Business growth strategies selected: 1) market penetration strategy (means that growth will occur in the direction of increasing the share of the current product market; can be used when the market is not yet saturated, advantages over competitors can be obtained as a result of lower production costs, more active advertising); 2) product development strategy (means that the source of the company’s growth is the growth in demand for new products; the creation of new product modifications for existing markets). It is emphasized that the implementation of both strategies should be carried out simultaneously in synergy, which will allow covering the maximum number of market needs, increasing the loyalty of existing customers and attracting new consumers of the company’s products. It is determined that when launching a new goods to market, the company can set the upper or lower level for each of the marketing variables - price, promotion, distribution and quality of the goods. Taking into account the peculiarities of the new goods the use of the tactics of quick skimming will be the most optimal and acceptable option to achieve the company’s goals. Its use is advisable in cases where the market size is small, most potential buyers are aware of the quality characteristics of the product and are ready to pay a high price for it (that is, «innovative buyers»), while there are few potential competitors. If most consumers in a small market have little idea of the product, then measures should be taken to inform them. Then a high price, combined with intense stimulus, can ensure the quick conquest of part of the market. Considering the above, the article developed tactical solutions and compiled a marketing budget for the launch of a new goods to the consumer market. It has been proven that compliance with the proposed measures will allow the company to prepare as efficiently as possible for the launch of a new goods and its distribution, as well as to forecast sales and profits for the coming period.
{"title":"DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR THE LAUNCH OF A NEW GOODS IN THE HERBICIDE GROUP OF THE AGRARIAN DIVISION «BAYER CROPSCIENCE» TO THE CONSUMER MARKET","authors":"V. M. Shevchenko, Antonina V. Miamlina, Alexander Yu. Kamenev","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-5","url":null,"abstract":"The article developed a model for the launch of a new goods in the herbicide group of the Bayer CropScience agricultural division of Bayer LLC to the consumer market. It was established that the agricultural market and the pesticide market in particular grow by an average of 3% annually. But over the past 30 years, no new mechanisms of action of herbicides have been invented. This hinders the emergence of new active substances, which may be part of new drugs of this type. Therefore, due to its innovativeness and own production, the company is developing a new formulation of the already existing drug in the herbicide group. It is noted that it is appropriate to plan the launch of a new goods in the herbicide group using the SOSTAC model. According to this model, clear goals are set that the company must achieve during the year. Business growth strategies selected: 1) market penetration strategy (means that growth will occur in the direction of increasing the share of the current product market; can be used when the market is not yet saturated, advantages over competitors can be obtained as a result of lower production costs, more active advertising); 2) product development strategy (means that the source of the company’s growth is the growth in demand for new products; the creation of new product modifications for existing markets). It is emphasized that the implementation of both strategies should be carried out simultaneously in synergy, which will allow covering the maximum number of market needs, increasing the loyalty of existing customers and attracting new consumers of the company’s products. It is determined that when launching a new goods to market, the company can set the upper or lower level for each of the marketing variables - price, promotion, distribution and quality of the goods. Taking into account the peculiarities of the new goods the use of the tactics of quick skimming will be the most optimal and acceptable option to achieve the company’s goals. Its use is advisable in cases where the market size is small, most potential buyers are aware of the quality characteristics of the product and are ready to pay a high price for it (that is, «innovative buyers»), while there are few potential competitors. If most consumers in a small market have little idea of the product, then measures should be taken to inform them. Then a high price, combined with intense stimulus, can ensure the quick conquest of part of the market. Considering the above, the article developed tactical solutions and compiled a marketing budget for the launch of a new goods to the consumer market. It has been proven that compliance with the proposed measures will allow the company to prepare as efficiently as possible for the launch of a new goods and its distribution, as well as to forecast sales and profits for the coming period.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"109 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79321116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-1
A. Mahdich
The countries of Northeast Asia were the first countries in the world, which faced the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, the epicenter of which was the city of Wuhan in the Chinese province of Hubei. As of the end of March, the spread of the pandemic has been brought under control. Compared to other sub-regions in Asia and the Pacific, Northeast Asia was relatively well prepared for COVID-19 in terms of health systems, access to basic services and connectivity. The national response to COVID-19 was quick and varied. The governments have adopted numerous policies to contain the spread of the virus, as well as to address growing socio-economic challenges and mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of China, the Republic of Korea and Japan have leveraged an existing memorandum of cooperation and a joint action plan to implement joint responses to pandemic influenza and new and re-emerging infectious diseases. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessary containment measures have resulted in a sharp decline in economic activity, widespread loss of jobs and livelihoods and disruptions in the provision of basic services. In 2020, the countries in the region experienced a marked economic decline. After a significant drop in domestic demand and trade disruptions in the first half of 2020, the second half of 2020 was characterized by a gradual recovery in exports, there are currently signs of a recovery. The aim of current research was to investigate the practices of the three Asian countries – China, the Republic of Korea and Japan – in supporting businesses and citizens who found themselves in a difficult life situation due to the coronavirus, in order to identify optimal examples of economic policy during pandemic. The most effective measures to support the economy of China during the COVID-19 pandemic were food supply; control over the increase in the production; online services launched by the government. The most effective measures to support the economy of the Republic of Korea were: the Bank of Korea has cut its key rate to a record low benchmark; the Bank of Korea has provided the loans to the country’s commercial banks; the country’s government has allocated considerable funds to support South Korean SMEs; Korea Trade and Investment Promotion Agency has actively developed a global online trading platform; consumption taxes in case of car purchases have been reduced significantly to support the market; the enterprises with an annual turnover of less than Korean WON 60 million won have been provided with VAT exemptions. The most effective measures which have been taken by the government of Japan to were: there have been allocated USD 4.1 billion to support Japanese SMEs; there has been announced the development of a package of large-scale measures to support the country’s economy; there have been introduced special conditions for lending to SMEs; the activities of the companies involved
以中国湖北省武汉市为中心的新型冠状病毒感染症(COVID-19)疫情，东北亚国家是世界上最早受到威胁的国家。截至3月底，疫情蔓延已得到控制。与亚太其他次区域相比，东北亚在卫生系统、获得基本服务和连通性方面为COVID-19做好了相对充分的准备。国家对COVID-19的反应迅速而多样。各国政府采取了许多政策来遏制病毒的传播，并应对日益严峻的社会经济挑战，减轻COVID-19大流行的影响。为应对2019冠状病毒病大流行，中国、韩国和日本政府利用现有的合作备忘录和联合行动计划，实施联合应对大流行性流感以及新发和再发传染病的措施。然而，2019冠状病毒病大流行和必要的遏制措施导致经济活动急剧下降，就业和生计普遍丧失，基本服务的提供中断。2020年，该地区国家的经济出现了明显下滑。在经历了2020年上半年国内需求大幅下降和贸易中断之后，2020年下半年的特点是出口逐步复苏，目前有复苏的迹象。本次研究的目的是调查中国、韩国和日本这三个亚洲国家在支持因冠状病毒而陷入困境的企业和公民方面的做法，以确定大流行期间经济政策的最佳范例。在新冠肺炎疫情期间，支持中国经济最有效的措施是粮食供应;对产量增长的控制;政府推出网上服务。支持韩国经济的最有效措施是:韩国央行(Bank of Korea)将基准利率降至创纪录低点;韩国银行(Bank of Korea)向国内商业银行提供贷款;韩国政府已拨出大量资金支持韩国中小企业;韩国贸易投资振兴公社积极开发全球网上交易平台;购买汽车的消费税大幅降低，以支持市场;对年营业额在6000万韩元以下的企业免征增值税。日本政府采取的最有效的措施是:拨出41亿美元支持日本中小企业;已经宣布制定一揽子大规模措施来支持国家经济;向中小企业提供贷款的特别条件;参与防治这一流行病的公司的活动得到了补贴;简化进出口和关税配额证书的许可证续期程序;日本央行将交易所交易基金(ETF)回购计划扩大了一倍，达到1120亿美元;对不能工作的公民给予补助;组织了支援中小企业的咨询服务;对于被迫将部分员工送去度假或培训的中小企业，国家将在100天内支付4/5的强制休假费用。
{"title":"POLICY RESPONSE OF ASIAN ECONOMIES TO COVID-2019 PANDEMIC: CHINA, THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA, JAPAN","authors":"A. Mahdich","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-1","url":null,"abstract":"The countries of Northeast Asia were the first countries in the world, which faced the threat of the COVID-19 pandemic, the epicenter of which was the city of Wuhan in the Chinese province of Hubei. As of the end of March, the spread of the pandemic has been brought under control. Compared to other sub-regions in Asia and the Pacific, Northeast Asia was relatively well prepared for COVID-19 in terms of health systems, access to basic services and connectivity. The national response to COVID-19 was quick and varied. The governments have adopted numerous policies to contain the spread of the virus, as well as to address growing socio-economic challenges and mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of China, the Republic of Korea and Japan have leveraged an existing memorandum of cooperation and a joint action plan to implement joint responses to pandemic influenza and new and re-emerging infectious diseases. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and the necessary containment measures have resulted in a sharp decline in economic activity, widespread loss of jobs and livelihoods and disruptions in the provision of basic services. In 2020, the countries in the region experienced a marked economic decline. After a significant drop in domestic demand and trade disruptions in the first half of 2020, the second half of 2020 was characterized by a gradual recovery in exports, there are currently signs of a recovery. The aim of current research was to investigate the practices of the three Asian countries – China, the Republic of Korea and Japan – in supporting businesses and citizens who found themselves in a difficult life situation due to the coronavirus, in order to identify optimal examples of economic policy during pandemic. The most effective measures to support the economy of China during the COVID-19 pandemic were food supply; control over the increase in the production; online services launched by the government. The most effective measures to support the economy of the Republic of Korea were: the Bank of Korea has cut its key rate to a record low benchmark; the Bank of Korea has provided the loans to the country’s commercial banks; the country’s government has allocated considerable funds to support South Korean SMEs; Korea Trade and Investment Promotion Agency has actively developed a global online trading platform; consumption taxes in case of car purchases have been reduced significantly to support the market; the enterprises with an annual turnover of less than Korean WON 60 million won have been provided with VAT exemptions. The most effective measures which have been taken by the government of Japan to were: there have been allocated USD 4.1 billion to support Japanese SMEs; there has been announced the development of a package of large-scale measures to support the country’s economy; there have been introduced special conditions for lending to SMEs; the activities of the companies involved","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88774027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-4
I. M. Miro
The article is dedicated to the problems of ensuring the banking security in Ukraine. Theoretical and methodological provisions for security assessment of the banking system in Ukraine have been considered, the directions of its development have been substantiated. Banking security is the level of financial stability of the country’s banking institutions, which allows to ensure the efficiency of the country’s banking system and protection from external and internal destabilizing factors, regardless of the operation conditions. The article analyzes the banking security on the basis of the approach given in the Order № 1277 “On approval of Guidelines for assessment of the economic security level in Ukraine” from 29.10.2013. The leading safety indicators have been calculated. Owing to the rationing of indicators and the share of each indicator being taken into account, the Integrated Indicator of Banking Security in Ukraine in the dynamics for 2010–2020 has been calculated. Each indicator separately and the integrated indicator of banking security in dynamics have been analyzed. During the analyzed period, the highest level of security of the banking system in Ukraine was observed in 2013, and the lowest – in 2015. During 2014–2015, the level of security in the banking sector decreased twice – from an almost satisfactory level (0.61) to an almost critical level (0.30). The reasons for the negative trends have been presented and ways to enhance the level of security have been suggested. Based on the assessment, the most significant threats have been identified, such as: high level (share) of non-performing loans in the banking system in Ukraine (their share is one of the highest in the world); strengthening of the imbalance of long-term loans and deposits, as a result the deficit of so-called “long resources”, which are an important prerequisite for the resumption of economic growth in Ukraine and in the long run a source of income for banks; strengthening of the influence of capital of foreign financial groups: almost critical part of foreign capital in the banking system, which fluctuates between a dangerous level of 40% and a critical level of 60%, with such a trend, there may be a partial or complete loss of independence in the banking sector of Ukraine; return on assets (ROA) shows extremely negative results and is characterized as non-profit; high degree of concentration of the banking system in Ukraine: the share of assets of the five largest banks in 2019–2020 decreased compared to 2018, but still remains more critical: 86 and 74%, respectively, but this decrease is insignificant, it is necessary to continue demonopolization in the banking sector to bring this figure closer to the optimal 30%.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF BANKING SECURITY IN UKRAINE AS THE COMPONENT OF FINANCIAL SECURITY IN UKRAINE","authors":"I. M. Miro","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-4","url":null,"abstract":"The article is dedicated to the problems of ensuring the banking security in Ukraine. Theoretical and methodological provisions for security assessment of the banking system in Ukraine have been considered, the directions of its development have been substantiated. Banking security is the level of financial stability of the country’s banking institutions, which allows to ensure the efficiency of the country’s banking system and protection from external and internal destabilizing factors, regardless of the operation conditions. The article analyzes the banking security on the basis of the approach given in the Order № 1277 “On approval of Guidelines for assessment of the economic security level in Ukraine” from 29.10.2013. The leading safety indicators have been calculated. Owing to the rationing of indicators and the share of each indicator being taken into account, the Integrated Indicator of Banking Security in Ukraine in the dynamics for 2010–2020 has been calculated. Each indicator separately and the integrated indicator of banking security in dynamics have been analyzed. During the analyzed period, the highest level of security of the banking system in Ukraine was observed in 2013, and the lowest – in 2015. During 2014–2015, the level of security in the banking sector decreased twice – from an almost satisfactory level (0.61) to an almost critical level (0.30). The reasons for the negative trends have been presented and ways to enhance the level of security have been suggested. Based on the assessment, the most significant threats have been identified, such as: high level (share) of non-performing loans in the banking system in Ukraine (their share is one of the highest in the world); strengthening of the imbalance of long-term loans and deposits, as a result the deficit of so-called “long resources”, which are an important prerequisite for the resumption of economic growth in Ukraine and in the long run a source of income for banks; strengthening of the influence of capital of foreign financial groups: almost critical part of foreign capital in the banking system, which fluctuates between a dangerous level of 40% and a critical level of 60%, with such a trend, there may be a partial or complete loss of independence in the banking sector of Ukraine; return on assets (ROA) shows extremely negative results and is characterized as non-profit; high degree of concentration of the banking system in Ukraine: the share of assets of the five largest banks in 2019–2020 decreased compared to 2018, but still remains more critical: 86 and 74%, respectively, but this decrease is insignificant, it is necessary to continue demonopolization in the banking sector to bring this figure closer to the optimal 30%.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85006774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-9
R. Kliuchnyk
The article provides an attempt at complex analysis of the development of Iran`s economy under the sanctions imposed by the USA and other countries. Some background issues in the development of the modern Iranian regime have been considered. The role of the Iranian Revolution in the relations between Iran and the Western world has been analyzed. A brief historic overview of anti-Iranian sanctions has been given. The Iran hostage crisis in 1979 has been mentioned among the first events that lead to sanctions. According to the 1981 Algiers Accords, the USA promised to remove the freeze on Iranian assets and trade sanctions on Iran. Special attention has been paid to the nuclear program of Iran. The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant has been considered as a successful example of Iran’s nuclear program development. The point of view of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the President of Iran in 2005-2013, as well as opinions of other Iranian officials about nuclear energy have been considered. Also, the attitude of American officials to Iran (e.g. inclusion of Iran to the list of rogue states) has been considered. Iran is one of the few countries in the world that are able to construct nuclear weapons. So, the Western countries including the USA are trying to prevent Iran from achieving this, even though Iranian officials deny any military use of nuclear energy. The importance of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action signed in 2015 has been underlined. The sceptical attitude of the President of the USA Donald Trump (2017-2021) to CLARIFY Iran’s professions of peace OR plans for peaceful engagement with Iran? has been noted. The Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act has been given as an example of anti-Iranian policy. The cases of attacks on tankers of Iran and other countries in the recent years have been mentioned. The example of the Shetab electronic banking clearance and automated payments system used in Iran and other countries is noted. It is mentioned that Iran’s automotive industry is comparatively successful. It is proved that the country’s economy has in general grown accustomed to the international sanctions. The importance of Iran`s political and economic cooperation with Russia, Syria, North Korea and other countries has been underlined. All of these countries are ruled by extremely authoritarian regimes. Attention is paid to the comparatively closed economic system of Iran that makes its complex study more difficult than it would otherwise be. The article has been written with the use of different scientific methods and the most up-to-date sources. It is of interest for researchers, students and other people who are interested in international economic relations.
{"title":"THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF IRAN UNDER SANCTIONS","authors":"R. Kliuchnyk","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-9","url":null,"abstract":"The article provides an attempt at complex analysis of the development of Iran`s economy under the sanctions imposed by the USA and other countries. Some background issues in the development of the modern Iranian regime have been considered. The role of the Iranian Revolution in the relations between Iran and the Western world has been analyzed. A brief historic overview of anti-Iranian sanctions has been given. The Iran hostage crisis in 1979 has been mentioned among the first events that lead to sanctions. According to the 1981 Algiers Accords, the USA promised to remove the freeze on Iranian assets and trade sanctions on Iran. Special attention has been paid to the nuclear program of Iran. The Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant has been considered as a successful example of Iran’s nuclear program development. The point of view of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, the President of Iran in 2005-2013, as well as opinions of other Iranian officials about nuclear energy have been considered. Also, the attitude of American officials to Iran (e.g. inclusion of Iran to the list of rogue states) has been considered. Iran is one of the few countries in the world that are able to construct nuclear weapons. So, the Western countries including the USA are trying to prevent Iran from achieving this, even though Iranian officials deny any military use of nuclear energy. The importance of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action signed in 2015 has been underlined. The sceptical attitude of the President of the USA Donald Trump (2017-2021) to CLARIFY Iran’s professions of peace OR plans for peaceful engagement with Iran? has been noted. The Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act has been given as an example of anti-Iranian policy. The cases of attacks on tankers of Iran and other countries in the recent years have been mentioned. The example of the Shetab electronic banking clearance and automated payments system used in Iran and other countries is noted. It is mentioned that Iran’s automotive industry is comparatively successful. It is proved that the country’s economy has in general grown accustomed to the international sanctions. The importance of Iran`s political and economic cooperation with Russia, Syria, North Korea and other countries has been underlined. All of these countries are ruled by extremely authoritarian regimes. Attention is paid to the comparatively closed economic system of Iran that makes its complex study more difficult than it would otherwise be. The article has been written with the use of different scientific methods and the most up-to-date sources. It is of interest for researchers, students and other people who are interested in international economic relations.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83899315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-2
S. Berzon
The article attempts to quantify the main parameters that characterize the economic crisis in Ukraine. Historical and systemic approaches are used as a basis of research methodology. In the course of the research the following methods were used: analysis to determine the comparative dynamics of macroeconomic indicators; Fourier analysis to determine the cyclical nature of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators, the calculation of the duration and length of cycles; f-statistics to confirm the validity of the performed theoretical approximation of the lines of dynamics; analysis of variance to assess the variability of macroeconomic indicators; synthesis to build a time map of the aggravation of the crisis period of Ukraine’s economy. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators for the period 2010- 2020 in a quarterly manner. The cyclical nature of such dynamics is determined and formalized, with confirmation of reliability by means of f-statistics at the level of not less than 0.95. Two cycles of dynamics of macroeconomic indicators lasting 4 and 48 quarters were revealed. The beginning (IV quarter of 2010 / I quarter of 2011) and the end (IV quarter of 2023 / I quarter of 2024) of the modern period of economic crisis in Ukraine are determined. The variability of macroeconomic indicators according to their empirical values and deviations from the theoretical approximation of time lines is estimated and it is confirmed that the basis of variability of the analyzed indicators is their random fluctuations around the theoretical approximation of time lines. It was found that the greatest variability is inherent in price indices (consumer and industrial producers). The article further develops the methodological and practical principles of preventing the development of crisis processes in Ukraine by confirming their cyclicality and determining the duration of cycles, which allows to justify the application of countercyclical measures taking into account the specifics of quantitative patterns of crisis processes. The obtained results will contribute to the improvement of state regulation of economic development of Ukraine, taking into account its cyclical nature and duration of the current socioeconomic crisis.
{"title":"QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CRISIS IN UKRAINE","authors":"S. Berzon","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article attempts to quantify the main parameters that characterize the economic crisis in Ukraine. Historical and systemic approaches are used as a basis of research methodology. In the course of the research the following methods were used: analysis to determine the comparative dynamics of macroeconomic indicators; Fourier analysis to determine the cyclical nature of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators, the calculation of the duration and length of cycles; f-statistics to confirm the validity of the performed theoretical approximation of the lines of dynamics; analysis of variance to assess the variability of macroeconomic indicators; synthesis to build a time map of the aggravation of the crisis period of Ukraine’s economy. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators for the period 2010- 2020 in a quarterly manner. The cyclical nature of such dynamics is determined and formalized, with confirmation of reliability by means of f-statistics at the level of not less than 0.95. Two cycles of dynamics of macroeconomic indicators lasting 4 and 48 quarters were revealed. The beginning (IV quarter of 2010 / I quarter of 2011) and the end (IV quarter of 2023 / I quarter of 2024) of the modern period of economic crisis in Ukraine are determined. The variability of macroeconomic indicators according to their empirical values and deviations from the theoretical approximation of time lines is estimated and it is confirmed that the basis of variability of the analyzed indicators is their random fluctuations around the theoretical approximation of time lines. It was found that the greatest variability is inherent in price indices (consumer and industrial producers). The article further develops the methodological and practical principles of preventing the development of crisis processes in Ukraine by confirming their cyclicality and determining the duration of cycles, which allows to justify the application of countercyclical measures taking into account the specifics of quantitative patterns of crisis processes. The obtained results will contribute to the improvement of state regulation of economic development of Ukraine, taking into account its cyclical nature and duration of the current socioeconomic crisis.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88713452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-3
O. Zadoia
The article is devoted to the analysis of absolute and relative indicators of Ukraine’s public debt in order to identify threats to its economic security. A critical analysis of the “Guidelines for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine” in terms of assessing external threats and substantiated proposals for their improvement. The dynamics of total public debt in general and external debt, in particular, has been specially studied; the ratio of public debt to GDP and the state budget; public debt service costs. Particular attention is paid to the IMF composite index, which allows to assess the adequacy of official gold and foreign exchange reserves to cover the needs of external debt. According to the analysis, most of Ukraine’s public debt indicators exceed the established thresholds, which poses a real threat to the country’s economic security. If the ratio of public debt to GDP in recent years has been reduced to the upper limit of the safe level, the parameters of the ratio of external debt to the state budget and the share of expenditures on servicing government debt are twice the Ukrainian values. This situation can create a problem with timely repayment of debts, which will reduce the confidence of creditors and increase the cost of new borrowing and will push Ukraine to enter the debt spiral. This necessitates the development of a system of special measures to stabilize the situation both by reducing debt and maintenance costs, and by increasing state budget revenues. At the same time, such an important indicator as the composite index of the IMF for the last 6 years has not only seen a positive trend, but also the achievement (and even a slight excess) of the normative value. This is evidence of the potential of the Ukrainian economy to solve the problem of debt without particularly negative consequences, both internal and external.
{"title":"GOVERNMENT DEBT AS A THREAT TO THE COUNTRY’S ECONOMIC SECURITY","authors":"O. Zadoia","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-3","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of absolute and relative indicators of Ukraine’s public debt in order to identify threats to its economic security. A critical analysis of the “Guidelines for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine” in terms of assessing external threats and substantiated proposals for their improvement. The dynamics of total public debt in general and external debt, in particular, has been specially studied; the ratio of public debt to GDP and the state budget; public debt service costs. Particular attention is paid to the IMF composite index, which allows to assess the adequacy of official gold and foreign exchange reserves to cover the needs of external debt. According to the analysis, most of Ukraine’s public debt indicators exceed the established thresholds, which poses a real threat to the country’s economic security. If the ratio of public debt to GDP in recent years has been reduced to the upper limit of the safe level, the parameters of the ratio of external debt to the state budget and the share of expenditures on servicing government debt are twice the Ukrainian values. This situation can create a problem with timely repayment of debts, which will reduce the confidence of creditors and increase the cost of new borrowing and will push Ukraine to enter the debt spiral. This necessitates the development of a system of special measures to stabilize the situation both by reducing debt and maintenance costs, and by increasing state budget revenues. At the same time, such an important indicator as the composite index of the IMF for the last 6 years has not only seen a positive trend, but also the achievement (and even a slight excess) of the normative value. This is evidence of the potential of the Ukrainian economy to solve the problem of debt without particularly negative consequences, both internal and external.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84376036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-6
Anastasiia D. Mostova, Tetiana A. Pozniakova
The article substantiates the need to create and improve an effective management system for distribution and sales of a trade enterprise. The efficiency of distribution and sales policy of a trade enterprise is shown. The main shortcomings and problems are analyzed. In the logistics system of the enterprise there is a significant amount of unproductive losses. In particular, the company has a long period of inventory turnover and low turnover, a significant amount of time is lost in the delivery of goods to the consumer, which requires significant financial investment in inventory storage. The peculiarities of the scientifically substantiated concept of lean production are investigated. Its application for further development of the sales management system of the trade enterprise is recommended. The essence of lean production is to eliminate actions that take time but do not create value, as well as to create conditions during which other actions that create value are integrated into the ongoing logistics process. A set of measures is proposed, which provide for the reorganization of the scheme of logistics processes at the enterprise to optimize business processes between structural units and eliminate resource losses in the logistics chain. The main conditions for building a system of economic distribution in the studied enterprise are formulated. In particular, it is necessary to determine what shapes the value of goods for customers, and increase it. It is necessary to determine all the necessary actions in the chain of work with the consumer and eliminate the loss of time and money. Restructure all stages of work so that they represent continuous business processes. The introduction of CRM-system for automation of business processes and interaction with clients is substantiated. The market research of CRM-systems is carried out and the optimal CRMsystem for the considered enterprise is determined. Carrying out an analysis of the feasibility of the proposed solutions, the project risk assessment is provided. The most probable and dangerous risks for the project are shown, in particular: difficulty with mastering the software by the personnel of the organization, lack of experience of employees for project implementation, lack of expected result from CRM-system implementation, resistance to changes. Conclusions are made on the prospects of implementing a CRM-system to improve the management system of distribution and sales of a trading company.
{"title":"IMPROVEMENTS IN MANAGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION AND SALE OF PRODUCTS OF A TRADE ENTERPRISE USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES","authors":"Anastasiia D. Mostova, Tetiana A. Pozniakova","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-6","url":null,"abstract":"The article substantiates the need to create and improve an effective management system for distribution and sales of a trade enterprise. The efficiency of distribution and sales policy of a trade enterprise is shown. The main shortcomings and problems are analyzed. In the logistics system of the enterprise there is a significant amount of unproductive losses. In particular, the company has a long period of inventory turnover and low turnover, a significant amount of time is lost in the delivery of goods to the consumer, which requires significant financial investment in inventory storage. The peculiarities of the scientifically substantiated concept of lean production are investigated. Its application for further development of the sales management system of the trade enterprise is recommended. The essence of lean production is to eliminate actions that take time but do not create value, as well as to create conditions during which other actions that create value are integrated into the ongoing logistics process. A set of measures is proposed, which provide for the reorganization of the scheme of logistics processes at the enterprise to optimize business processes between structural units and eliminate resource losses in the logistics chain. The main conditions for building a system of economic distribution in the studied enterprise are formulated. In particular, it is necessary to determine what shapes the value of goods for customers, and increase it. It is necessary to determine all the necessary actions in the chain of work with the consumer and eliminate the loss of time and money. Restructure all stages of work so that they represent continuous business processes. The introduction of CRM-system for automation of business processes and interaction with clients is substantiated. The market research of CRM-systems is carried out and the optimal CRMsystem for the considered enterprise is determined. Carrying out an analysis of the feasibility of the proposed solutions, the project risk assessment is provided. The most probable and dangerous risks for the project are shown, in particular: difficulty with mastering the software by the personnel of the organization, lack of experience of employees for project implementation, lack of expected result from CRM-system implementation, resistance to changes. Conclusions are made on the prospects of implementing a CRM-system to improve the management system of distribution and sales of a trading company.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78806257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-8
O. Pelekh
The article proves the need to study the structural changes in exports and imports of Ukrainian goods. In view of this, the author used his own method of quantitative analysis of structural changes, which was described in detail by him in previous works. The proposed method is based in part on the work of Polish researchers. On the basis of this method the analysis of process of structural changes which provides definition and an estimation of intensity (depth) of changes; development of changes; constancy (monotony) of changes in exports and imports of Ukrainian goods is carried out. The second aspect of the analysis involved the analysis of changes in the structure of exports and imports of goods, which involves the decomposition of structural changes at the level of structural elements and analysis of changes in size and shape of the structure on this basis. According to the results of the analysis, it is shown that at the beginning of the study period the metals and metal products, machinery, equipment and transport, food products and agricultural products were the basis of exports of goods. At the end of the study period, the priorities of Ukrainian exports of goods changed: the food products and agricultural products came in the first place in the structure. Changes in the structure of exports have shown that the world economy needs Ukrainian raw materials and agricultural products, i.e. Ukrainian exports have saved their raw materials and semi-raw materials orientation. In general, changes in terms of the interests of the national economy can be considered as negative. This is one of the evidences of noncompetitiveness of the Ukrainian processing, light and food industries. It is argued that the structure of imports of Ukrainian goods is asymmetric to exports. The main components of imports are high-tech products (electrical machinery and equipment, nuclear reactors, cars and vehicles, devices and optical devices), fuel and energy products, chemical products, pharmaceuticals, which is one of the indirect proofs of the orientation of Ukraine’s economy towards consumption. It should be noted that changes in the import’s goods structure took place under the influence of liberalization of tariff regulation of foreign trade in Ukraine under the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union and under the influence of events in the east. Analysis of exports and imports of goods in Ukraine has shown that the current structure of production preserves the export orientation of the national economy and its raw material specialization, and this increases the dependence of the Ukrainian economy on market fluctuations in international markets.
{"title":"STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF UKRAINIAN GOODS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 21st CENTURY","authors":"O. Pelekh","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-8","url":null,"abstract":"The article proves the need to study the structural changes in exports and imports of Ukrainian goods. In view of this, the author used his own method of quantitative analysis of structural changes, which was described in detail by him in previous works. The proposed method is based in part on the work of Polish researchers. On the basis of this method the analysis of process of structural changes which provides definition and an estimation of intensity (depth) of changes; development of changes; constancy (monotony) of changes in exports and imports of Ukrainian goods is carried out. The second aspect of the analysis involved the analysis of changes in the structure of exports and imports of goods, which involves the decomposition of structural changes at the level of structural elements and analysis of changes in size and shape of the structure on this basis. According to the results of the analysis, it is shown that at the beginning of the study period the metals and metal products, machinery, equipment and transport, food products and agricultural products were the basis of exports of goods. At the end of the study period, the priorities of Ukrainian exports of goods changed: the food products and agricultural products came in the first place in the structure. Changes in the structure of exports have shown that the world economy needs Ukrainian raw materials and agricultural products, i.e. Ukrainian exports have saved their raw materials and semi-raw materials orientation. In general, changes in terms of the interests of the national economy can be considered as negative. This is one of the evidences of noncompetitiveness of the Ukrainian processing, light and food industries. It is argued that the structure of imports of Ukrainian goods is asymmetric to exports. The main components of imports are high-tech products (electrical machinery and equipment, nuclear reactors, cars and vehicles, devices and optical devices), fuel and energy products, chemical products, pharmaceuticals, which is one of the indirect proofs of the orientation of Ukraine’s economy towards consumption. It should be noted that changes in the import’s goods structure took place under the influence of liberalization of tariff regulation of foreign trade in Ukraine under the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union and under the influence of events in the east. Analysis of exports and imports of goods in Ukraine has shown that the current structure of production preserves the export orientation of the national economy and its raw material specialization, and this increases the dependence of the Ukrainian economy on market fluctuations in international markets.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82178627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-7
M. Ivanova, N. Yashkina, Olena V. Tryfonova
This article addresses the issues of employee performance evaluation, which is central to the formation of a system of motivation, since skills, knowledge and efficiency of employees affect the financial and economic performance of the entire enterprise. The external environment of the business entity is risky and unpredictable; therefore, to maintain a high level of competitiveness, special attention should be paid to evaluating and improving the employee efficiency. The article uses general scientific and special methods of system-structural analysis to clarify the motivating influences; identify the latest methods of motivation; group different types of motivation and establish links and relationships between motivation and employee efficiency; it uses diagnostic techniques (Bennett test) for employee performance evaluation in a financial institution The purpose of the work is to study the specifics and analyze the existing methods of employee performance evaluation as a basis for motivation in crisis conditions. Theoretical research revealed that the existing system of motivation for pawnshop employees provides for marginal (tentative) surcharges, allowances, bonuses to the basic salary; the specific amount of incentive payments is defined by the manager depending on the employee’s qualifications, complexity and scope of work, and the employee’s performance. It has been found that the standard of efficiency and criteria for its evaluation are set for each employee. It has been proven that the employee’s performance evaluation is documented and a decision is made on the choice of an appropriate system of motivational factors and incentives. For a network of pawnshops, performance evaluation of middle-level managers was carried out according to the method of R. Bennett, in order to determine the management style. An analysis of evaluating the effectiveness of 7 managers working for the network of pawnshops showed that 5 out of 7 managers promptly settle current operational work problems; poorly cope with operational work problems – 2 managers; show a balanced approach to decision-making – 6, do not take into account the factors of the external and internal environment - 1; allow subordinates to take initiative – 4, suppress it – 3; personally communicate with employees – 5, prefer written orders – 2; have an innovative mindset – 6, ignore innovations – 1; are considerate towards subordinates – 6, are indifferent to subordinates – 1; motivate employees – 5, do not consider motives – 2. The analysis shows that to eliminate any negative consequences, it is necessary to dismiss the personnel manager whose results were all negative. Based on the definition of basic principles of the impact of employee performance evaluation on the motivation system in crisis conditions, it is advisable to introduce a grading system as a further step.
{"title":"EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AS THE BASIS OF THE MOTIVATION SYSTEM FOR FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN CRISIS CONDITIONS","authors":"M. Ivanova, N. Yashkina, Olena V. Tryfonova","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-2-55-7","url":null,"abstract":"This article addresses the issues of employee performance evaluation, which is central to the formation of a system of motivation, since skills, knowledge and efficiency of employees affect the financial and economic performance of the entire enterprise. The external environment of the business entity is risky and unpredictable; therefore, to maintain a high level of competitiveness, special attention should be paid to evaluating and improving the employee efficiency. The article uses general scientific and special methods of system-structural analysis to clarify the motivating influences; identify the latest methods of motivation; group different types of motivation and establish links and relationships between motivation and employee efficiency; it uses diagnostic techniques (Bennett test) for employee performance evaluation in a financial institution The purpose of the work is to study the specifics and analyze the existing methods of employee performance evaluation as a basis for motivation in crisis conditions. Theoretical research revealed that the existing system of motivation for pawnshop employees provides for marginal (tentative) surcharges, allowances, bonuses to the basic salary; the specific amount of incentive payments is defined by the manager depending on the employee’s qualifications, complexity and scope of work, and the employee’s performance. It has been found that the standard of efficiency and criteria for its evaluation are set for each employee. It has been proven that the employee’s performance evaluation is documented and a decision is made on the choice of an appropriate system of motivational factors and incentives. For a network of pawnshops, performance evaluation of middle-level managers was carried out according to the method of R. Bennett, in order to determine the management style. An analysis of evaluating the effectiveness of 7 managers working for the network of pawnshops showed that 5 out of 7 managers promptly settle current operational work problems; poorly cope with operational work problems – 2 managers; show a balanced approach to decision-making – 6, do not take into account the factors of the external and internal environment - 1; allow subordinates to take initiative – 4, suppress it – 3; personally communicate with employees – 5, prefer written orders – 2; have an innovative mindset – 6, ignore innovations – 1; are considerate towards subordinates – 6, are indifferent to subordinates – 1; motivate employees – 5, do not consider motives – 2. The analysis shows that to eliminate any negative consequences, it is necessary to dismiss the personnel manager whose results were all negative. Based on the definition of basic principles of the impact of employee performance evaluation on the motivation system in crisis conditions, it is advisable to introduce a grading system as a further step.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88241211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ortalamaya donme egilimi, gectigimiz kirk yilda bircok calisma tarafindan surekli olarak gozlemlenmis, bircok calisma tarafindan da varligi reddedilmis bir olgudur. Bu calismanin ilk amaci, guncel bir veri seti kullanarak gelismis ve gelismekte olan pazarlardan ve MSCI tarafindan saglanan uluslarasi endekslerden olusan genis bir yelpazede ortalamaya donme egilimini arastirarak bu konunun aydinlatilmasina katkida bulunmaktir. Bu dogrultuda, bu uluslararasi sermaye endekslerinin ve bahsi gecen pazarlarin sermaye piyasalarinin dolar bazindaki nominal, reel ve fazla getirileri uzerinde varyans orani hesaplamalari yapilmis ve rasgelelestirmeye dayanan dagilimdan bagimsiz bir istatistiksel test uygulanmistir. Bazi durumlarda istatistiksel onem suphelere yol acsa da, sonuclar hem gelismis, hem de gelismekte olan ulkelerde ortalamaya donme egiliminin var oldugunu gostermektedir. Bununla beraber firma buyuklugu ve getiri tipinin ortalamaya donme egiliminin derecesi uzerinde onemli etkileri oldugu gozlemlenmistir.
Ortalamaya donme egilimi，gectigimiz kirk yilda bircok calima tarafinda surekli olaak gozlemlenmis，bircok alisma tarafidan da varligi rededilmis bir olgudur。这个calisman的第一个目标是确保正在发展的市场，以及MSCI的国际努力，可以使用冰淇淋的现代数据集来解释，其中包括冰淇淋的大规模扩张。事实上，这些国际温室气体和市场是通过计算以夜市为代价的名义、卷轴和多年生产率的比例来计算的，并且是根据我的分析进行的一次不幸的统计测试。在某些情况下，统计证据表明，发展中国家的冷冻生育率有所上升。所以我们收购了这家公司，化肥的平均类型对化肥的产量有负面影响。
{"title":"MEAN REVERSION IN INTERNATIONAL EQUITY MARKETS","authors":"Ömer Eren, Cenk C. Karahan","doi":"10.21121/eab.699946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.699946","url":null,"abstract":"Ortalamaya donme egilimi, gectigimiz kirk yilda bircok calisma tarafindan surekli olarak gozlemlenmis, bircok calisma tarafindan da varligi reddedilmis bir olgudur. Bu calismanin ilk amaci, guncel bir veri seti kullanarak gelismis ve gelismekte olan pazarlardan ve MSCI tarafindan saglanan uluslarasi endekslerden olusan genis bir yelpazede ortalamaya donme egilimini arastirarak bu konunun aydinlatilmasina katkida bulunmaktir. Bu dogrultuda, bu uluslararasi sermaye endekslerinin ve bahsi gecen pazarlarin sermaye piyasalarinin dolar bazindaki nominal, reel ve fazla getirileri uzerinde varyans orani hesaplamalari yapilmis ve rasgelelestirmeye dayanan dagilimdan bagimsiz bir istatistiksel test uygulanmistir. Bazi durumlarda istatistiksel onem suphelere yol acsa da, sonuclar hem gelismis, hem de gelismekte olan ulkelerde ortalamaya donme egiliminin var oldugunu gostermektedir. Bununla beraber firma buyuklugu ve getiri tipinin ortalamaya donme egiliminin derecesi uzerinde onemli etkileri oldugu gozlemlenmistir.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"20 1","pages":"333-355"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43144640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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