Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-2
R. Kliuchnyk
The article attempts to generalize some interpretations of the poverty phenomenon in Economics. We take into consideration the fact that the problem of poverty has not only economic but also political, social, legal, cultural and other dimensions. In modern science, there is a pluralism of approaches to the definition, classification and measurement of poverty, that depend on the country, time frame and the researcher’s own opinion. Many publications of Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Danish, Chilean and other researchers have been used in this article. We have tried to apply the results of their researches to Ukrainian reality. Modern authors consider many dimensions of poverty. It can be explained as the financial, socioeconomic, moral and psychological state of a person, family or the whole population of a country or a region. Poverty is also considered as the inability of a certain section of society to participate in fullfledged social and economic life. Economic, financial, material, social, psychological and other factors of poverty have been considered. Positive correlation between physical abilities and disabilities and poverty has been shown. Some features of the worldview and behavior of the poor are described. Active, passive and parasitic poverty have been distinguished. People who suffer from active poverty usually rely on their own resources. Due to social mobility, some of these people are sometimes able to raise themselves above the category of the poor. Passive poverty means the lack of resources due to the circumstances that are beyond people’s control. Parasitic poverty is tightly connected with the use of other people’s resources and is characterized by deviant behaviour, which is generally condemned by society and punished by the state. The main indicators of poverty are given. Absolute and relative poverty are considered. Relative poverty cannot be eliminated, since even in the richest countries there are people who cannot afford the benefits available to others. It has been shown that poverty is hereditary, and the children of poor parents are more likely to become poor in the future. Families with many children are often poor, so they cannot afford good education for their children. Therefore, young people without good education remain poor. It has been underlined that poverty is associated with social exclusion and deprivation. Poor citizens do not have the opportunity to organize themselves, as well as to maintain social ties and defend their interests. The interpretations of poverty given by Ukrainian scientists have been considered. In particular, the authors analyze poverty as a consequence of the de-industrialization in independent Ukraine. Special attention has been paid to the following trend: the smaller a town or a village, the higher the level of poverty.
{"title":"MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF POVERTY IN ECONOMIC SCIENCE","authors":"R. Kliuchnyk","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-2","url":null,"abstract":"The article attempts to generalize some interpretations of the poverty phenomenon in Economics. We take into consideration the fact that the problem of poverty has not only economic but also political, social, legal, cultural and other dimensions. In modern science, there is a pluralism of approaches to the definition, classification and measurement of poverty, that depend on the country, time frame and the researcher’s own opinion. Many publications of Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Danish, Chilean and other researchers have been used in this article. We have tried to apply the results of their researches to Ukrainian reality. Modern authors consider many dimensions of poverty. It can be explained as the financial, socioeconomic, moral and psychological state of a person, family or the whole population of a country or a region. Poverty is also considered as the inability of a certain section of society to participate in fullfledged social and economic life. Economic, financial, material, social, psychological and other factors of poverty have been considered. Positive correlation between physical abilities and disabilities and poverty has been shown. Some features of the worldview and behavior of the poor are described. Active, passive and parasitic poverty have been distinguished. People who suffer from active poverty usually rely on their own resources. Due to social mobility, some of these people are sometimes able to raise themselves above the category of the poor. Passive poverty means the lack of resources due to the circumstances that are beyond people’s control. Parasitic poverty is tightly connected with the use of other people’s resources and is characterized by deviant behaviour, which is generally condemned by society and punished by the state. The main indicators of poverty are given. Absolute and relative poverty are considered. Relative poverty cannot be eliminated, since even in the richest countries there are people who cannot afford the benefits available to others. It has been shown that poverty is hereditary, and the children of poor parents are more likely to become poor in the future. Families with many children are often poor, so they cannot afford good education for their children. Therefore, young people without good education remain poor. It has been underlined that poverty is associated with social exclusion and deprivation. Poor citizens do not have the opportunity to organize themselves, as well as to maintain social ties and defend their interests. The interpretations of poverty given by Ukrainian scientists have been considered. In particular, the authors analyze poverty as a consequence of the de-industrialization in independent Ukraine. Special attention has been paid to the following trend: the smaller a town or a village, the higher the level of poverty.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88477725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-1
Sergii В. Kholod
The article forms a vision of the impact of the economic situation on the choice of higher education institutions of the appropriate model of vocational training. The level of demand for educational services in accordance with the change of their consumers, effective demand in the labor market, the specifics of the global pandemic COVID-19, which led to the emergence of blended learning. The multifaceted nature of development is highlighted. Studies of the state of national education over the past five school years have confirmed its abrupt nature due to the influence of demographic, economic, political factors and the growth of services provided. The current trends in education and its new trends are highlighted: digitalization, prioritization, microlearning, visualization, humanization, immersive learning, additional online educational profession, editing, balance and well-being, proactivity. As an integral part of the educational process, the online format has become the basis for the emergence of blended (hybrid) learning. Applicants for higher education become active participants in the learning process. Changing pedagogical technologies that adapt to the challenges of blended learning have affected the use of digital tools and shifted the emphasis to the active position of higher education seekers. The emergence of a new model of education as a set of learning formats, pedagogical approaches, tools for their implementation requires the restructuring of the educational process. In this sense, it is important to ensure an individual educational trajectory, which makes it necessary to propose such a trajectory and internal perception of its choice. The stages of preparation of various forms of classes for online classes are considered. The detailed algorithm of preparation of educational and methodical materials on the Google Classroom platform is given; selection of the system of notification of applicants; formation of information about the organizational content of the discipline and other auxiliary components. The specifics of preparing and conducting an online lecture with the selection of elements that distinguish it from the offline format are analyzed. The rules of preparation for a practical lesson as a complex process are given. Features of preparation for modular tests, consultations and online exam are considered. It is established that any model of training is associated with the cost of its implementation, which necessitates a change in the structure of these costs for each entity under the influence of economic and political factors and increase the share of costs for technical support of distance learning
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF THE ECONOMIC SITUATION ON THE CHOICE OF THE VOCATIONAL TRAINING MODEL","authors":"Sergii В. Kholod","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-1","url":null,"abstract":"The article forms a vision of the impact of the economic situation on the choice of higher education institutions of the appropriate model of vocational training. The level of demand for educational services in accordance with the change of their consumers, effective demand in the labor market, the specifics of the global pandemic COVID-19, which led to the emergence of blended learning. The multifaceted nature of development is highlighted. Studies of the state of national education over the past five school years have confirmed its abrupt nature due to the influence of demographic, economic, political factors and the growth of services provided. The current trends in education and its new trends are highlighted: digitalization, prioritization, microlearning, visualization, humanization, immersive learning, additional online educational profession, editing, balance and well-being, proactivity. As an integral part of the educational process, the online format has become the basis for the emergence of blended (hybrid) learning. Applicants for higher education become active participants in the learning process. Changing pedagogical technologies that adapt to the challenges of blended learning have affected the use of digital tools and shifted the emphasis to the active position of higher education seekers. The emergence of a new model of education as a set of learning formats, pedagogical approaches, tools for their implementation requires the restructuring of the educational process. In this sense, it is important to ensure an individual educational trajectory, which makes it necessary to propose such a trajectory and internal perception of its choice. The stages of preparation of various forms of classes for online classes are considered. The detailed algorithm of preparation of educational and methodical materials on the Google Classroom platform is given; selection of the system of notification of applicants; formation of information about the organizational content of the discipline and other auxiliary components. The specifics of preparing and conducting an online lecture with the selection of elements that distinguish it from the offline format are analyzed. The rules of preparation for a practical lesson as a complex process are given. Features of preparation for modular tests, consultations and online exam are considered. It is established that any model of training is associated with the cost of its implementation, which necessitates a change in the structure of these costs for each entity under the influence of economic and political factors and increase the share of costs for technical support of distance learning","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75369060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-5
Valentyna A. Pavlova
The article presents the principles of finding ways to develop domestic retail in the postwar period. The state of domestic retail during the period of military threat is studied. The main trends of its development are highlighted: changes in the relief of Ukrainian retail and internal characteristics of trade enterprises. The profile of operating facilities of different market segments is established on the basis of changes in their number and percentage from the total number to military action. Sparklines of each of the market segments were built, which allowed to visually show the dynamics of changes in MarchMay 2022 and determine the variability of the retail profile over three months. The nature of growth dynamics in the system of enterprises of different segments and the pace of network recovery are established. The change of product profile in the studied period is analyzed and the TOP-3 enterprises that occupy the largest share in providing services to consumers are identified. It is proved that the relief of retail changes under the influence of factors related to martial law, territorial changes, the speed of recovery of the network in case of operational safety. The internal characteristics of Ukrainian retail during the war are highlighted, including: changed work schedule, survival issues, priority of ethics, planning processes for a short period. Various examples of economic success in rebuilding countries are considered. The plans for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine proposed by international organizations and the announced program for the development of the national economy in the postwar period are analyzed. Such a program provides for the transition from the raw-agricultural-raw type of economy to the technological type and the creation of a new structure of the economy. Trade is singled out as a sphere of the national economy that ensures the livelihood of the population. The ways of development of Ukrainian retail in the postwar period are offered, among which: digitalization of the main trade and technological processes; construction and improvement of logistics; optimal combination of offline and online formats; development of own brand; formation of the customer base on the basis of research of consumer behavior. The content of each of the proposed areas is given. Emphasis is placed on the formation of customer relationship management (CRM) and digitalization of business. The importance of the organization of effective promotion of goods and their storage to increase sales and improve transport and warehousing logistics is considered. It is proved that the successful format of retail operation is the omnichannel model. Own brands are considered an integral part of retailers’ activities and attracting loyal customers to ensure sufficient sales and profitability
{"title":"WAYS OF DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC RETAIL IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD","authors":"Valentyna A. Pavlova","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-5","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the principles of finding ways to develop domestic retail in the postwar period. The state of domestic retail during the period of military threat is studied. The main trends of its development are highlighted: changes in the relief of Ukrainian retail and internal characteristics of trade enterprises. The profile of operating facilities of different market segments is established on the basis of changes in their number and percentage from the total number to military action. Sparklines of each of the market segments were built, which allowed to visually show the dynamics of changes in MarchMay 2022 and determine the variability of the retail profile over three months. The nature of growth dynamics in the system of enterprises of different segments and the pace of network recovery are established. The change of product profile in the studied period is analyzed and the TOP-3 enterprises that occupy the largest share in providing services to consumers are identified. It is proved that the relief of retail changes under the influence of factors related to martial law, territorial changes, the speed of recovery of the network in case of operational safety. The internal characteristics of Ukrainian retail during the war are highlighted, including: changed work schedule, survival issues, priority of ethics, planning processes for a short period. Various examples of economic success in rebuilding countries are considered. The plans for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine proposed by international organizations and the announced program for the development of the national economy in the postwar period are analyzed. Such a program provides for the transition from the raw-agricultural-raw type of economy to the technological type and the creation of a new structure of the economy. Trade is singled out as a sphere of the national economy that ensures the livelihood of the population. The ways of development of Ukrainian retail in the postwar period are offered, among which: digitalization of the main trade and technological processes; construction and improvement of logistics; optimal combination of offline and online formats; development of own brand; formation of the customer base on the basis of research of consumer behavior. The content of each of the proposed areas is given. Emphasis is placed on the formation of customer relationship management (CRM) and digitalization of business. The importance of the organization of effective promotion of goods and their storage to increase sales and improve transport and warehousing logistics is considered. It is proved that the successful format of retail operation is the omnichannel model. Own brands are considered an integral part of retailers’ activities and attracting loyal customers to ensure sufficient sales and profitability","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75488359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-8
S. V. Kuzminov, Svitlana O. Gerashchenko, Varvara O. Mishyna
The article examines the problem of the roots of Russian aggression in the international arena. It was found that there is a certain correspondence between the dynamics of Russia’s GDP and the beginning of aggressive actions of the Russian Federation against neighboring countries. It was found that the beginning of aggression by the Russian Federation coincides with the beginning of the declining phase after a period of GDP growth. To reduce the risk of Russian aggression, it is proposed to develop tools to remove excessive revenues earned from the sale of raw materials. This should neutralize the upheavals of macroeconomic dynamics, which serve as a trigger for the beginning of Russian aggression. The article examines Russian aggression in the system of interdependence and interaction between the individual, society and the state. The authors conclude that each of these groups of actors is responsible for the escalation of Russian aggression. The state commits violence and aggression, which reduces the living standards of individuals. Individuals, faced with a decline in welfare, begin to show more aggression in the fight against their peers. Aggressive Russian individuals form patterns of aggressive behavior and form an aggressive Russian society. Aggressive Russian society demonstrates support for the aggressive actions of the Russian state. This support is growing significantly with the beginning of Russia’s attack on neighboring states. Research leads to the conclusion that the problem of aggressiveness of Russians has deep roots associated with the immaturity of their worldview, its attachment to the way of life characteristic of the appropriating economy. Accordingly, a radical solution to the problem of Russian aggression is impossible until the Russian people achieve institutional development. In the meantime, the world community must make efforts to keep the welfare of the Russian population at a consistently guaranteed, albeit low, level. To do this, the peak growth of Russia’s GDP must be “cut” in advance with the help of instruments to extract in favor of other countries excessive income of Russian entities from natural rents with rising world energy prices.
{"title":"MACROECONOMIC BASIS OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSIVENESS","authors":"S. V. Kuzminov, Svitlana O. Gerashchenko, Varvara O. Mishyna","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-8","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the problem of the roots of Russian aggression in the international arena. It was found that there is a certain correspondence between the dynamics of Russia’s GDP and the beginning of aggressive actions of the Russian Federation against neighboring countries. It was found that the beginning of aggression by the Russian Federation coincides with the beginning of the declining phase after a period of GDP growth. To reduce the risk of Russian aggression, it is proposed to develop tools to remove excessive revenues earned from the sale of raw materials. This should neutralize the upheavals of macroeconomic dynamics, which serve as a trigger for the beginning of Russian aggression. The article examines Russian aggression in the system of interdependence and interaction between the individual, society and the state. The authors conclude that each of these groups of actors is responsible for the escalation of Russian aggression. The state commits violence and aggression, which reduces the living standards of individuals. Individuals, faced with a decline in welfare, begin to show more aggression in the fight against their peers. Aggressive Russian individuals form patterns of aggressive behavior and form an aggressive Russian society. Aggressive Russian society demonstrates support for the aggressive actions of the Russian state. This support is growing significantly with the beginning of Russia’s attack on neighboring states. Research leads to the conclusion that the problem of aggressiveness of Russians has deep roots associated with the immaturity of their worldview, its attachment to the way of life characteristic of the appropriating economy. Accordingly, a radical solution to the problem of Russian aggression is impossible until the Russian people achieve institutional development. In the meantime, the world community must make efforts to keep the welfare of the Russian population at a consistently guaranteed, albeit low, level. To do this, the peak growth of Russia’s GDP must be “cut” in advance with the help of instruments to extract in favor of other countries excessive income of Russian entities from natural rents with rising world energy prices.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75680167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-9
M. Dykiel, B. Bienia, B. Krochmal-Marczak, J. Baran
This paper discusses the latest data on the production of selected paper and paperboard, plastic, glass, wood and metal packaging. During the study period 2016-2020/2021, there was an increase in the production of selected paper and paperboard packaging compared to 2016. There has been an increase in the production of paper sacks and bags, cartons made of paper or paperboard other than corrugated and cartons made of paper or paperboard. Among plastic packaging, the production of plastic bags and sacks played a significant role and has been growing steadily since 2016. The production of glass packaging (clear glass bottles with a capacity of less than 2.5 liters for beverages and food) increased between 2016 and 2021. Flat pallets were the dominant product among wood packaging in 2020. The decline in box pallet production was significant not only relative to 2019, but also relative to 2016. In the group of metal packaging with a capacity not exceeding 300 liters, the highest production was recorded for barrels and similar containers for any material (excluding gas), made of aluminium. It reached 93228 tonnes in 2020 and was 2.4% higher than in 2019. The packaging market in Poland and worldwide has been gradually increasing its value over the past years. The production of packaging in Poland in the coming years should grow dynamically, although not as fast as before. Undoubtedly, today the biggest challenge for the packaging industry is the rising prices of raw materials, which can negatively affect the profitability and liquidity situation of manufacturers. In particular, the prices of plastics have gone up considerably, but the costs of pulp, metals, wood and glass are also increasing, so the raw material pressure is now affecting the entire packaging industry.
{"title":"PRODUCTION OF SELECTED PACKAGING IN POLAND","authors":"M. Dykiel, B. Bienia, B. Krochmal-Marczak, J. Baran","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-9","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the latest data on the production of selected paper and paperboard, plastic, glass, wood and metal packaging. During the study period 2016-2020/2021, there was an increase in the production of selected paper and paperboard packaging compared to 2016. There has been an increase in the production of paper sacks and bags, cartons made of paper or paperboard other than corrugated and cartons made of paper or paperboard. Among plastic packaging, the production of plastic bags and sacks played a significant role and has been growing steadily since 2016. The production of glass packaging (clear glass bottles with a capacity of less than 2.5 liters for beverages and food) increased between 2016 and 2021. Flat pallets were the dominant product among wood packaging in 2020. The decline in box pallet production was significant not only relative to 2019, but also relative to 2016. In the group of metal packaging with a capacity not exceeding 300 liters, the highest production was recorded for barrels and similar containers for any material (excluding gas), made of aluminium. It reached 93228 tonnes in 2020 and was 2.4% higher than in 2019. The packaging market in Poland and worldwide has been gradually increasing its value over the past years. The production of packaging in Poland in the coming years should grow dynamically, although not as fast as before. Undoubtedly, today the biggest challenge for the packaging industry is the rising prices of raw materials, which can negatively affect the profitability and liquidity situation of manufacturers. In particular, the prices of plastics have gone up considerably, but the costs of pulp, metals, wood and glass are also increasing, so the raw material pressure is now affecting the entire packaging industry.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90805423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-10
A. Mahdich
This study is devoted to the analysis of the geography of migration of the population of Ukraine over the last decade on the basis of the Global Index of Migrant Integration Policy (MIPEX) and the identification of factors that attract the population of Ukraine to migrate to other countries. According to European Commission statistics since 2014, the number of Ukrainian labor migrants moving to the European Union (EU) has increased significantly. In 2019, Ukrainian citizens received 660,000 residence permits for paid activities in member states – the largest external labor force in the EU. Thus, the dependence of Member States’ economies on Ukrainian workers has reached significant levels, as evidenced by the labor shortages observed during the COVID-19 crisis, which forced the EU to close its borders. Emigration reduces the supply of labor and accelerates the growth of wages of workers who remain in the country; one of the problems of concern is the loss of skills – most of Ukrainians work abroad without qualifications or do very simple work. The main benefit for the Ukrainian economy is related to the remittances, equivalent to 8% of GDP. Remittances significantly improve the well-being of migrant families and stimulate domestic demand, increasing the country’s GDP. Stable and significant inflow of remittances contributes to a more stable balance of payments, compensation for the constant deficit of trade and investment income. At the same time, there is a risk that migrants will remain permanently resident abroad, which will mean a decrease in the working population in Ukraine. In addition, the impact of emigration and remittances on Ukraine’s public finances is ambiguous: remittances increase VAT, excise and customs revenues, while reducing labor supply reduces revenues from labor taxes and social security contributions in Ukraine. Therefore, it is important to understand what factors currently attract the population of Ukraine to other countries. The Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) is an index that measures the quality of migrant integration policy in 52 countries. The index indicators were developed for a multidimensional view of migrants’ opportunities to participate in public life. The index is a tool for evaluating and comparing the actions of governments to promote the integration of migrants in all analyzed countries. The index helps to understand and analyze the factors that contribute to the integration of migrants. The index covers the following areas of integration: labor market mobility; family reunification; access to services in the field of education; participation in political life; obtaining permanent residence; obtaining citizenship; antidiscrimination; access to health services.
{"title":"GEOGRAPHY OF THE MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE TO THE COUNTRIES OF EUROPE: ANALYSIS OF THE POLICY OF INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS IN THE COUNTRIES OF DESTINATION","authors":"A. Mahdich","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-10","url":null,"abstract":"This study is devoted to the analysis of the geography of migration of the population of Ukraine over the last decade on the basis of the Global Index of Migrant Integration Policy (MIPEX) and the identification of factors that attract the population of Ukraine to migrate to other countries. According to European Commission statistics since 2014, the number of Ukrainian labor migrants moving to the European Union (EU) has increased significantly. In 2019, Ukrainian citizens received 660,000 residence permits for paid activities in member states – the largest external labor force in the EU. Thus, the dependence of Member States’ economies on Ukrainian workers has reached significant levels, as evidenced by the labor shortages observed during the COVID-19 crisis, which forced the EU to close its borders. Emigration reduces the supply of labor and accelerates the growth of wages of workers who remain in the country; one of the problems of concern is the loss of skills – most of Ukrainians work abroad without qualifications or do very simple work. The main benefit for the Ukrainian economy is related to the remittances, equivalent to 8% of GDP. Remittances significantly improve the well-being of migrant families and stimulate domestic demand, increasing the country’s GDP. Stable and significant inflow of remittances contributes to a more stable balance of payments, compensation for the constant deficit of trade and investment income. At the same time, there is a risk that migrants will remain permanently resident abroad, which will mean a decrease in the working population in Ukraine. In addition, the impact of emigration and remittances on Ukraine’s public finances is ambiguous: remittances increase VAT, excise and customs revenues, while reducing labor supply reduces revenues from labor taxes and social security contributions in Ukraine. Therefore, it is important to understand what factors currently attract the population of Ukraine to other countries. The Migrant Integration Policy Index (MIPEX) is an index that measures the quality of migrant integration policy in 52 countries. The index indicators were developed for a multidimensional view of migrants’ opportunities to participate in public life. The index is a tool for evaluating and comparing the actions of governments to promote the integration of migrants in all analyzed countries. The index helps to understand and analyze the factors that contribute to the integration of migrants. The index covers the following areas of integration: labor market mobility; family reunification; access to services in the field of education; participation in political life; obtaining permanent residence; obtaining citizenship; antidiscrimination; access to health services.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88242234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-3
Z. Pestovska
The two most common blockchain-based digital assets are cryptocurrencies and tokens. This paper is devoted to investigation of the nature and purpose of tokens, their relationship with the blockchain, cryptocurrencies and digital assets, as well as the study of legal aspects of Ukrainian economy tokenization. Tokenization is the replacement of true values with virtual ones, a way to protect personal data with tokens (combinations of symbols on the Internet that do not valuable to fraudsters). The purpose of tokenization is to protect sensitive data. Obstacles to the transition of real assets into the digital space: unlimited access to assets and excessive ease of registration and closing of accounts; there is no single approach to tokenization that affects other aspects (asset management and role allocation, security, integration with traditional payment systems). Therefore, state regulation is necessary. Ukraine adopts the law project #3637 “On Virtual Assets”, which determines the legal status of virtual assets, provides legal protection to users and market participants, allows foreign and Ukrainian crypto exchanges to operate officially, gives banks the right to open accounts for crypto companies, allows Ukrainians to declare their profits in virtual assets. A detailed study of the bill #3637 raised a number of questions: - what is the legal meaning of the term “token” (the definition of virtual assets is given, but their variants are not there, virtual assets are considered as property and not as a financial instrument); - who will actually be the regulator of the virtual assets market; - classification of tokens (there is only a division of virtual assets into secured and unsecured, although, depending on asset which is the basis for token, it may be difficult to determine its type, which may lead to incorrect regulation or lack thereof where necessary); - establishment of types of secured tokens, regulation of the order of their issuance and turnover, set of requirements to issuers and token issuance system; - providing legal mechanisms to protect the rights of investors, ensuring the security of the underlying asset (unclear legal status of tokenized assets carries a risk for market participants, i.e. it is necessary to ensure guarantees of issued tokens connection with real objects); - determining the legal status of smart contracts, as they are the basis of token agreements, but are not considered legal agreements; - interaction with other jurisdictions, harmonization of legislation. Therefore, the bill needs to be finalized and supplemented with relevant bylaws - so that domestic and foreign potential investors can take advantage of assets tokenization: inclusiveness; justice; transparency; liquidity; accountability; reduction in price; security (entry in the register in the form of a unique code); efficiency (speed); flexibility (crushing); availability (online without physical presence). Therefore, any investor and issuer of tokenized
{"title":"TOKENIZATION OF UKRAINE’S ECONOMY: DREAM OR REALITY","authors":"Z. Pestovska","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2022-1-56-3","url":null,"abstract":"The two most common blockchain-based digital assets are cryptocurrencies and tokens. This paper is devoted to investigation of the nature and purpose of tokens, their relationship with the blockchain, cryptocurrencies and digital assets, as well as the study of legal aspects of Ukrainian economy tokenization. Tokenization is the replacement of true values with virtual ones, a way to protect personal data with tokens (combinations of symbols on the Internet that do not valuable to fraudsters). The purpose of tokenization is to protect sensitive data. Obstacles to the transition of real assets into the digital space: unlimited access to assets and excessive ease of registration and closing of accounts; there is no single approach to tokenization that affects other aspects (asset management and role allocation, security, integration with traditional payment systems). Therefore, state regulation is necessary. Ukraine adopts the law project #3637 “On Virtual Assets”, which determines the legal status of virtual assets, provides legal protection to users and market participants, allows foreign and Ukrainian crypto exchanges to operate officially, gives banks the right to open accounts for crypto companies, allows Ukrainians to declare their profits in virtual assets. A detailed study of the bill #3637 raised a number of questions: - what is the legal meaning of the term “token” (the definition of virtual assets is given, but their variants are not there, virtual assets are considered as property and not as a financial instrument); - who will actually be the regulator of the virtual assets market; - classification of tokens (there is only a division of virtual assets into secured and unsecured, although, depending on asset which is the basis for token, it may be difficult to determine its type, which may lead to incorrect regulation or lack thereof where necessary); - establishment of types of secured tokens, regulation of the order of their issuance and turnover, set of requirements to issuers and token issuance system; - providing legal mechanisms to protect the rights of investors, ensuring the security of the underlying asset (unclear legal status of tokenized assets carries a risk for market participants, i.e. it is necessary to ensure guarantees of issued tokens connection with real objects); - determining the legal status of smart contracts, as they are the basis of token agreements, but are not considered legal agreements; - interaction with other jurisdictions, harmonization of legislation. Therefore, the bill needs to be finalized and supplemented with relevant bylaws - so that domestic and foreign potential investors can take advantage of assets tokenization: inclusiveness; justice; transparency; liquidity; accountability; reduction in price; security (entry in the register in the form of a unique code); efficiency (speed); flexibility (crushing); availability (online without physical presence). Therefore, any investor and issuer of tokenized","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"42 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82855643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-1-54-5
Valentyn H. Hnoievyi, Oleksandr M. Koren
The article has dealt with the current trends of communication aspects of company’s relations with the customers. The emphasis is placed on the necessity to review the companies’ marketing strategies, in particular, due to communication constraints and the corresponding changes in the format of both direct and feedback with the customers. Restrictive measures have changed the format of competition, having created the conditions for its concentration in cyberspace. Changes in the nature of interpersonal communication predetermined by the limited personal activity and the introduction of remote forms of interaction, have generated demand for innovative ways of communication with customers. Other factors that require the adjustment of marketing strategies include the emergence of new behavioral capabilities of consumers associated with the intensive development of digital communication channels. It has been noted that in the digital communication environment, digital platforms provide the main format of communication with the existing customer base and potential customers. In addition, prompt acquisition and processing of data on purchasing behavior of customers allows companies to increase significantly the “sensitivity” of marketing research and optimize their own marketing decisions. Among the areas of increasing targeting and personalization of product offerings, the use of elements of artificial intelligence and voice search has been accentuated. Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence greatly facilitates and simplifies the work of marketers on the processing and initial analysis of the growing flow of digital marketing data, as well as provides greater efficiency. It has been concluded that widespread use of voice assistants in e-commerce requires companies to rethink radically their approaches to internal data processing, IT investment and customer engagement strategies. Active integration of chatbots into various communication platforms is able to make them universal tools for both business and consumers, which will allow them to become a familiar part of the user experience. Implementation of virtual reality and augmented reality elements in the interface of company websites can significantly diversify the process of collecting information by users and push them to unplanned purchases. It has been indicated that the growing standards of personalization and new rules of customer confidentiality will continue to require companies to be flexible and introduce new technologies in order to adapt permanently their business to new conditions. Focusing on building trust with customers based on digital communications will enable companies to create a long-term integrated marketing strategy and concentrate on the multi-channel nature of customer experience.
{"title":"MODERN DIGITAL MARKETING TRENDS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE MARKETING STRATEGY FORMATION","authors":"Valentyn H. Hnoievyi, Oleksandr M. Koren","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-1-54-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-1-54-5","url":null,"abstract":"The article has dealt with the current trends of communication aspects of company’s relations with the customers. The emphasis is placed on the necessity to review the companies’ marketing strategies, in particular, due to communication constraints and the corresponding changes in the format of both direct and feedback with the customers. Restrictive measures have changed the format of competition, having created the conditions for its concentration in cyberspace. Changes in the nature of interpersonal communication predetermined by the limited personal activity and the introduction of remote forms of interaction, have generated demand for innovative ways of communication with customers. Other factors that require the adjustment of marketing strategies include the emergence of new behavioral capabilities of consumers associated with the intensive development of digital communication channels. It has been noted that in the digital communication environment, digital platforms provide the main format of communication with the existing customer base and potential customers. In addition, prompt acquisition and processing of data on purchasing behavior of customers allows companies to increase significantly the “sensitivity” of marketing research and optimize their own marketing decisions. Among the areas of increasing targeting and personalization of product offerings, the use of elements of artificial intelligence and voice search has been accentuated. Moreover, the use of artificial intelligence greatly facilitates and simplifies the work of marketers on the processing and initial analysis of the growing flow of digital marketing data, as well as provides greater efficiency. It has been concluded that widespread use of voice assistants in e-commerce requires companies to rethink radically their approaches to internal data processing, IT investment and customer engagement strategies. Active integration of chatbots into various communication platforms is able to make them universal tools for both business and consumers, which will allow them to become a familiar part of the user experience. Implementation of virtual reality and augmented reality elements in the interface of company websites can significantly diversify the process of collecting information by users and push them to unplanned purchases. It has been indicated that the growing standards of personalization and new rules of customer confidentiality will continue to require companies to be flexible and introduce new technologies in order to adapt permanently their business to new conditions. Focusing on building trust with customers based on digital communications will enable companies to create a long-term integrated marketing strategy and concentrate on the multi-channel nature of customer experience.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86464786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-1-54-11
I. Shkura, O. Vinichenko, M. Hrybkova, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich
Studies show that the world of finance is not standing still; new methods and tools of attracting and using financial capital are constantly appearing. This, in turn, allows you to implement modern, more complex, strategies for managing profitability and risk of financial transactions. One such tool is hedge funds, which today are the most objective indicators of the development of the global financial system. This is due to the fact that they not only use modern financial technologies to make a profit, but also adapt all their actions to any changes in the world economy and international finance, and sometimes, as practice shows, shape these changes. That is why this investment instrument is one of the most popular in the European and American markets. Their high flexibility attracts the most talented financial managers to hedge funds, who are able to demonstrate impressive long-term results. The purpose of the article is development of an international investment project «Creating a hedge fund with Ukrainian investments» and evaluating its effectiveness. Hedge funds are a specific class of alternative investment funds that use modern capital management strategies, which are not available to «traditional» funds, have the right to invest their participants in any assets, use a hedging strategy for capital management, i.e. simultaneous purchase and sale of assets, trading in various instruments. This is the fastest growing segment of the financial market. The specifics of their activities allow hedge funds to make a profit even during periods of falling stock and bond markets. Hedge funds focus on the maximum return in terms of optimal (specified) risk or the minimum risk in terms of optimal return. Recently, complex algorithms and analytical methods have been developed to attract artificial intelligence for creating profit. Hedge funds are of special interest to Ukraine, but, unfortunately, have not yet appeared in our country. The lack of hedge funds in Ukraine is explained by the lack of necessary laws to regulate the derivatives market; insufficiently active stock market; psychological unpreparedness of domestic investors for possible high risks; lack of qualified specialists. It is proposed to turn to foreign experience and attract the organizational tools that are available today. Namely, to open hedge funds under the jurisdiction of offshore countries and with the involvement of outsourcing for their management and operation. It proposed the creation of a closed, unregulated, discrete hedge fund. The completed calculations of the project for a period of five years demonstrated its feasibility with a positive value of net present value, a discounted payback period of four years and a profitability index of more than one unit.
{"title":"THE USE OF POTENTIAL OF HEDGE FUNDS FOR UKRAINIAN INVESTORS","authors":"I. Shkura, O. Vinichenko, M. Hrybkova, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-1-54-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-1-54-11","url":null,"abstract":"Studies show that the world of finance is not standing still; new methods and tools of attracting and using financial capital are constantly appearing. This, in turn, allows you to implement modern, more complex, strategies for managing profitability and risk of financial transactions. One such tool is hedge funds, which today are the most objective indicators of the development of the global financial system. This is due to the fact that they not only use modern financial technologies to make a profit, but also adapt all their actions to any changes in the world economy and international finance, and sometimes, as practice shows, shape these changes. That is why this investment instrument is one of the most popular in the European and American markets. Their high flexibility attracts the most talented financial managers to hedge funds, who are able to demonstrate impressive long-term results. The purpose of the article is development of an international investment project «Creating a hedge fund with Ukrainian investments» and evaluating its effectiveness. Hedge funds are a specific class of alternative investment funds that use modern capital management strategies, which are not available to «traditional» funds, have the right to invest their participants in any assets, use a hedging strategy for capital management, i.e. simultaneous purchase and sale of assets, trading in various instruments. This is the fastest growing segment of the financial market. The specifics of their activities allow hedge funds to make a profit even during periods of falling stock and bond markets. Hedge funds focus on the maximum return in terms of optimal (specified) risk or the minimum risk in terms of optimal return. Recently, complex algorithms and analytical methods have been developed to attract artificial intelligence for creating profit. Hedge funds are of special interest to Ukraine, but, unfortunately, have not yet appeared in our country. The lack of hedge funds in Ukraine is explained by the lack of necessary laws to regulate the derivatives market; insufficiently active stock market; psychological unpreparedness of domestic investors for possible high risks; lack of qualified specialists. It is proposed to turn to foreign experience and attract the organizational tools that are available today. Namely, to open hedge funds under the jurisdiction of offshore countries and with the involvement of outsourcing for their management and operation. It proposed the creation of a closed, unregulated, discrete hedge fund. The completed calculations of the project for a period of five years demonstrated its feasibility with a positive value of net present value, a discounted payback period of four years and a profitability index of more than one unit.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82340431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.32342/2074-5354-2021-1-54-9
Olha K. Kotko
The article examines the directions of the country’s foreign trade balancing, taking into account the development vector of Ukraine’s investment potential. The author analyzed the balance of payments of the state and the strategy formation to reduce the balance of payments deficit and improving of the state of investment activity. Today, attention is growing to the importance not only of the country’s balance of payments, but also to the international investment position. One of the areas of government policy which can create conditions for economic development is the balance of payments and the transition to the surplus trade. That is why, in the context of internationalization of economic relations, the effective use of resources and investment potential of the country get crucial place. The main strategic goal of public policy should be the development vector of foreign economic activity of the country, with an effective policy to support domestic enterprisers, export orientation and high value-added production. The processes of economic development led to the expansion of international exchange of goods and services and as a result of the rapid growth of trade processes require the country to have strong global state, taking into account macroeconomic regulation. The previous analysis of current trends in the development of Ukraine’s foreign economic activity, including investment activity, gives grounds to assert that Ukraine is an active participant in global investment processes. The author approved that the key aspect which can change the negative trend towards the trade deficit is the country’s active export activity, import substitution of commodity positions, as well as the development of industries specializing in the production of high value-added products. Therefore, measures of state regulation direct to developing investment opportunities in Ukraine should be aimed to: analysis of the existing economy, taking into account, the foreign economic activity of the country; import substitution; domestic market development, export expansion. The article analyzes the structure of the balance of payments, the dynamics of trade turnover, investment performance and international trade. The author also proposed measures to improve the balance of payments of Ukraine by taking into account the trends of Ukraine’s foreign economic activity, increasing investment attractiveness and realizing Ukraine’s investment opportunities.
{"title":"CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE","authors":"Olha K. Kotko","doi":"10.32342/2074-5354-2021-1-54-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32342/2074-5354-2021-1-54-9","url":null,"abstract":"The article examines the directions of the country’s foreign trade balancing, taking into account the development vector of Ukraine’s investment potential. The author analyzed the balance of payments of the state and the strategy formation to reduce the balance of payments deficit and improving of the state of investment activity. Today, attention is growing to the importance not only of the country’s balance of payments, but also to the international investment position. One of the areas of government policy which can create conditions for economic development is the balance of payments and the transition to the surplus trade. That is why, in the context of internationalization of economic relations, the effective use of resources and investment potential of the country get crucial place. The main strategic goal of public policy should be the development vector of foreign economic activity of the country, with an effective policy to support domestic enterprisers, export orientation and high value-added production. The processes of economic development led to the expansion of international exchange of goods and services and as a result of the rapid growth of trade processes require the country to have strong global state, taking into account macroeconomic regulation. The previous analysis of current trends in the development of Ukraine’s foreign economic activity, including investment activity, gives grounds to assert that Ukraine is an active participant in global investment processes. The author approved that the key aspect which can change the negative trend towards the trade deficit is the country’s active export activity, import substitution of commodity positions, as well as the development of industries specializing in the production of high value-added products. Therefore, measures of state regulation direct to developing investment opportunities in Ukraine should be aimed to: analysis of the existing economy, taking into account, the foreign economic activity of the country; import substitution; domestic market development, export expansion. The article analyzes the structure of the balance of payments, the dynamics of trade turnover, investment performance and international trade. The author also proposed measures to improve the balance of payments of Ukraine by taking into account the trends of Ukraine’s foreign economic activity, increasing investment attractiveness and realizing Ukraine’s investment opportunities.","PeriodicalId":43307,"journal":{"name":"EGE ACADEMIC REVIEW","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80772339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：