Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.2174/0122106766287773240110074140
Hyun Jung Kim, Cynthia Wilson, Timothy C. Van Deusen, Hun Millard, Zheala Qayyum, S. Parke
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, began in late 2019. On March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the virus a pandemic, and by March 13th, 2020, the United States (US) government declared the pandemic a national emergency and, subsequently, a global pandemic. Since then, the world has experienced an upheaval affecting every age group in almost every aspect of life. This was particularly true for young people. Globally, a number of studies indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on youth mental health measures. In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2022 report showed that more than a third of high school students reported that they experienced poor mental health during the pandemic, and 44 percent reported feeling persistently sad or hopeless in the last 12 months. More than half (55 percent) reported experiencing emotional abuse by a parent or other adult at home, and 11 percent reported experiencing physical abuse. In addition, more than a quarter (29 percent) reported that a parent or other adult in the home lost their job. The pandemic upended not only daily life but also healthcare delivery throughout the world. Its vast impact on the healthcare system has disproportionately affected transitional age youth (TAY) between 15 to 25 years old. While the pandemic caused unprecedented changes and challenges, it was also a learning experience that deepened our understanding of our system of care, its strengths and vulnerabilities. This paper will discuss many challenges and opportunities associated with the delivery of psychiatric services for TAY in college mental health, emergency departments, and inpatient and outpatient settings, as well as in specialized programs, such as those for early psychotic disorders.
{"title":"Challenges and Opportunities in Mental Health Care for Transitional Age Youth (TAY): Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Hyun Jung Kim, Cynthia Wilson, Timothy C. Van Deusen, Hun Millard, Zheala Qayyum, S. Parke","doi":"10.2174/0122106766287773240110074140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122106766287773240110074140","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, began in late 2019. On\u0000March 11th, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the virus a\u0000pandemic, and by March 13th, 2020, the United States (US) government declared the\u0000pandemic a national emergency and, subsequently, a global pandemic. Since then, the\u0000world has experienced an upheaval affecting every age group in almost every aspect\u0000of life. This was particularly true for young people. Globally, a number of studies\u0000indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on youth mental\u0000health measures. In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\u00002022 report showed that more than a third of high school students reported that they\u0000experienced poor mental health during the pandemic, and 44 percent reported feeling\u0000persistently sad or hopeless in the last 12 months. More than half (55 percent)\u0000reported experiencing emotional abuse by a parent or other adult at home, and 11\u0000percent reported experiencing physical abuse. In addition, more than a quarter (29\u0000percent) reported that a parent or other adult in the home lost their job. The pandemic\u0000upended not only daily life but also healthcare delivery throughout the world. Its vast\u0000impact on the healthcare system has disproportionately affected transitional age youth\u0000(TAY) between 15 to 25 years old. While the pandemic caused unprecedented\u0000changes and challenges, it was also a learning experience that deepened our\u0000understanding of our system of care, its strengths and vulnerabilities. This paper will\u0000discuss many challenges and opportunities associated with the delivery of psychiatric\u0000services for TAY in college mental health, emergency departments, and inpatient and\u0000outpatient settings, as well as in specialized programs, such as those for early\u0000psychotic disorders.\u0000","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140488557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-29DOI: 10.2174/0122106766257273240122105336
Parna Prajapati, Ali Unlu, Andres Pumariega
The existing literature on the contribution of substance use and psychosocial risk factors in the development of suicidal ideation in the Turkish youth provides limited information. This study aims to compare the relative association of substance use and psychosocial risk factors with suicidal ideations in a sample of high school students in Istanbul. High school students were administered a survey of 66 questions in the school setting. The total number of students surveyed was 31,604 by the Istanbul Department of Education, and the primary questions and their sub-questions generated dependent and independent variables that were used in this study. The relationship between substance use, psychosocial factors, and suicidal ideation was explored in this study. Logistic regression was used with independent variables, such as substance use, light users, and heavy users and dependent variables as suicidal ideation. The variation explained by this model was compared to the variation explained by the psychosocial factors (age, gender, school type, immigration status, perceived family affluence, parental education, school grades, self-esteem scale, faith scale, anomie scale, anxiety scale, depression scale, irritability scale, antisocial personality scale, time with peers, time with family, parental involvement, family substance use, and peer influence) while exploring the strength of the associations for each factor. Psychosocial factors explained 33.8 % variance in the dependent variable, i.e., suicidal ideation, whereas substance use among those participants explained only 2.2 % variance in predicting suicidal ideation. Restricting analyses to heavy drug users found a consistently low explained variance of about 1.5 % of suicidal ideation in this population. The psychosocial factors are stronger predictors of suicidal ideation as compared to the substance use risk factors in a sample of Turkish youth.
{"title":"Comparative Association of Substance Use, Psychosocial Factors, and Suicidal Ideation in Turkish Youth","authors":"Parna Prajapati, Ali Unlu, Andres Pumariega","doi":"10.2174/0122106766257273240122105336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122106766257273240122105336","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The existing literature on the contribution of substance use\u0000and psychosocial risk factors in the development of suicidal ideation in the\u0000Turkish youth provides limited information. This study aims to compare the\u0000relative association of substance use and psychosocial risk factors with suicidal\u0000ideations in a sample of high school students in Istanbul.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000High school students were administered a survey of 66 questions in the\u0000school setting. The total number of students surveyed was 31,604 by the Istanbul\u0000Department of Education, and the primary questions and their sub-questions\u0000generated dependent and independent variables that were used in this study. The\u0000relationship between substance use, psychosocial factors, and suicidal ideation\u0000was explored in this study. Logistic regression was used with independent\u0000variables, such as substance use, light users, and heavy users and dependent\u0000variables as suicidal ideation. The variation explained by this model was\u0000compared to the variation explained by the psychosocial factors (age, gender,\u0000school type, immigration status, perceived family affluence, parental education,\u0000school grades, self-esteem scale, faith scale, anomie scale, anxiety scale,\u0000depression scale, irritability scale, antisocial personality scale, time with peers,\u0000time with family, parental involvement, family substance use, and peer influence)\u0000while exploring the strength of the associations for each factor.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Psychosocial factors explained 33.8 % variance in the dependent\u0000variable, i.e., suicidal ideation, whereas substance use among those participants\u0000explained only 2.2 % variance in predicting suicidal ideation. Restricting analyses\u0000to heavy drug users found a consistently low explained variance of about 1.5 %\u0000of suicidal ideation in this population.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The psychosocial factors are stronger predictors of suicidal ideation\u0000as compared to the substance use risk factors in a sample of Turkish youth.\u0000","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140487476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.2174/0122106766260667231024043828
Rapson Gomez, Shaun Watson, Taylor Brown
Background:: At present, there is little data on the factor structure of ADHD symptoms in adolescents, especially as they are organized in the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) or the recently proposed ADHD S-1 bifactor model. This study aimed to analyze how mother and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms align with these models. Methods:: This study utilized confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a group of 300 adolescents (ages ranging from 11 to 17 years) to examine the factor structure in terms of mother ratings and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms (inattention [IA], hyperactivity [HY], and impulsivity [IM]) presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS). Based on existing theory, the study examined five structural ADHD models: (1) DSM-5/ICD-10 one-factor model (with all symptoms loading on a single factor); (2) DSM-5 two-factor model (with IA and HY/IM factors); (3) ICD- 10 three-factor model (with IA, HY, and IM factors); (4) DSM-5 bifactor S – 1 model (with HY/IM as the reference indicators for the general factor); and (5) ICD-10 bifactor S – 1 model (with IM as the reference indicators for the general factor). Additionally, mothers and adolescents completed the five-item hyperactivity scale in the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results:: The results showed the most support for the ICD-10 three-factor model, with all three factors in this model showing adequate discriminant validity, good omega coefficient reliability values, and significant and positive association with SDQ hyperactivity. Furthermore, it is speculated that the ADHD structure in adolescents might involve a general ADHD factor alongside an IA-specific factor, omitting an HY component. Since the general factor was marked by the IM symptoms, this suggests that ADHD at a latent level could be typified by IA and IM symptoms, excluding HY symptoms. Conclusion:: The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.
{"title":"ADHD Symptoms Among Adolescents: Factor Structure Based on Mother and Adolescent Self-Ratings","authors":"Rapson Gomez, Shaun Watson, Taylor Brown","doi":"10.2174/0122106766260667231024043828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122106766260667231024043828","url":null,"abstract":"Background:: At present, there is little data on the factor structure of ADHD symptoms in adolescents, especially as they are organized in the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) or the recently proposed ADHD S-1 bifactor model. This study aimed to analyze how mother and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms align with these models. Methods:: This study utilized confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a group of 300 adolescents (ages ranging from 11 to 17 years) to examine the factor structure in terms of mother ratings and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms (inattention [IA], hyperactivity [HY], and impulsivity [IM]) presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS). Based on existing theory, the study examined five structural ADHD models: (1) DSM-5/ICD-10 one-factor model (with all symptoms loading on a single factor); (2) DSM-5 two-factor model (with IA and HY/IM factors); (3) ICD- 10 three-factor model (with IA, HY, and IM factors); (4) DSM-5 bifactor S – 1 model (with HY/IM as the reference indicators for the general factor); and (5) ICD-10 bifactor S – 1 model (with IM as the reference indicators for the general factor). Additionally, mothers and adolescents completed the five-item hyperactivity scale in the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results:: The results showed the most support for the ICD-10 three-factor model, with all three factors in this model showing adequate discriminant validity, good omega coefficient reliability values, and significant and positive association with SDQ hyperactivity. Furthermore, it is speculated that the ADHD structure in adolescents might involve a general ADHD factor alongside an IA-specific factor, omitting an HY component. Since the general factor was marked by the IM symptoms, this suggests that ADHD at a latent level could be typified by IA and IM symptoms, excluding HY symptoms. Conclusion:: The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135684932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.2174/0122106766264988231024052215
Jing Li, Sijia Liu
Background: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) on social media has emerged as a significant concern, particularly among college students, with implications for mental well-being and internet use. While previous studies have explored various aspects of mindfulness about digital behaviors, the specific link between mindfulness and FoMO, as well as the potential mechanisms involved, remains underexplored. Objective: Guided by the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model, this study investigates the relationship between mindfulness and FoMO among Chinese college students. Additionally, it explores the mediating roles of cognitive bias and the need to belong in understanding how mindfulness influences FoMO. Methods: Data was collected from 748 university students from two universities in China. Participants completed questionnaires assessing mindfulness, cognitive bias, the need to belong, and FoMO. Statistical analyses, including mediation models and bootstrapping, were conducted using SPSS 25.0 and the PROCESS macro version 3.3. Results: The SPSS PROCESS macro Model 4 analysis revealed that the relationships between mindfulness and FoMO (β=-.011, P=.738) and between Attention to Positive Information (API) and FoMO (β=.029, P=.383) were nonsignificant. Mindfulness exhibited negative associations with Attention to Negative Information (ANI) (β=- .250, P<.001) and the need to belong (β=-.254, P<.001) and positive associations with API (β=.268, P<.001). Furthermore, ANI positively correlated with FoMO (β=.182, P<.001), and the need to belong had a significant positive impact on FoMO (β=.503, P<.001). The mediation analysis indicated that the effect of mindfulness on FoMO was fully mediated by ANI and the need to belong, with no direct effect through API. Conclusion: By recognizing mindfulness as a valuable psychological resource, this research offers insights for developing targeted interventions aimed at reducing FoMO and promoting healthier social media engagement among this population. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of the interplay between mindfulness, cognitive processes, motivation, and FoMO, offering guidance for future research and practical interventions.
背景:社交媒体上的“错失恐惧症”(Fear of Missing Out，简称FoMO)已经成为一个重要的问题，尤其是在大学生中，它对心理健康和互联网使用都有影响。虽然之前的研究已经探索了正念与数字行为的各个方面，但正念与FoMO之间的具体联系以及所涉及的潜在机制仍未得到充分探索。目的:以资源保护理论(Conservation of Resources, COR)和人-情感-认知-执行互动模型(Interaction of person - affect - cognitive - execution, I-PACE)为指导，探讨正念与FoMO之间的关系。此外，它还探讨了认知偏见和归属需求在理解正念如何影响FoMO中的中介作用。方法:对全国两所大学的748名大学生进行调查。参与者完成了评估正念、认知偏见、归属感需求和FoMO的调查问卷。使用SPSS 25.0和PROCESS宏3.3版进行统计分析，包括中介模型和bootapping。结果:SPSS PROCESS宏观模型4分析显示，正念与FoMO之间存在显著的关系(β=-)。011, P=.738)，积极信息注意(API)与FoMO之间的关系(β=。029, P=.383)无统计学意义。正念与负面信息注意(ANI) (β=- 0.250, P<.001)和归属需求(β=-)呈负相关。254, P<.001)，与API呈正相关(β=。268年,术中;措施)。ANI与FoMO呈正相关(β=。182, P<.001)，归属需求对FoMO有显著的正向影响(β=。503年,术中;措施)。中介分析表明，正念对FoMO的影响完全由ANI和归属需求介导，API对FoMO没有直接影响。结论:通过认识到正念是一种有价值的心理资源，本研究为开发有针对性的干预措施提供了见解，旨在减少FoMO，促进这一人群更健康的社交媒体参与。这些发现有助于更广泛地理解正念、认知过程、动机和FoMO之间的相互作用，为未来的研究和实际干预提供指导。
{"title":"Social Media and Fear of Missing Out: An Exploration of the Role of Mindfulness, Cognitive Biases and Need to Belong in Chinese College Students","authors":"Jing Li, Sijia Liu","doi":"10.2174/0122106766264988231024052215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122106766264988231024052215","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) on social media has emerged as a significant concern, particularly among college students, with implications for mental well-being and internet use. While previous studies have explored various aspects of mindfulness about digital behaviors, the specific link between mindfulness and FoMO, as well as the potential mechanisms involved, remains underexplored. Objective: Guided by the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory and the Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model, this study investigates the relationship between mindfulness and FoMO among Chinese college students. Additionally, it explores the mediating roles of cognitive bias and the need to belong in understanding how mindfulness influences FoMO. Methods: Data was collected from 748 university students from two universities in China. Participants completed questionnaires assessing mindfulness, cognitive bias, the need to belong, and FoMO. Statistical analyses, including mediation models and bootstrapping, were conducted using SPSS 25.0 and the PROCESS macro version 3.3. Results: The SPSS PROCESS macro Model 4 analysis revealed that the relationships between mindfulness and FoMO (β=-.011, P=.738) and between Attention to Positive Information (API) and FoMO (β=.029, P=.383) were nonsignificant. Mindfulness exhibited negative associations with Attention to Negative Information (ANI) (β=- .250, P<.001) and the need to belong (β=-.254, P<.001) and positive associations with API (β=.268, P<.001). Furthermore, ANI positively correlated with FoMO (β=.182, P<.001), and the need to belong had a significant positive impact on FoMO (β=.503, P<.001). The mediation analysis indicated that the effect of mindfulness on FoMO was fully mediated by ANI and the need to belong, with no direct effect through API. Conclusion: By recognizing mindfulness as a valuable psychological resource, this research offers insights for developing targeted interventions aimed at reducing FoMO and promoting healthier social media engagement among this population. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of the interplay between mindfulness, cognitive processes, motivation, and FoMO, offering guidance for future research and practical interventions.","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135873023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.2174/0122106766256854231011064239
Tenzin Lhaksampa, Margot Kelly-Hedrick, Melissa Suchanek, Margaret Chisolm, Leslie Miller
Abstract: The onset of common mental illnesses, such as mood and anxiety disorders, often begins in adolescence and young adulthood. While traditional clinical care focuses on reducing psychiatric symptoms, it is important to simultaneously promote positive psychological states (i.e., flourishing). In this brief review, we synthesize the published literature on flourishing among adolescents and young adults with mood and anxiety disorders. Using VanderWeele’s flourishing model domains, we developed search terms that we applied to PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases. We identified four articles that met the inclusion criteria for this review. Each study identified in this review used distinct flourishing scales to examine various flourishing domains. Overall, incorporating techniques to promote positive mental health in clinical care decreased psychiatric symptoms and increased flourishing. More research is needed to examine how incorporating flourishing into clinical care can reduce suffering and promote positive mental health in patients.
{"title":"A Brief Review of Flourishing Among Adolescents and Young Adults with Mood and Anxiety Disorders","authors":"Tenzin Lhaksampa, Margot Kelly-Hedrick, Melissa Suchanek, Margaret Chisolm, Leslie Miller","doi":"10.2174/0122106766256854231011064239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122106766256854231011064239","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The onset of common mental illnesses, such as mood and anxiety disorders, often begins in adolescence and young adulthood. While traditional clinical care focuses on reducing psychiatric symptoms, it is important to simultaneously promote positive psychological states (i.e., flourishing). In this brief review, we synthesize the published literature on flourishing among adolescents and young adults with mood and anxiety disorders. Using VanderWeele’s flourishing model domains, we developed search terms that we applied to PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases. We identified four articles that met the inclusion criteria for this review. Each study identified in this review used distinct flourishing scales to examine various flourishing domains. Overall, incorporating techniques to promote positive mental health in clinical care decreased psychiatric symptoms and increased flourishing. More research is needed to examine how incorporating flourishing into clinical care can reduce suffering and promote positive mental health in patients.","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135315914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.2174/0122106766248146231006061511
Christopher Joseph Hammond, Anne E Boustead, Mary A Fristad, Aditya Pawar, Danielle L Steelesmith, Cynthia A Fontanella
Abstract: Youth cannabis use is a major public health crisis. Cannabis laws carry significant health implications for American youth. Relaxing of these laws – through decriminalization, medical and recreational legalization – by a majority of states in the United States (US) over the past 25 years has dramatically shifted societal perceptions and adult use. How cannabis policy changes have affected the population-wide health of US youth and downstream public health implications of cannabis laws remain topics of significant debate. Cannabis is the most commonly used federally-illicit drug by US adolescents and the main drug for which US teens obtain substance use treatment. Adolescent cannabis use is associated with negative long-term consequences for mental health, risk-taking behaviors, and academic/job achievement. As of January 2023, 37 states and the District of Columbia (DC) have enacted medical cannabis laws; of these, 21 states and DC have recreational cannabis laws. Multiple studies have assessed the association between cannabis laws and youth cannabis use; results indicate mostly null effects for medical laws and mixed effects for recreational laws. Little is known about the effects of cannabis laws on mental health and mortality outcomes for American youth. Methodological limitations have made the interpretation of this literature difficult. This article presents a narrative review of current scientific literature investigating the impact of changing cannabis policies on cannabis and other drug use, mental health, and mortality outcomes in US youth. Implications are framed within a larger discussion on national trends in youth drug use, effects of adolescent cannabis exposure on health outcomes, and research-based policymaking.
{"title":"Impact of Changing Cannabis Laws on Cannabis Use Disorders, Serious Mental Illness, and Mortality Outcomes in US Youth: A Narrative Review","authors":"Christopher Joseph Hammond, Anne E Boustead, Mary A Fristad, Aditya Pawar, Danielle L Steelesmith, Cynthia A Fontanella","doi":"10.2174/0122106766248146231006061511","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122106766248146231006061511","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Youth cannabis use is a major public health crisis. Cannabis laws carry significant health implications for American youth. Relaxing of these laws – through decriminalization, medical and recreational legalization – by a majority of states in the United States (US) over the past 25 years has dramatically shifted societal perceptions and adult use. How cannabis policy changes have affected the population-wide health of US youth and downstream public health implications of cannabis laws remain topics of significant debate. Cannabis is the most commonly used federally-illicit drug by US adolescents and the main drug for which US teens obtain substance use treatment. Adolescent cannabis use is associated with negative long-term consequences for mental health, risk-taking behaviors, and academic/job achievement. As of January 2023, 37 states and the District of Columbia (DC) have enacted medical cannabis laws; of these, 21 states and DC have recreational cannabis laws. Multiple studies have assessed the association between cannabis laws and youth cannabis use; results indicate mostly null effects for medical laws and mixed effects for recreational laws. Little is known about the effects of cannabis laws on mental health and mortality outcomes for American youth. Methodological limitations have made the interpretation of this literature difficult. This article presents a narrative review of current scientific literature investigating the impact of changing cannabis policies on cannabis and other drug use, mental health, and mortality outcomes in US youth. Implications are framed within a larger discussion on national trends in youth drug use, effects of adolescent cannabis exposure on health outcomes, and research-based policymaking.","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136253381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.2174/0122106766234102230919064455
Amelia D. Moser, Melissa M. Batt, L Cinnamon Bidwell, Roselinde H. Kaiser
Background: Interest in the potential mental health effects of cannabidiol (CBD) has increased recently, with a surge in commercial and pharmaceutical development of CBD products and a concomitant rise in consumer use. However, despite the widespread and growing use of CBD products by adults and adolescents, the mental health effects of CBD remain largely unknown. Objective: The goals of this review are: 1) to briefly review the evidence base for the mental health effects of CBD, using depression as an exemplar, and 2) to systematically outline complementary study designs needed to test CBD effects, together with challenges and special considerations related to each design. Methods: This review integrates empirical findings related to CBD's effects on mental health outcomes with the literature on intervention trial design and current legal regulations pertaining to CBD. Conclusion: Complementary controlled and observational studies of CBD are necessary to substantiate claims of mental health benefits, including for clinical depression and in pediatric populations. Investigators must consider challenges and opportunities specific to CBD as an intervention, including legal regulations, commercial or pharmaceutical product choice, dosing and bioavailability, and safety.
{"title":"Cannabidiol and Depression: Promise and Challenge in Building an Evidence Base","authors":"Amelia D. Moser, Melissa M. Batt, L Cinnamon Bidwell, Roselinde H. Kaiser","doi":"10.2174/0122106766234102230919064455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122106766234102230919064455","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Interest in the potential mental health effects of cannabidiol (CBD) has increased recently, with a surge in commercial and pharmaceutical development of CBD products and a concomitant rise in consumer use. However, despite the widespread and growing use of CBD products by adults and adolescents, the mental health effects of CBD remain largely unknown. Objective: The goals of this review are: 1) to briefly review the evidence base for the mental health effects of CBD, using depression as an exemplar, and 2) to systematically outline complementary study designs needed to test CBD effects, together with challenges and special considerations related to each design. Methods: This review integrates empirical findings related to CBD's effects on mental health outcomes with the literature on intervention trial design and current legal regulations pertaining to CBD. Conclusion: Complementary controlled and observational studies of CBD are necessary to substantiate claims of mental health benefits, including for clinical depression and in pediatric populations. Investigators must consider challenges and opportunities specific to CBD as an intervention, including legal regulations, commercial or pharmaceutical product choice, dosing and bioavailability, and safety.","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135647512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.2174/0122106766233339230919143924
Rebecca K. Denson, Julia Brooks, Graziano Pinna, Natania A . Crane
Background: Adolescents and young adults may use cannabidiol (CBD) products in an attempt to reduce depression and anxiety symptoms, despite little research examining this use. This systematic review evaluated preclinical and clinical research on the effects of CBD on depressive and anxiety disorders in adolescence and young adulthood. To provide context, we discuss CBD’s mechanism of action and neurodevelopmental effects. Methods: PubMed was searched for articles published through June 2022. Preclinical or clinical CBD administration studies with N > 1 that examined depressive and/or anxiety disorders were eligible. Results: Initially, 224 publications were identified. After excluding duplicates and applying eligibility criteria, 6 preclinical (depression: n≈133; anxiety: n≈161) and 4 clinical (anxiety: n=113) articles remained. Due to the low number of studies, results were synthesized qualitatively. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence were used to rate each study’s evidence. The preclinical effects of CBD on depression-like behavior appear to differ by sex, early life stress, and duration of use. Despite no evidence that CBD exerts anxiolytic effects in preclinical adolescent models, CBD may reduce anxiety symptoms in human adolescents and young adults with anxiety disorders. Conclusion: The existing evidence suggests that CBD may reduce symptoms of anxiety in adolescents and young adults. However, the evidence is sparse and limited by variations in samples and CBD dosing duration. Further research is needed to understand the potential benefits and/or harms of CBD for depression and anxiety disorders in this population. Implications for clinical practice and research are discussed.
{"title":"Effects of Cannabidiol in Adolescent and Young Adult Depressive and Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Research","authors":"Rebecca K. Denson, Julia Brooks, Graziano Pinna, Natania A . Crane","doi":"10.2174/0122106766233339230919143924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0122106766233339230919143924","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adolescents and young adults may use cannabidiol (CBD) products in an attempt to reduce depression and anxiety symptoms, despite little research examining this use. This systematic review evaluated preclinical and clinical research on the effects of CBD on depressive and anxiety disorders in adolescence and young adulthood. To provide context, we discuss CBD’s mechanism of action and neurodevelopmental effects. Methods: PubMed was searched for articles published through June 2022. Preclinical or clinical CBD administration studies with N > 1 that examined depressive and/or anxiety disorders were eligible. Results: Initially, 224 publications were identified. After excluding duplicates and applying eligibility criteria, 6 preclinical (depression: n≈133; anxiety: n≈161) and 4 clinical (anxiety: n=113) articles remained. Due to the low number of studies, results were synthesized qualitatively. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence were used to rate each study’s evidence. The preclinical effects of CBD on depression-like behavior appear to differ by sex, early life stress, and duration of use. Despite no evidence that CBD exerts anxiolytic effects in preclinical adolescent models, CBD may reduce anxiety symptoms in human adolescents and young adults with anxiety disorders. Conclusion: The existing evidence suggests that CBD may reduce symptoms of anxiety in adolescents and young adults. However, the evidence is sparse and limited by variations in samples and CBD dosing duration. Further research is needed to understand the potential benefits and/or harms of CBD for depression and anxiety disorders in this population. Implications for clinical practice and research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135646430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2174/2210676613666230901143219
Leslie Hulvershorn, Sally Weinstein, Kristina Bixler, Olivia K Murray, Michael P Smoker, Christopher Hammond
Cannabidiol (CBD), a plant-derived cannabinoid compound found in cannabis, has been readily available in the United States since the legalization of hemp products in 2018. With all 50 states legalizing some form of CBD, many products have appeared in the marketplace. The American public generally considers CBD a safe and effective way to manage pain, mental health conditions, and other health issues in children and adults, even though CBD has only been approved for the treatment of specific types of pediatric seizures. This report describes early findings from preclinical CBD studies, select clinical trials, and naturalistic observational studies of CBD users and identifies knowledge gaps in this emerging field, especially those relating to the developmental effects of CBD. The main goal of this report is to identify priorities for future CBD research, particularly those that will benefit the field of child and adolescent psychiatry.
{"title":"Identifying Cannabidiol (CBD) Research Priorities Relevant to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","authors":"Leslie Hulvershorn, Sally Weinstein, Kristina Bixler, Olivia K Murray, Michael P Smoker, Christopher Hammond","doi":"10.2174/2210676613666230901143219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676613666230901143219","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Cannabidiol (CBD), a plant-derived cannabinoid compound found in\u0000cannabis, has been readily available in the United States since the legalization of\u0000hemp products in 2018. With all 50 states legalizing some form of CBD, many\u0000products have appeared in the marketplace. The American public generally\u0000considers CBD a safe and effective way to manage pain, mental health conditions,\u0000and other health issues in children and adults, even though CBD has only been\u0000approved for the treatment of specific types of pediatric seizures. This report\u0000describes early findings from preclinical CBD studies, select clinical trials, and\u0000naturalistic observational studies of CBD users and identifies knowledge gaps in\u0000this emerging field, especially those relating to the developmental effects of CBD.\u0000The main goal of this report is to identify priorities for future CBD research,\u0000particularly those that will benefit the field of child and adolescent psychiatry.\u0000","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48639079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.2174/2210676613666230901143229
Amanda Sun, Aimee Sullivan, Jarrod Leffler, Christopher Hammond, Leslie Hulvershorn, Leslie Miller
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a plant-derived cannabinoid found in cannabis and hemp plants with broad psychopharmacologic effects and poorly understood mechanisms of action that may include anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and CNS modulation of endocannabinoid, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission. This article reviews existing data on the safety and efficacy of CBD for mental and physical health indications in the pediatric population and for psychiatric disorders in adults, with a focus on clinical trials. Searches of PubMed and PsycINFO for articles through October 2021 focused on clinical trials on “cannabidiol” and “seizure” or “psychiatry” in youth and adults, identifying 686 articles that were then screened and evaluated for relevance. Research into the safety and efficacy of CBD led to the United States Food and Drug Administration's approval of Epidolex, a purified pharmaceutical-grade CBD medicine, for treating drug-resistant seizures in Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex. Beyond treatment for rare seizure disorders, CBD has received growing public interest in recent years as a “natural” treatment for various other medical and psychiatric conditions, resulting in a rapidly expanding multi-billion-dollar US market for CBD dietary/health supplements and a growing number of Americans reporting regular use. However, the growing demand and broad claims of purported benefits have greatly outpaced the body of literature substantiating its use. Further, limited safety data in pediatric populations, drug-to-drug interactions between CBD and prescribed medications, and issues related to mislabeling and contamination have blunted enthusiasm for CBD in the pediatric healthcare community and indicate a need for additional research.
大麻二酚(CBD)是一种在大麻和大麻植物中发现的植物衍生的大麻素，具有广泛的精神药理学作用，其作用机制可能包括抗氧化和抗炎特性，以及内源性大麻素、谷氨酸能和血清素能神经传递的中枢神经系统调节。这篇文章回顾了现有的关于CBD在儿童人群的精神和身体健康适应症以及成人精神疾病方面的安全性和有效性的数据，重点是临床试验。到2021年10月，PubMed和PsycINFO对文章的搜索主要集中在青少年和成人的“大麻二酚”和“癫痫”或“精神病学”的临床试验上，确定了686篇文章，然后进行了筛选和相关性评估。对CBD安全性和有效性的研究促使美国食品和药物管理局(Food and Drug Administration)批准了Epidolex，一种纯化的药用级CBD药物，用于治疗Dravet综合征、lenox - gastaut综合征和结节性硬化症的耐药癫痫发作。除了治疗罕见的癫痫发作之外，近年来，CBD作为各种其他医学和精神疾病的“天然”治疗方法引起了越来越多的公众兴趣，导致CBD膳食/保健品在美国的市场迅速扩大，规模达数十亿美元，越来越多的美国人报告经常使用CBD。然而，不断增长的需求和广泛声称的好处大大超过了文献证实其使用的速度。此外，儿科人群中有限的安全性数据，CBD与处方药之间的药物间相互作用，以及与标签错误和污染相关的问题削弱了儿科医疗社区对CBD的热情，表明需要进一步的研究。
{"title":"Review of the Efficacy and Safety Of Cannabidiol with a Focus on Children and Adolescents in the Treatment of Psychiatric Symptoms and Disorders","authors":"Amanda Sun, Aimee Sullivan, Jarrod Leffler, Christopher Hammond, Leslie Hulvershorn, Leslie Miller","doi":"10.2174/2210676613666230901143229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676613666230901143229","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Cannabidiol (CBD) is a plant-derived cannabinoid found in cannabis and hemp plants with broad psychopharmacologic effects and poorly understood mechanisms of action that may include anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and CNS modulation of endocannabinoid, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission. This article reviews existing data on the safety and efficacy of CBD for mental and physical health indications in the pediatric population and for psychiatric disorders in adults, with a focus on clinical trials. Searches of PubMed and PsycINFO for articles through October 2021 focused on clinical trials on “cannabidiol” and “seizure” or “psychiatry” in youth and adults, identifying 686 articles that were then screened and evaluated for relevance. Research into the safety and efficacy of CBD led to the United States Food and Drug Administration's approval of Epidolex, a purified pharmaceutical-grade CBD medicine, for treating drug-resistant seizures in Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and tuberous sclerosis complex. Beyond treatment for rare seizure disorders, CBD has received growing public interest in recent years as a “natural” treatment for various other medical and psychiatric conditions, resulting in a rapidly expanding multi-billion-dollar US market for CBD dietary/health supplements and a growing number of Americans reporting regular use. However, the growing demand and broad claims of purported benefits have greatly outpaced the body of literature substantiating its use. Further, limited safety data in pediatric populations, drug-to-drug interactions between CBD and prescribed medications, and issues related to mislabeling and contamination have blunted enthusiasm for CBD in the pediatric healthcare community and indicate a need for additional research.\u0000","PeriodicalId":43326,"journal":{"name":"Adolescent Psychiatry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43976610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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