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MiR-214-3p Prevents the Development of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders in Elderly Rats. MiR-214-3p 可预防老年大鼠围手术期神经认知障碍的发展
IF 2.4 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2022-08-01 Epub Date: 2022-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2572-x
Yu-Hao Wang, Yong-Wang Chen, Wan-Li Xiao, Xue-Lian Li, Lan Feng, Yu-Lin Liu, Xiao-Xia Duan

Objective: This study aimed to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the development of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND).

Methods: Plasma exosomal miRNA expression was examined in patients before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) using microarray and qRT-PCR and these patients were diagnosed as PND later. Elderly rats were subjected to CPB, and the cognitive functions were examined. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to predict the targets of miR-214-3p. Rats were administered rno-miR-214-3p agomir before or after CPB to investigate the role of miR-214-3p in PND development.

Results: We identified 76 differentially expressed plasma exosomal miRNAs in PND patients after surgery (P<0.05, ∣log2FC∣>0.58), including the upregulated hsa-miR-214-3p (P=0.002399392). Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) was predicted as a miR-214-3p target. In rats, CPB reduced the platform crossing numbers and target quadrant stay time, accompanied with hippocampal neuronal necrosis. The rno-miR-214-3p level was significantly increased in plasma exosomes but decreased in rat hippocampus after surgery, exhibiting a negative correlation (P<0.001, r=-0.762). A negative correlation between miR-214-3p and PTGS2 protein expression was also observed in the hippocampus after surgery. Importantly, rno-miR-214-3p agomir treatment, before or after surgery, significantly increased the platform crossing numbers (P=0.035) and target quadrant stay time (P=0.029) compared with negative control. Hippocampal PTGS2 protein level was increased in the untreated surgery group and decreased in response to rno-miR-214-3p agomir treatment before or after surgery (both P<0.05 vs. negative control).

Conclusion: These data suggest that miR-214-3p/PTGS2 signaling contributes to the development of PND, serving as a potential therapeutic target for PND.

研究目的本研究旨在确定与围手术期神经认知障碍(PND)发病有关的微RNA(miRNA):方法:使用芯片和 qRT-PCR 技术检测心肺旁路(CPB)前后患者血浆外泌体 miRNA 的表达,这些患者随后被诊断为 PND。对老年大鼠进行了 CPB,并对其认知功能进行了检测。生物信息学分析预测了 miR-214-3p 的靶标。在 CPB 之前或之后给大鼠注射 rno-miR-214-3p 激动剂,研究 miR-214-3p 在 PND 发生过程中的作用:结果:我们在手术后的 PND 患者中发现了 76 种不同表达的血浆外泌体 miRNA(P0.58),其中包括上调的 hsa-miR-214-3p(P=0.002399392)。据预测,前列腺素内过氧化物合成酶 2(PTGS2)是 miR-214-3p 的靶点。在大鼠中,CPB 减少了平台穿越次数和目标象限停留时间,并伴随海马神经元坏死。手术后,血浆外泌体中的 rno-miR-214-3p 水平明显升高,但大鼠海马中的 rno-miR-214-3p 水平却下降了,两者呈负相关(PConclusion:这些数据表明,miR-214-3p/PTGS2 信号传导有助于 PND 的发展,可作为 PND 的潜在治疗靶点。
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引用次数: 2
Political consensus and economic reforms in Tunisia 突尼斯的政治共识和经济改革
IF 0.6 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.15355/epsj.16.2.30
Nizar Jouini
This article explores the role of political consensus in Tunisia in slowing reforms, following the political crisis that followed President Kais Saied’s decision to dismiss the Prime Minister and suspend parliament. It argues that the political consensus created by the 2016 Carthage agreement led to a slowing of economic reforms and triggered a political crisis. The article then considers the necessary preconditions for policymakers to make future political consensus an opportunity to endorse economic reforms that enforce accountability and advance a policy agenda that goes beyond the interests of the ruling coalition.
本文探讨了在突尼斯总统赛义德(Kais Saied)决定罢免总理并暂停议会后发生的政治危机之后,政治共识在减缓改革方面所起的作用。它认为,2016年迦太基协议创造的政治共识导致经济改革放缓,并引发了政治危机。然后,本文考虑了决策者将未来的政治共识作为支持经济改革的机会的必要先决条件,这些改革将加强问责制,并推进超越执政联盟利益的政策议程。
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引用次数: 1
Political Economy of the Syrian War: Patterns and Causes 叙利亚战争的政治经济学:模式与原因
IF 0.6 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.15355/epsj.16.2.18
Marwan Kabalan
Amongst all the Arab countries that have witnessed social unrest over the past decade, Syria has emerged as a unique case. What started as a peaceful social effort to bring about overdue political reform turned into a bloody conflict. The 10 year-old civil war has largely devastated the Syrian economy and is likely to have lingering consequences on the country’s development for many years to come. This article deals with the political economy of the Syrian conflict. It argues that economic liberalization, poor public policies, and persistent drought in the years preceding the crisis, upset the social equilibrium and led to unrest. The very social class that used to support the once “socialist” regime in Damascus in the period 1963–2010 felt abandoned and betrayed by its economic policies. Indeed, the transition from a state-controlled economy into a free market economy, under Bashar al-Assad, may have served Syria in many ways, but it also created many problems. The ongoing conflict can be seen as a conflict about the distribution of power and wealth and, if Syria survives it as a united country, it will likely have a political, economic, and social equilibrium drastically different from the one it had.
在过去10年经历社会动荡的所有阿拉伯国家中,叙利亚是一个独特的例子。一开始是一场和平的社会努力,旨在实现迟来的政治改革,结果却演变成一场血腥的冲突。长达10年的内战在很大程度上摧毁了叙利亚的经济,并可能在未来许多年对该国的发展产生挥之不去的影响。本文论述叙利亚冲突的政治经济学。它认为,经济自由化、糟糕的公共政策和危机前几年持续的干旱,打破了社会平衡,导致了动荡。在1963年至2010年期间,曾经支持大马士革曾经的“社会主义”政权的社会阶层感到被其经济政策抛弃和背叛。的确,在巴沙尔•阿萨德(Bashar al-Assad)的领导下,从国家控制的经济向自由市场经济的转变,可能在很多方面对叙利亚有益,但也带来了许多问题。正在进行的冲突可以被看作是关于权力和财富分配的冲突,如果叙利亚作为一个统一的国家幸存下来,它可能会有一个与以前截然不同的政治、经济和社会平衡。
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引用次数: 0
New Technology and the US MIC 新技术与美国MIC
IF 0.6 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.15355/epsj.16.2.5
J. Dunne, Elisabeth Sköns
This article considers what could be a fundamental development in the defence industrial base (DIB) in the US, namely the increased involvement of commercial technology companies in military-related business. After an outline of the dynamics and longer-term post-Cold War developments in the international arms industry, it investigates recent changes in the Pentagon's attitudes and policies to gain access to new technologies from the commercial and academic sectors. It also considers the military, technological and political drivers that have led to these technologies being sought from commercial companies for military use. It then considers the recent engagement of the major commercial technology companies in activities for the military sector and what is driving them to take up military contracts. Finally, it considers what these developments imply for the dynamics of the arms industry and the relationships within the DIB and the military industrial complex (MIC).
本文考虑了美国国防工业基础(DIB)的一个根本性发展,即商业技术公司越来越多地参与军事相关业务。在概述了国际武器工业在冷战后的动态和长期发展之后,它调查了五角大楼最近在从商业和学术部门获得新技术方面的态度和政策的变化。它还考虑了导致这些技术被商业公司用于军事用途的军事、技术和政治驱动因素。然后,它考虑了最近主要商业技术公司参与军事部门活动的情况,以及促使它们接受军事合同的原因。最后,它考虑了这些事态发展对军火工业的动态和DIB和军事工业联合体(MIC)内部的关系意味着什么。
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引用次数: 2
Solidarity and Fragmentation in Libya’s Associational Life. 利比亚联合生活中的团结与分裂。
IF 0.6 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-10-21 DOI: 10.15355/epsj.16.2.40
Sherine El Taraboulsi-McCarthy
This article is a sociohistorical analysis of two regions of Libya, Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, following independence in 1951. Building on Pierson (2004), it focuses on path dependent trends in solidarity and the fragmentation of Libya’s associative space. It argues that associational life has played a twofold role in Libya’s political and social history. First, it actively contributed to the strengthening of resistance against colonialism and tyranny, the development of state institutions and the domestication of state power. Second, it contributed to processes of bonding within groups that compromised the development of a Libyan state, which was a factor in the onset of the Libyan civil war (2014–2020). This dual nature of the associative space is an important point of inquiry for Libyan historiography and something that is important for policymakers presiding over the country’s state, nation building and economic development to understand.
本文是对1951年独立后利比亚的两个地区,昔兰尼加和的黎波里塔尼亚的社会历史分析。在Pierson(2004)的基础上,它重点关注团结和利比亚联想空间碎片化的路径依赖趋势。它认为,结社生活在利比亚的政治和社会历史上发挥了双重作用。首先,它为加强对殖民主义和暴政的抵抗、国家机构的发展和国家权力的本土化做出了积极贡献。其次,它促进了团体内部的联系进程,从而损害了利比亚国家的发展,这是利比亚内战爆发的一个因素(2014-2020)。联想空间的这种双重性是利比亚史学的一个重要研究点,也是主持国家、国家建设和经济发展的决策者需要理解的重要问题。
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引用次数: 0
Warlord Politics and Economic Clientelism in Lebanon 黎巴嫩军阀政治与经济客户主义
IF 0.6 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-04-25 DOI: 10.15355/EPSJ.16.1.28
S. Ille, Dina Mansour-Ille
Since October 2019, Lebanon has been going through a deep economic and financial crisis that drove the country to a political meltdown. Facing a severe recession, high inflation and unemployment, nationwide protests in the aftermath of the Beirut explosion in August 2020 have led to the resignation of Hassan Diab’s cabinet – the second government to resign within the span of a few months. This article studies the interplay of the political, economic, and social factors that led to the current economic and political crisis. We show how warlord politics, and a corporate consociational system have misguided incentives and policies and consolidated a rentier economy that inevitably led to the current situation.
自2019年10月以来,黎巴嫩一直在经历一场深刻的经济和金融危机,这场危机将该国推向了政治崩溃。面对严重的经济衰退、高通胀和失业,2020年8月贝鲁特爆炸后的全国性抗议活动导致哈桑·迪亚卜内阁辞职,这是几个月内第二个辞职的政府。本文研究了导致当前经济和政治危机的政治、经济和社会因素的相互作用。我们展示了军阀政治和企业联合制度是如何误导激励和政策的,并巩固了不可避免地导致当前局势的寻租经济。
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引用次数: 0
Accounting for Numbers: Group Characteristics and the Choice of Violent and Nonviolent Tactics 数字会计:群体特征与暴力与非暴力策略的选择
IF 0.6 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-04-25 DOI: 10.15355/EPSJ.16.1.5
K. Gleditsch, Marianne Dahl, S. Gates, Belén González
Scholars have shown that nonviolent movements tend to be more successful than violent movements. A key explanation is that nonviolent movements have a mobilization advantage over violent campaigns. As nonviolent movements have lower barriers to active participation, they can expand quickly by mobilizing much larger numbers than violent movements. We argue that such a mobilization advantage is not universal, and that different movements are likely to have a comparative advantage in one tactic over another. We develop a simple model emphasizing how the ex ante potential for mobilization and prospects for success steer the choice of dissident tactics. Nonviolent tactics can be relatively more effective when a movement can mobilize more active participants than with violence, but movements with limited mobilization potential can have feasible prospects for violent dissent and a nonviolent mobilization disadvantage. We examine the implications of the model against empirical data for different types of dissident tactics and on resort to nonviolent and nonviolent dissent. We demonstrate very different actor profiles in nonviolent dissent and violent conflict, and show how each of the two types of dissent are more likely under very different settings. To compare success by types of dissent we must account for how differences in potential numbers or mobilization shape tactical choices.
学者们已经证明,非暴力运动往往比暴力运动更成功。一个关键的解释是,非暴力运动比暴力运动具有动员优势。由于非暴力运动积极参与的障碍较低,因此它们可以通过动员比暴力运动多得多的人数来迅速扩大。我们认为,这种动员优势并不普遍,不同的运动可能在一种策略上比另一种策略具有相对优势。我们开发了一个简单的模型,强调事前动员的潜力和成功的前景如何引导持不同政见者战术的选择。当一场运动能够动员比暴力更积极的参与者时,非暴力策略可能相对更有效,但动员潜力有限的运动可能存在暴力异议和非暴力动员劣势的可行前景。我们对照不同类型的持不同政见者策略以及诉诸非暴力和非暴力持不同政见的经验数据,研究了该模型的含义。我们展示了非暴力异见和暴力冲突中截然不同的参与者形象,并展示了这两种类型的异见在截然不同的环境下更有可能发生。要通过不同类型的异议来比较成功,我们必须考虑潜在人数或动员的差异如何影响战术选择。
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引用次数: 13
Restructuring state power in Sudan 重组苏丹的国家权力
IF 0.6 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-04-25 DOI: 10.15355/EPSJ.16.1.41
A. Tchie, Hamid E. Ali
Developing post-conflict economic policies in Sudan remains a significant challenge for the Sudanese transitional government and the international community. This article argues that understanding the conflict, its costs and the progress made during the current peace agreement are essential for advancing policy reforms in Sudan. The Sudanese transitional government has attempted to implement reforms, but little progress has been made because the civilian elements operate outside of the existing state power. The previous regimes policies sustained conflict(s) through both passive and active enablement of the Sudanese security forces, which means that the restructuring of state power is essential to place Sudan on the right course towards sustained democracy. This article posits that addressing structural reforms in Sudan means establishing control over the economy, defense, and security sectors.
在苏丹制定冲突后的经济政策仍然是苏丹过渡政府和国际社会面临的重大挑战。本文认为,了解冲突、其代价以及在当前和平协议期间取得的进展,对于推进苏丹的政策改革至关重要。苏丹过渡政府一直试图实施改革,但进展甚微,因为文职人员在现有的国家权力之外运作。前政权的政策通过被动和主动支持苏丹安全部队来维持冲突,这意味着国家权力的重组对于将苏丹置于通往持续民主的正确道路上至关重要。本文认为,解决苏丹的结构性改革意味着建立对经济、国防和安全部门的控制。
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引用次数: 1
Did the Qatar Blockade Work? Evidence from Trade and Consumer Welfare Three Years after the Blockade 卡塔尔封锁奏效了吗?封锁三年后贸易和消费者福利的证据
IF 0.6 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-04-25 DOI: 10.15355/EPSJ.16.1.66
Hanan Al-Mal, Ayhab F. Saad
This article examines the effects of the embargo (blockade) imposed on Qatar in June 2017 by four countries: Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Egypt, and Bahrain. Using highly disaggregated product-destination quarterly trade datasets provided by the Qatar General Authority of Customs, we find a significant decline in Qatar’s aggregate imports and consumer welfare (with an increase in the prices of imported goods) in the short run, but not thereafter. Political relations with non-besieging countries seem to be associated with Qatar’s bilateral trade after the blockade, particularly in the first quarter. Shortly after the blockade, countries opposing the blockade experienced a sizable growth in exports to Qatar. In the medium to long run, Qatar succeeded in mitigating the impact of the blockade by diversifying its import origins and adopting new reforms to stabilize the economy and enhance the country’s food security and self-sufficiency.
本文考察了沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国、埃及和巴林四个国家2017年6月对卡塔尔实施禁运(封锁)的影响。使用卡塔尔海关总署提供的高度分类的产品目的地季度贸易数据集,我们发现卡塔尔的总进口和消费者福利在短期内显著下降(进口商品价格上涨),但此后不会下降。与非围攻国的政治关系似乎与卡塔尔在封锁后的双边贸易有关,尤其是在第一季度。封锁后不久,反对封锁的国家对卡塔尔的出口大幅增长。从中长期来看,卡塔尔成功地减轻了封锁的影响,使其进口来源多样化,并采取了新的改革措施来稳定经济,加强国家的粮食安全和自给自足。
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引用次数: 1
Humanitarian Aid and War Economies: The Case of Yemen 人道主义援助与战争经济:以也门为例
IF 0.6 Q3 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2021-04-25 DOI: 10.15355/EPSJ.16.1.52
M A A Elayah, Matilda Fenttiman
Although humanitarian aid (HA) is desperately needed in Yemen to cope with the worst humanitarian crisis in the world, few studies have analyzed the effect of these grants. This article provides such an analysis using 34 interviews of NGO directors and staff members in Yemen. The interviews were conducted in an open format, to enable interviewees to express all their ideas on the HA situation in Yemen, not just ones that solely fit into the frame and questions of this study. Our empirical analysis indicates that the ability of local NGOs to use and deliver supplies to those suffering is severely constrained. This is mainly due to looting by conflicting factions, corruption, and the absence of the international deterrent that obliges the conflicting parties to preserve human rights. Furthermore, this study indicates that HA is being used as a weapon of war for power and financial gain, and thus is a contributing factor in the continuation of the conflict. This means it is important that international donors explore alternative solutions to effectively deliver and distribute HA in fragile states.
尽管也门迫切需要人道主义援助来应对世界上最严重的人道主义危机,但很少有研究分析这些赠款的效果。本文通过对也门34名非政府组织负责人和工作人员的访谈,提供了这样的分析。访谈以开放形式进行,使受访者能够表达他们对也门人道主义医院状况的所有想法,而不仅仅是那些只适合本研究框架和问题的想法。我们的实证分析表明,当地非政府组织使用和运送物资给灾民的能力受到严重限制。这主要是由于冲突派系的掠夺、腐败和缺乏迫使冲突各方维护人权的国际威慑。此外,这项研究表明,人道主义援助正被用作权力和经济利益的战争武器,因此是冲突持续的一个促成因素。这意味着国际捐助者必须探索在脆弱国家有效提供和分配卫生服务的替代解决方案。
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引用次数: 5
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Economics of Peace and Security Journal
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