This article analyses the relationship between governance and violence in light of the World Development Report 2017 on Governance and the Law. The article discusses the approach taken by the Report to link governance and violence and highlights the importance of new research and findings on forms of wartime governance, and their implications for international politics and development interventions in conflict and postconflict contexts.
{"title":"The need to be governed: Governance and violence in conflict contexts","authors":"P. Justino","doi":"10.15355/EPSJ.13.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/EPSJ.13.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the relationship between governance and violence in light of the World Development Report 2017 on Governance and the Law. The article discusses the approach taken by the Report to link governance and violence and highlights the importance of new research and findings on forms of wartime governance, and their implications for international politics and development interventions in conflict and postconflict contexts.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44633951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article outlines pillars of peace economics and peaceful economics policies. It first highlights Kenneth Boulding’s contribution to peace economics. In particular, substantial attention is paid to his conception of three systems that govern social life, namely the exchange system, the threat system, and the integrative system. Examples are produced to describe the differences between and among them. Second, in light of Boulding’s views, a workable definition of peace is proposed and associated suggestions for peaceful economic policy are made. Three aspects are underlined: The establishment of consensual democracies, the setting of a novel economic policy target—namely the ratio of public education expenditure to military expenditure—and the pursuit of stricter regulations on the international arms trade.
{"title":"Peace economics and peaceful economic policies","authors":"Raul Caruso","doi":"10.15355/epsj.12.2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.12.2.16","url":null,"abstract":"This article outlines pillars of peace economics and peaceful economics policies. It first highlights Kenneth Boulding’s contribution to peace economics. In particular, substantial attention is paid to his conception of three systems that govern social life, namely the exchange system, the threat system, and the integrative system. Examples are produced to describe the differences between and among them. Second, in light of Boulding’s views, a workable definition of peace is proposed and associated suggestions for peaceful economic policy are made. Three aspects are underlined: The establishment of consensual democracies, the setting of a novel economic policy target—namely the ratio of public education expenditure to military expenditure—and the pursuit of stricter regulations on the international arms trade.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"16-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47415150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Historically, peace and security have been important issues in economics. Yet for contemporary economics, issues of peace and security are marginal, and economists are conspicuous by their absence in debates to a degree that rivals the importance of the problems. Strikingly, economics textbooks in general, and development economics textbooks in particular, seldom give consideration to violent conflicts despite the dreadful impact they have on populations in the very poorest of countries. Similarly, they seldom deal with issues of peace and post-war reconstruction despite their importance for successful development. This article reviews some achievements within the economics of peace and security field and considers how our understanding of the preparation for violent conflict and the determinants and costs of conflict has been improved by research and what this might entail for some of the challenges ahead. In particular, the article identifies the challenge of constructing a peace economics that will allow for the design of economic systems that embed peace and overcome many of the conditions that continue to maintain the prevalence of violent conflict around the world.
{"title":"War, peace, and development","authors":"J. Dunne","doi":"10.15355/EPSJ.12.2.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/EPSJ.12.2.21","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, peace and security have been important issues in economics. Yet for contemporary economics, issues of peace and security are marginal, and economists are conspicuous by their absence in debates to a degree that rivals the importance of the problems. Strikingly, economics textbooks in general, and development economics textbooks in particular, seldom give consideration to violent conflicts despite the dreadful impact they have on populations in the very poorest of countries. Similarly, they seldom deal with issues of peace and post-war reconstruction despite their importance for successful development. This article reviews some achievements within the economics of peace and security field and considers how our understanding of the preparation for violent conflict and the determinants and costs of conflict has been improved by research and what this might entail for some of the challenges ahead. In particular, the article identifies the challenge of constructing a peace economics that will allow for the design of economic systems that embed peace and overcome many of the conditions that continue to maintain the prevalence of violent conflict around the world.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"21-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42070025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The bargaining theory of war and peace has emerged as an important research framework in the social sciences for understanding why wars occur and why opportunities for peace sometimes fail. Close to a dozen distinct “rationalist” sources of war have been theoretically modeled in the bargaining literature, empirical studies of war and peace are increasingly drawing upon bargaining models for theoretical guidance, and “nonrationalist” sources of war based on insights from psychology and sociology can be incorporated into the theory. This article briefly surveys key elements and results of the bargaining theory of war and it emphasizes the untapped potential for the framework to serve as a theory of peace in both research and teaching.
{"title":"The bargaining theory of war and peace","authors":"Charles H. Anderton","doi":"10.15355/EPSJ.12.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/EPSJ.12.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The bargaining theory of war and peace has emerged as an important research framework in the social sciences for understanding why wars occur and why opportunities for peace sometimes fail. Close to a dozen distinct “rationalist” sources of war have been theoretically modeled in the bargaining literature, empirical studies of war and peace are increasingly drawing upon bargaining models for theoretical guidance, and “nonrationalist” sources of war based on insights from psychology and sociology can be incorporated into the theory. This article briefly surveys key elements and results of the bargaining theory of war and it emphasizes the untapped potential for the framework to serve as a theory of peace in both research and teaching.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"10-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46499731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peace and economic development are inextricably linked, yet there is little synergy between researching and teaching the two. The development literature largely assumes peace, even if amidst weak institutions, while the peace economics literature largely assumes the absence of development. This essay presents examples of how integrating the two could help the profession understand better the economics of being poor. Since scholarship flows into what we teach, challenges and opportunities in teaching the economics of war and peace are also discussed.
{"title":"On peace and development economics","authors":"S. Silwal","doi":"10.15355/EPSJ.12.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/EPSJ.12.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Peace and economic development are inextricably linked, yet there is little synergy between researching and teaching the two. The development literature largely assumes peace, even if amidst weak institutions, while the peace economics literature largely assumes the absence of development. This essay presents examples of how integrating the two could help the profession understand better the economics of being poor. Since scholarship flows into what we teach, challenges and opportunities in teaching the economics of war and peace are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"5-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42457668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Even though the global economy continues to grow and technological advancements expand horizons, over half of the world’s population experiences profound want and fear on a daily basis. The global poor are predominantly found in countries that are underdeveloped and/or conflict-affected. Traditional economics has failed to provide an analytical framework that is both appropriate and transferrable, particularly in contexts where Westphalian assumptions of statehood do not hold true. Globalization, the rise of nonstate actors, and the existence of persistent low-intensity conflict have reconfigured the geostrategic landscape. By emphasizing the use of economic principles to promote peace through the design and implementation of strategies that foster efficiency and inclusion, peace economics could provide a viable framework for the development and security of fragile states and regions. This article examines the evolution of the discipline, analyzes potential challenges posed by fragile states, and proposes six recommendations for contemporary peace economists.
{"title":"Peace economics in a changing world","authors":"R. Gilpin","doi":"10.15355/EPSJ.12.2.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/EPSJ.12.2.32","url":null,"abstract":"Even though the global economy continues to grow and technological advancements expand horizons, over half of the world’s population experiences profound want and fear on a daily basis. The global poor are predominantly found in countries that are underdeveloped and/or conflict-affected. Traditional economics has failed to provide an analytical framework that is both appropriate and transferrable, particularly in contexts where Westphalian assumptions of statehood do not hold true. Globalization, the rise of nonstate actors, and the existence of persistent low-intensity conflict have reconfigured the geostrategic landscape. By emphasizing the use of economic principles to promote peace through the design and implementation of strategies that foster efficiency and inclusion, peace economics could provide a viable framework for the development and security of fragile states and regions. This article examines the evolution of the discipline, analyzes potential challenges posed by fragile states, and proposes six recommendations for contemporary peace economists.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"32-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48011978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The global defense industry is shifting toward a new paradigm in which an emphasis on technology-driven capability development is being undermined by disruptive innovations emanating from the commercial sector. This evolution is likely to result in important effects on the defense market, lessening barriers to entry and turning upside down the approach to innovation. For the defense sector this entails that shifts in the organizational behavior of firms and military establishments are required if the full benefits of innovation are to be captured and integrated into defense capability development processes. This article analyses this shifting paradigm with the European defense market as a departure point. Briefly exploring the shifts in defense industrial processes since the 20th century, this article outlines the benefits of integrating the defense and civilian technological and industrial bases.
{"title":"The European defense market: Disruptive innovation and market destabilization","authors":"Renaud Bellais, Daniel Fiott","doi":"10.15355/EPSJ.12.1.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/EPSJ.12.1.37","url":null,"abstract":"The global defense industry is shifting toward a new paradigm in which an emphasis on technology-driven capability development is being undermined by disruptive innovations emanating from the commercial sector. This evolution is likely to result in important effects on the defense market, lessening barriers to entry and turning upside down the approach to innovation. For the defense sector this entails that shifts in the organizational behavior of firms and military establishments are required if the full benefits of innovation are to be captured and integrated into defense capability development processes. This article analyses this shifting paradigm with the European defense market as a departure point. Briefly exploring the shifts in defense industrial processes since the 20th century, this article outlines the benefits of integrating the defense and civilian technological and industrial bases.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"38-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44720834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Bitzinger, Aude Fleurant, K. Hartley, W. Hartung, S. Markowski, Y. Quéau, R. Wylie
The authors of this article offer perspectives on the symposium on the European arms industries published in volume 12, number 1 of The Economics of Peace and Security Journal. The symposium contributions cover the history, current situation, and likely future prospects of the European naval, land armaments, military helicopter, aerospace, and outer space industries. The perspectives then comment on the articles as a group and do so from a global vantage point inasmuch as the commentators constitute a group of prominent researchers and policy analysts drawn from around the world.
{"title":"Global perspectives on the European arms industries","authors":"R. Bitzinger, Aude Fleurant, K. Hartley, W. Hartung, S. Markowski, Y. Quéau, R. Wylie","doi":"10.15355/epsj.12.1.46","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/epsj.12.1.46","url":null,"abstract":"The authors of this article offer perspectives on the symposium on the European arms industries published in volume 12, number 1 of The Economics of Peace and Security Journal. The symposium contributions cover the history, current situation, and likely future prospects of the European naval, land armaments, military helicopter, aerospace, and outer space industries. The perspectives then comment on the articles as a group and do so from a global vantage point inasmuch as the commentators constitute a group of prominent researchers and policy analysts drawn from around the world.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"46-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46975248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within the context of the restructuring of the European defense industry since the end of the cold war, this article addresses the land armaments sector in general, and armored vehicles in particular. The industry is generally divided into the aerospace, naval, land, and electronics sectors, of which aerospace and electronic are highly internationalized while the land and naval ones remain fragmented and nationally based. Economic characteristics of the land armaments industry—lower R&D costs and longer production runs—still permit the predominance of a nationally-focused production model, yet post-cold war market changes toward lighter platforms, and resulting synergies with the civilian truck industry, imply a comparative weakening of state sovereignty and, consequently, stronger market contestability as compared to the other defense industry sectors.
{"title":"The restructuring of the European land armaments industry: Between political incentives and economic pressures","authors":"Adrien Caralp","doi":"10.15355/EPSJ.12.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/EPSJ.12.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Within the context of the restructuring of the European defense industry since the end of the cold war, this article addresses the land armaments sector in general, and armored vehicles in particular. The industry is generally divided into the aerospace, naval, land, and electronics sectors, of which aerospace and electronic are highly internationalized while the land and naval ones remain fragmented and nationally based. Economic characteristics of the land armaments industry—lower R&D costs and longer production runs—still permit the predominance of a nationally-focused production model, yet post-cold war market changes toward lighter platforms, and resulting synergies with the civilian truck industry, imply a comparative weakening of state sovereignty and, consequently, stronger market contestability as compared to the other defense industry sectors.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41623796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyzes revolutionary uprisings, such as the Arab spring of 2011. Revolutions occur with an inherent probability dependent on a country’s characteristics. A country’s incumbent leader can decrease this probability by providing benefits to a population, e.g., public goods such as necessities of life, health care, safety, and education. We equate the probability of revolution with Granovetter’s equilibrium proportion of a population that joins a revolution. Decreased benefits provision increases the share of revolutionaries which, in turn, decreases the cost of revolt which helps resolve the free-rider problem implicit in revolting. The article quantifies how the incumbent chooses whether or not to provide benefits, and how many benefits to provide. We account for the unit cost of providing benefits and for the effects of the benefits provided, adjusted for whether the inherent revolution probability is low or high. Combining the modeling approaches, i.e., how revolutions spread and how the incumbent provides benefits, enriches our understanding of which factors affect revolutions and of how populations and their incumbent leaders interact. The model helps to understand the logic of revolutionary uprisings and how they can be curtailed.
{"title":"Incumbent policy, benefits provision, and the triggering and spread of revolutionary uprisings","authors":"K. Hausken, Mthuli Ncube","doi":"10.15355/EPSJ.12.1.54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15355/EPSJ.12.1.54","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes revolutionary uprisings, such as the Arab spring of 2011. Revolutions occur with an inherent probability dependent on a country’s characteristics. A country’s incumbent leader can decrease this probability by providing benefits to a population, e.g., public goods such as necessities of life, health care, safety, and education. We equate the probability of revolution with Granovetter’s equilibrium proportion of a population that joins a revolution. Decreased benefits provision increases the share of revolutionaries which, in turn, decreases the cost of revolt which helps resolve the free-rider problem implicit in revolting. The article quantifies how the incumbent chooses whether or not to provide benefits, and how many benefits to provide. We account for the unit cost of providing benefits and for the effects of the benefits provided, adjusted for whether the inherent revolution probability is low or high. Combining the modeling approaches, i.e., how revolutions spread and how the incumbent provides benefits, enriches our understanding of which factors affect revolutions and of how populations and their incumbent leaders interact. The model helps to understand the logic of revolutionary uprisings and how they can be curtailed.","PeriodicalId":43334,"journal":{"name":"Economics of Peace and Security Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"54-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45545785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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