Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58184
Min Bahadur Pun, Ram Hari Timilsina, Narayan Raj Joshi, Udit Prasad Sigdel
A study was conducted to assess the job satisfaction status of government agriculture officers working in the extension service of Nepal and to find out the significant satisfaction determining factors as perceived by them. Semi-structured questionnaire was applied via online Google forms and findings were drawn from 112 responses. 64.29% respondents perceived their overall job satisfaction to be neutral. Regarding the individual factors, they were found to be satisfied with four factors, namely; Physical facilities at the office, Guidance of/and relationship with supervisors/office chief, Cooperation of/and relationship with co-workers and welfare/retirement facility, but dissatisfied with capacity building and job promotion opportunity while neutral to pay factor. Regarding the most preferred attribute of job satisfaction, capacity building and job promotion opportunity ranked first. Guidance of/and relationship with supervisors/office chief and Pay factor ranked second and third respectively. 52.63% of the respondents working in central or policy level offices were found to be with less workload than they expect. 54.5% of respondents expressed having unfair practices in case of various opportunities within the organization. There should be enough and effective capacity enhancement opportunities and the concerned organization should foster a fair system to make them happy and productive manpower of the country.
{"title":"Job Satisfaction of Government Agriculture Officers Working in the Extension Service of Nepal","authors":"Min Bahadur Pun, Ram Hari Timilsina, Narayan Raj Joshi, Udit Prasad Sigdel","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58184","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to assess the job satisfaction status of government agriculture officers working in the extension service of Nepal and to find out the significant satisfaction determining factors as perceived by them. Semi-structured questionnaire was applied via online Google forms and findings were drawn from 112 responses. 64.29% respondents perceived their overall job satisfaction to be neutral. Regarding the individual factors, they were found to be satisfied with four factors, namely; Physical facilities at the office, Guidance of/and relationship with supervisors/office chief, Cooperation of/and relationship with co-workers and welfare/retirement facility, but dissatisfied with capacity building and job promotion opportunity while neutral to pay factor. Regarding the most preferred attribute of job satisfaction, capacity building and job promotion opportunity ranked first. Guidance of/and relationship with supervisors/office chief and Pay factor ranked second and third respectively. 52.63% of the respondents working in central or policy level offices were found to be with less workload than they expect. 54.5% of respondents expressed having unfair practices in case of various opportunities within the organization. There should be enough and effective capacity enhancement opportunities and the concerned organization should foster a fair system to make them happy and productive manpower of the country.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"148 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77323427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Potato possesses a huge potential for production in Nepal and is a major source to ensure food and nutritional security among people of mountainous region. The study was carried out in four rural municipalities of Mustang district to assess the economics of potato production. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was administered randomly to 90 different farmers. The collected data was tabulated and analysed using STATA. Potato production was identified as a profitable farming business with an average productivity of 18.95 t/ha with benefit-cost ratio of 1.59. The average per hectare total cost of production of potato was found to be Rs 660774.8 on mustang district. The study reveals that expenditure on labour wage and organic manure contributed more than three-quarters of total production cost of potato. There were no any significant differences between the different rural municipalities in terms of the total cost of production but a significant difference (1% level of significance) was observed over the production of potato per hectare. An increment in 1% cost of seeds was found to result in increase in 0.27% of income from potato production, however a diminishing return to scale (0.232) was revealed in the study. Incidence of disease and pest and price fluctuation were identified as a major constraint for potato production and marketing respectively. Timely availability of inputs, mechanization to reduce labour cost, training on advanced technology, wide coverage of agriculture extension service, and adoption of climate smart farming technologies
{"title":"Economics of Potato Production in Mustang District of Nepal","authors":"Aashish Karki, N. Bhusal, Nabin Bhandari, Bipin Bastakoti, Kritim Shrestha, Biraj Sharma","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58128","url":null,"abstract":"Potato possesses a huge potential for production in Nepal and is a major source to ensure food and nutritional security among people of mountainous region. The study was carried out in four rural municipalities of Mustang district to assess the economics of potato production. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was administered randomly to 90 different farmers. The collected data was tabulated and analysed using STATA. Potato production was identified as a profitable farming business with an average productivity of 18.95 t/ha with benefit-cost ratio of 1.59. The average per hectare total cost of production of potato was found to be Rs 660774.8 on mustang district. The study reveals that expenditure on labour wage and organic manure contributed more than three-quarters of total production cost of potato. There were no any significant differences between the different rural municipalities in terms of the total cost of production but a significant difference (1% level of significance) was observed over the production of potato per hectare. An increment in 1% cost of seeds was found to result in increase in 0.27% of income from potato production, however a diminishing return to scale (0.232) was revealed in the study. Incidence of disease and pest and price fluctuation were identified as a major constraint for potato production and marketing respectively. Timely availability of inputs, mechanization to reduce labour cost, training on advanced technology, wide coverage of agriculture extension service, and adoption of climate smart farming technologies","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85324841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.57885
Rajendra Bam, Ganesh Mahara, K. Khanal, R. Kattel, Suman Bhattarai
A study was done in 2021 in the Kailari rural minicipality, Gauriganga municipality, Godawari municipality, and Dhangadhi sub-metro politian city of the Kailali district to analyze the economics of wheat production. A total of 200 samples (50 from each village) were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. Most respondents (91 percent) had agriculture as a primary occupation. The area under wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivation per household was 0.6 hectare with no significant difference between super zone of the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project and non-super zone areas. The average production per household was 1814.5 kg whereas the yield was 3.3 mt/ha. The average cost of production was NRs. 64,526.62 per hectare and the B:C ratio was found to be 1.492. The Cobb-Douglas function showed that fertilizer, pesticide, land preparation, irrigation, and threshing costs were significant contributing factors to wheat production. The return to scale was found to be 0.261. An Index of severity was constructed to study the problems of wheat production in the study area. Weed infestation, lack of fertilizers, and insect pests were found to be three major problems.
{"title":"Analysis of Resource Use Efficiency and Profitability of Wheat Production in Kailali District, Nepal","authors":"Rajendra Bam, Ganesh Mahara, K. Khanal, R. Kattel, Suman Bhattarai","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.57885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.57885","url":null,"abstract":"A study was done in 2021 in the Kailari rural minicipality, Gauriganga municipality, Godawari municipality, and Dhangadhi sub-metro politian city of the Kailali district to analyze the economics of wheat production. A total of 200 samples (50 from each village) were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. Most respondents (91 percent) had agriculture as a primary occupation. The area under wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivation per household was 0.6 hectare with no significant difference between super zone of the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project and non-super zone areas. The average production per household was 1814.5 kg whereas the yield was 3.3 mt/ha. The average cost of production was NRs. 64,526.62 per hectare and the B:C ratio was found to be 1.492. The Cobb-Douglas function showed that fertilizer, pesticide, land preparation, irrigation, and threshing costs were significant contributing factors to wheat production. The return to scale was found to be 0.261. An Index of severity was constructed to study the problems of wheat production in the study area. Weed infestation, lack of fertilizers, and insect pests were found to be three major problems.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"138 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80148936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58179
C. Budha, Sundar Man Shrestha, H. Manandhar, Suraj Baidya
The biological effectiveness of twenty-eight native isolates of Trichoderma along with two known species (Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum) were tested against Rhizoctonia solani using dual culture technique. Of them, seven isolates and the two species of Trichoderma were tested in pot culture under net-house conditions against wirestem disease of cauliflower caused by R. solani. Inhibitory effects on dual culture were statistically very significant for all tested Trichoderma. Thirteen Trichoderma isolates exhibited more than 90% bio-control index and twenty-three isolates had more or at par with T. viride and T. harzianum. In an in-vitro trial, isolate from Dhankuta (Pakhribas) was most effective against R. solani as evident by the highest bio-control index at 6 days after incubation. Similar to this, in an in-vivo experiment, tested isolates of Trichoderma contributed more or less in the plant canopy area, root length and shoot circumference attributes. Trichoderma isolates significantly contributed to root dry matter and biomass while there was a highly significant difference in reduction of disease severity. T. harzianum and the isolate from Dhankuta (Pakhribas) were most effective for the control of wirestem disease
{"title":"Evaluation of Trichoderma spp. against Wirestem Disease of Cauliflower Caused by Rhizoctonia solani","authors":"C. Budha, Sundar Man Shrestha, H. Manandhar, Suraj Baidya","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58179","url":null,"abstract":"The biological effectiveness of twenty-eight native isolates of Trichoderma along with two known species (Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum) were tested against Rhizoctonia solani using dual culture technique. Of them, seven isolates and the two species of Trichoderma were tested in pot culture under net-house conditions against wirestem disease of cauliflower caused by R. solani. Inhibitory effects on dual culture were statistically very significant for all tested Trichoderma. Thirteen Trichoderma isolates exhibited more than 90% bio-control index and twenty-three isolates had more or at par with T. viride and T. harzianum. In an in-vitro trial, isolate from Dhankuta (Pakhribas) was most effective against R. solani as evident by the highest bio-control index at 6 days after incubation. Similar to this, in an in-vivo experiment, tested isolates of Trichoderma contributed more or less in the plant canopy area, root length and shoot circumference attributes. Trichoderma isolates significantly contributed to root dry matter and biomass while there was a highly significant difference in reduction of disease severity. T. harzianum and the isolate from Dhankuta (Pakhribas) were most effective for the control of wirestem disease","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74401650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58197
Prateek Joshi, Sanjeev Kumar Karn, Pramod Koirala
This article discusses the policy and regulatory challenges faced by Nepal in strengthening food safety governance and the potential solutions to address them. Capacity building through training programs and technical assistance, regional collaboration, and private sector engagement are the key strategies identified for improving food safety standards in the country. The article highlights the need for a comprehensive legal framework and the establishment of a centralized food safety authority in Nepal. The challenges faced by the private sector in complying with food safety standards are also discussed, particularly the difficulties faced by small and medium-sized enterprises. The potential benefits of regional collaboration in the food sector, including the harmonization of food standards, the development of regional frameworks for food safety based on the Codex, and the creation of a regional food safety rapid alert system, are also examined. The article concludes that addressing policy and regulatory challenges through capacity building, regional collaboration, and private sector engagement can lead to improved food safety governance in Nepal and help the country to overcome its food safety challenges.
{"title":"Strengthening Food Safety Governance in Nepal through Collaborative Capacity Development and Private Sector Engagement","authors":"Prateek Joshi, Sanjeev Kumar Karn, Pramod Koirala","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58197","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the policy and regulatory challenges faced by Nepal in strengthening food safety governance and the potential solutions to address them. Capacity building through training programs and technical assistance, regional collaboration, and private sector engagement are the key strategies identified for improving food safety standards in the country. The article highlights the need for a comprehensive legal framework and the establishment of a centralized food safety authority in Nepal. The challenges faced by the private sector in complying with food safety standards are also discussed, particularly the difficulties faced by small and medium-sized enterprises. The potential benefits of regional collaboration in the food sector, including the harmonization of food standards, the development of regional frameworks for food safety based on the Codex, and the creation of a regional food safety rapid alert system, are also examined. The article concludes that addressing policy and regulatory challenges through capacity building, regional collaboration, and private sector engagement can lead to improved food safety governance in Nepal and help the country to overcome its food safety challenges.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78256654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58077
Suraj Singh Karkee, Subas Bishwokarma
Potato is a vital food source for the high hills of Nepal. The crop requires the right amount of nutrient at the appropriate time for optimal growth and production. However, the low availability, high cost, and inappropriate timing of applying nitrogenous fertilizers like urea have made it challenging for farmers to use the correct amount in their fields. Therefore, affordable and renewable sources of plant nutrients should be used to supplement chemical fertilizers. In addition to this, using organic sources can improve soil properties. To determine the effects of nitrogen supplied through different sources, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design. There were eight treatments, each with a different combination of nitrogen supplied through urea and various organic sources as N1(100% rec N via Urea), N2 (50 % rec N via FYM + 50 % rec N via Urea), N3 (50 % rec N via PM + 50 % rec N via Urea), N4(50 % rec N via GM + 50 % rec N via Urea) , N5 (75 % rec N via FYM + 25 % rec N via Urea), N6 (75 % rec N via PM + 25 % rec N via Urea), N7 (75 % rec N via GM + 25 % rec N via Urea), N8 (Farmer practices (FYM 10 t ha-1)). The yield of potato tubers was significantly higher when recommended nitrogen was applied 50% through organic manure like poultry, FYM, and goat, and 50% through urea than other treatments, including farmer practice of using 10 t ha-1 FYM. However, the yield was statistically at par with nitrogen via sole urea. Additionally, the application of organic manures led to an increase in soil properties such as organic manure content, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium content. In conclusion, application of recommended nitrogen as 50% via organic manures like poultry, FYM, and goat, and 50% N via urea can enhance potato yield while also positively affecting soil properties.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Organic and Inorganic Nitrogen Sources on Potato Yield and Soil Fertility","authors":"Suraj Singh Karkee, Subas Bishwokarma","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58077","url":null,"abstract":"Potato is a vital food source for the high hills of Nepal. The crop requires the right amount of nutrient at the appropriate time for optimal growth and production. However, the low availability, high cost, and inappropriate timing of applying nitrogenous fertilizers like urea have made it challenging for farmers to use the correct amount in their fields. Therefore, affordable and renewable sources of plant nutrients should be used to supplement chemical fertilizers. In addition to this, using organic sources can improve soil properties. To determine the effects of nitrogen supplied through different sources, an experiment was conducted in a randomized block design. There were eight treatments, each with a different combination of nitrogen supplied through urea and various organic sources as N1(100% rec N via Urea), N2 (50 % rec N via FYM + 50 % rec N via Urea), N3 (50 % rec N via PM + 50 % rec N via Urea), N4(50 % rec N via GM + 50 % rec N via Urea) , N5 (75 % rec N via FYM + 25 % rec N via Urea), N6 (75 % rec N via PM + 25 % rec N via Urea), N7 (75 % rec N via GM + 25 % rec N via Urea), N8 (Farmer practices (FYM 10 t ha-1)). The yield of potato tubers was significantly higher when recommended nitrogen was applied 50% through organic manure like poultry, FYM, and goat, and 50% through urea than other treatments, including farmer practice of using 10 t ha-1 FYM. However, the yield was statistically at par with nitrogen via sole urea. Additionally, the application of organic manures led to an increase in soil properties such as organic manure content, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium content. In conclusion, application of recommended nitrogen as 50% via organic manures like poultry, FYM, and goat, and 50% N via urea can enhance potato yield while also positively affecting soil properties.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136300000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58204
Lakshya Bahadur Chaudhary, P. Meetum, M. Kanjanamaneesathian, Roshan Adhikari, R. Mongkol
An antifungal activity of the twelve plant extracts were tested against Pythium sp., the causal agents of root rot diseases grown in hydroponic systems. The crude extracts of Acorus calamus and Syzygium aromaticum completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Pythium sp. in the in vitro condition at 5,000 ppm, whilst Curcuma zedoaria and other plant extracts had show lesser inhibitory activity. Out of these twelve plant extracts selecting A. calamus, S. aromaticum and C. zedoaria for further in vivo test in nursery raising seedling in plastic tray of hydroponic system by inoculating Pythium sp. mycelial developed on agar medium, A. calamus rhizome extract exhibited highest inhibitory effect against % root tip colonized by Pythium sp. of 5.85 to 48 followed by S. aromaticum floral bud 9.97 to 60 and rhizome of C. zedoaria extract 28.32 to 90 at 2000 ppm on seven and twenty one days after inoculation respectively. The concentrations and application methods of these extracts should be further investigated to control the root rot disease of lettucein the hydroponic system.
{"title":"Efficacy of Some Plant Extracts against Root Rot Disease of Green Oak Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Crispa) Caused by Pythium sp. Grown in a Hydroponic System","authors":"Lakshya Bahadur Chaudhary, P. Meetum, M. Kanjanamaneesathian, Roshan Adhikari, R. Mongkol","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58204","url":null,"abstract":"An antifungal activity of the twelve plant extracts were tested against Pythium sp., the causal agents of root rot diseases grown in hydroponic systems. The crude extracts of Acorus calamus and Syzygium aromaticum completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Pythium sp. in the in vitro condition at 5,000 ppm, whilst Curcuma zedoaria and other plant extracts had show lesser inhibitory activity. Out of these twelve plant extracts selecting A. calamus, S. aromaticum and C. zedoaria for further in vivo test in nursery raising seedling in plastic tray of hydroponic system by inoculating Pythium sp. mycelial developed on agar medium, A. calamus rhizome extract exhibited highest inhibitory effect against % root tip colonized by Pythium sp. of 5.85 to 48 followed by S. aromaticum floral bud 9.97 to 60 and rhizome of C. zedoaria extract 28.32 to 90 at 2000 ppm on seven and twenty one days after inoculation respectively. The concentrations and application methods of these extracts should be further investigated to control the root rot disease of lettucein the hydroponic system.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"168 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77150799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Live fish businesses are likely to become more popular in Nepal due to their reliable source of food. The live fish food survey data was collected from a Google Form questionnaire in the Nepalese language. This study investigates consumers, retailers, and wholesalers in Nepal's live fish market to identify significant concerns that could be addressed in the decision-making of live fish professionals. Nonparametric tests are used for non-normally distributed data, and parametric tests are used for normally distributed data. The study found high mortality and administrative obstacles of 68.60% and 48.60%, respectively. If the wrong choice of aeration method and equipment is made, more fish will survive in the retailer's shop and during transportation time. Fish Models II and III will be an alternative to the current method of transportation, which shows that increasing the tank capacity by one standard deviation increases fish survival by 0.7 and 0.65 standard deviations, respectively. To increase the dissolved gas, the survey suggests that transportation and aeration methods should be improved. This increases the volume of transportation while using the same resources, meeting market demands.
{"title":"Exploration of Sustainable Live Fish Business in Nepal","authors":"Hareram Devkota, Dilip Kumar Jha, Tista Prasai Joshi, Shreemat Shrestha, Mahendra Prasad Bhandari, Nabaraj Poudel","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58180","url":null,"abstract":"Live fish businesses are likely to become more popular in Nepal due to their reliable source of food. The live fish food survey data was collected from a Google Form questionnaire in the Nepalese language. This study investigates consumers, retailers, and wholesalers in Nepal's live fish market to identify significant concerns that could be addressed in the decision-making of live fish professionals. Nonparametric tests are used for non-normally distributed data, and parametric tests are used for normally distributed data. The study found high mortality and administrative obstacles of 68.60% and 48.60%, respectively. If the wrong choice of aeration method and equipment is made, more fish will survive in the retailer's shop and during transportation time. Fish Models II and III will be an alternative to the current method of transportation, which shows that increasing the tank capacity by one standard deviation increases fish survival by 0.7 and 0.65 standard deviations, respectively. To increase the dissolved gas, the survey suggests that transportation and aeration methods should be improved. This increases the volume of transportation while using the same resources, meeting market demands.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"244 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76949280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.3126/aej.v24i01.58203
Pratistha Adhikari
Chemically managed plants impose environmental risks to humans and environment. Using biological approaches to control plant diseases is a more effective and environment friendly alternative. The biological approach to plant disease refers to controlling disease by using organisms like fungi, bacteria and viruses. This can be done by introduction or utilization of resident antagonistic living organisms. Biological control can be achieved through different forms of interactions between organisms and the interactions includes hyperparasitism, antibiosis, commensalism, neutralism, and competition. Various biocontrol agents commonly used against plant pathogens are Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma koningii, Gliocladium virens, Gliocladium roseum, Paecilomyces liiacinus, Coniothyrum minitans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus polymyxa, and Pseudomonas fluorescens.
{"title":"Trichoderma: its Ecophysiology, Mechanism of Biocontrol and Application Methods","authors":"Pratistha Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/aej.v24i01.58203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v24i01.58203","url":null,"abstract":"Chemically managed plants impose environmental risks to humans and environment. Using biological approaches to control plant diseases is a more effective and environment friendly alternative. The biological approach to plant disease refers to controlling disease by using organisms like fungi, bacteria and viruses. This can be done by introduction or utilization of resident antagonistic living organisms. Biological control can be achieved through different forms of interactions between organisms and the interactions includes hyperparasitism, antibiosis, commensalism, neutralism, and competition. Various biocontrol agents commonly used against plant pathogens are Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma viride, Trichoderma koningii, Gliocladium virens, Gliocladium roseum, Paecilomyces liiacinus, Coniothyrum minitans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus polymyxa, and Pseudomonas fluorescens.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74610326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the impact of microfinance in agriculture and livestock in Dhading and Chitwan districts of Nepal. Municipalities within the districts were selected purposefully, and 60 respondents from each district were selected by simple random sampling method to comprise 120 respondents. The study showed significantly higher percentage of people participating in microfinance had self-sufficient food production. Probit regression analysis was done to estimate the impact of different predictor variables on farmer’s participation in microfinance. Although the production, income and gross margin of rice and wheat and gross margin of livestock was found statistically higher among the farmers participating in microfinance, the expense for rice and wheat was also found significantly higher among the farmers participating in microfinance. The result of Probit regression analysis showed six variables namely age of household head, caste/ethnicity, education of household head, agricultural credit, livestock unit (LSU), and annual household income were statistically significant for farmer’s participation in microfinance.
{"title":"Impact of Microfinance in Agriculture and Livestock Production; Insights from Central Nepal","authors":"D. Sapkota, S. Subedi, S. Dhungana","doi":"10.3126/aej.v23i1.46918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v23i1.46918","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the impact of microfinance in agriculture and livestock in Dhading and Chitwan districts of Nepal. Municipalities within the districts were selected purposefully, and 60 respondents from each district were selected by simple random sampling method to comprise 120 respondents. The study showed significantly higher percentage of people participating in microfinance had self-sufficient food production. Probit regression analysis was done to estimate the impact of different predictor variables on farmer’s participation in microfinance. Although the production, income and gross margin of rice and wheat and gross margin of livestock was found statistically higher among the farmers participating in microfinance, the expense for rice and wheat was also found significantly higher among the farmers participating in microfinance. The result of Probit regression analysis showed six variables namely age of household head, caste/ethnicity, education of household head, agricultural credit, livestock unit (LSU), and annual household income were statistically significant for farmer’s participation in microfinance.","PeriodicalId":43365,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86668430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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