Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794861
D. François
In 1973, the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management established the Environmental Studies Program (ESP) to conduct studies with the purpose of building a reliable database to help predict, assess, and manage potential impacts from oil and gas development. The ESP, now under the direction of the Minerals Management Service (MMS), includes a major oceanographic research effort that has resulted in an improvement in the understanding of ocean resources through the development of concurrent and parallel programs of scientific research. Between Fiscal Year (FY) 1973 and FY 1987, nearly $100 million were spent on studies of the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) environment through this program. Much of the research conducted under the auspices of the ESP has emphasized the collection of data on the environmental conditions of the Atlantic OCS. The ESP-funded research has also been an important source of information regarding sensitive OCS resources that could be affected by oil spills. These include archaeological resources, fish, benthic organisms, marine mammal and coastal birds and their habitats, the migration routes and calving areas for endangered or threatened species, and estuaries and wetlands. The benefits of this research on the oil spill risk analysis and impact assessment processes are examined in this paper.
{"title":"Environmental studies and impact on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf","authors":"D. François","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794861","url":null,"abstract":"In 1973, the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management established the Environmental Studies Program (ESP) to conduct studies with the purpose of building a reliable database to help predict, assess, and manage potential impacts from oil and gas development. The ESP, now under the direction of the Minerals Management Service (MMS), includes a major oceanographic research effort that has resulted in an improvement in the understanding of ocean resources through the development of concurrent and parallel programs of scientific research. Between Fiscal Year (FY) 1973 and FY 1987, nearly $100 million were spent on studies of the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) environment through this program. Much of the research conducted under the auspices of the ESP has emphasized the collection of data on the environmental conditions of the Atlantic OCS. The ESP-funded research has also been an important source of information regarding sensitive OCS resources that could be affected by oil spills. These include archaeological resources, fish, benthic organisms, marine mammal and coastal birds and their habitats, the migration routes and calving areas for endangered or threatened species, and estuaries and wetlands. The benefits of this research on the oil spill risk analysis and impact assessment processes are examined in this paper.","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129098538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794958
J. Duffy, M. A. Spears, D. Biggs
During 1987-88, we adapted methods for automated analyses of nutrients by Technicon's newest generation industrial autoanalyzer so that the TrAAcs-800 could be used to analyze low levels of nutrients in open-ocean water. The TrAAcs-800 system runs three to five times more samples with longer steady states and better separation between peaks than can older generation autoanalyzer systems like our Technicon AA-I1 or our Alpkem IWA-6. On completion of a run the TrAAcs operating program automatically calculates sample concentrations from the linear regression slope obtained from the standards which are run and corrects for baseline drift, changes in absorbance, and carry-over.
{"title":"Auomated analysis of nutrients in seawater with the technicon TRAACS-800 autoanalyzer system","authors":"J. Duffy, M. A. Spears, D. Biggs","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794958","url":null,"abstract":"During 1987-88, we adapted methods for automated analyses of nutrients by Technicon's newest generation industrial autoanalyzer so that the TrAAcs-800 could be used to analyze low levels of nutrients in open-ocean water. The TrAAcs-800 system runs three to five times more samples with longer steady states and better separation between peaks than can older generation autoanalyzer systems like our Technicon AA-I1 or our Alpkem IWA-6. On completion of a run the TrAAcs operating program automatically calculates sample concentrations from the linear regression slope obtained from the standards which are run and corrects for baseline drift, changes in absorbance, and carry-over.","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132333408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.23781
W. B. Campbell, M. Weaks
Summary form only given, as follows. A PC (personal computer)-based image-processing system has been produced to enhance the image analysis functions within NOAA (the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and to facilitate high-quality product creation and rapid dissemination. It uses basic commercially available components and NOAA-written software. This system allows for display of mapped, gridded, full 11-bit resolution image information from LAC, GAC, or GOES images. The dynamic color enhancement utilities allow for easy interpretation of ocean thermal structure details because each area of an image can be custom-enhanced with as many or as few color intervals as necessary and annotated on separable nondestructive overlay planes for future use or direct distribution. The software is menu-driven and quite simple to operate.<>
{"title":"An inexpensive interactive processing system for NOAA satellite image","authors":"W. B. Campbell, M. Weaks","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.23781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.23781","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given, as follows. A PC (personal computer)-based image-processing system has been produced to enhance the image analysis functions within NOAA (the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) and to facilitate high-quality product creation and rapid dissemination. It uses basic commercially available components and NOAA-written software. This system allows for display of mapped, gridded, full 11-bit resolution image information from LAC, GAC, or GOES images. The dynamic color enhancement utilities allow for easy interpretation of ocean thermal structure details because each area of an image can be custom-enhanced with as many or as few color intervals as necessary and annotated on separable nondestructive overlay planes for future use or direct distribution. The software is menu-driven and quite simple to operate.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"344 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131754243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794989
C. Hervey
The Coast Guard regulates maximum allowable horsepower on recreational outboard boats up to 20 feet in length. Improved methods of determining the proper amount of horsepower have been proposed, including a new "dry land" formula based on lateral acceleration. A test program was conducted which evaluated the power-related performance of 25 outboard boats of various designs. From this information it was determined that lateral acceleration was not sufficient to set horsepower levels and that a fairly complex formula would be needed to adequately assess the powering-related behavior of the wide variety of hull designs currently available to the consumer.
{"title":"Determining horsepower limits on recreational boats","authors":"C. Hervey","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794989","url":null,"abstract":"The Coast Guard regulates maximum allowable horsepower on recreational outboard boats up to 20 feet in length. Improved methods of determining the proper amount of horsepower have been proposed, including a new \"dry land\" formula based on lateral acceleration. A test program was conducted which evaluated the power-related performance of 25 outboard boats of various designs. From this information it was determined that lateral acceleration was not sufficient to set horsepower levels and that a fairly complex formula would be needed to adequately assess the powering-related behavior of the wide variety of hull designs currently available to the consumer.","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133784392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794871
C. Kohler
Abstract : Corrosive-wear, which is responsible for the majority of buoy chain degradation, was investigated in two laboratory studies. The objective of the first study was to isolate the two components, corrosion and wear, in order to determine each of their influences on the corrosive-wear process on steels. The second study was designed to produce uniform wear on the steel's surface, providing more accurate data on the steel's wear resistance and to determine the effects of alloy additions. The steel presently being used for buoy chain, which is similar in composition to ASTM 1022 steel, was compared to ASTM 4140, 4340, 8740, and a heat-treatment 4140 steel in order to identify a material which would provide a longer life buoy chain. The results of the experiments showed that the wear component contributed material losses of one to two orders of magnitude greater than the corrosion process. It was also determined that the 4340 steel would be the most suitable material for longer life buoy chain. This alloy's high nickel content would reduce the potential for pitting attack, which can be extremely damaging to a mooring. The microstructure of the 4340, with a low ferrite to pearlite ratio and fine grain size, would provide an increased wear resistance of up to four times greater than the 1022 steel. (Author)
{"title":"Corrosive-wear of buoy chain","authors":"C. Kohler","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794871","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract : Corrosive-wear, which is responsible for the majority of buoy chain degradation, was investigated in two laboratory studies. The objective of the first study was to isolate the two components, corrosion and wear, in order to determine each of their influences on the corrosive-wear process on steels. The second study was designed to produce uniform wear on the steel's surface, providing more accurate data on the steel's wear resistance and to determine the effects of alloy additions. The steel presently being used for buoy chain, which is similar in composition to ASTM 1022 steel, was compared to ASTM 4140, 4340, 8740, and a heat-treatment 4140 steel in order to identify a material which would provide a longer life buoy chain. The results of the experiments showed that the wear component contributed material losses of one to two orders of magnitude greater than the corrosion process. It was also determined that the 4340 steel would be the most suitable material for longer life buoy chain. This alloy's high nickel content would reduce the potential for pitting attack, which can be extremely damaging to a mooring. The microstructure of the 4340, with a low ferrite to pearlite ratio and fine grain size, would provide an increased wear resistance of up to four times greater than the 1022 steel. (Author)","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122104662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.23574
T. F. Pfeiffer
The serial ASCII Instrumentation Loop (SAIL) is a hardware and software protocol which is used for collecting data from a variety of sources aboard ship. A SAIL controller was implemented using a single-board computer. The software includes a few provisions to allow it to operate without an operator, but essentially it is ordinary PC software. The boards provide an inexpensive and easily accessible method of adding substantial intelligence to instrumentation systems.<>
{"title":"A single board computer based SAIL controller","authors":"T. F. Pfeiffer","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.23574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.23574","url":null,"abstract":"The serial ASCII Instrumentation Loop (SAIL) is a hardware and software protocol which is used for collecting data from a variety of sources aboard ship. A SAIL controller was implemented using a single-board computer. The software includes a few provisions to allow it to operate without an operator, but essentially it is ordinary PC software. The boards provide an inexpensive and easily accessible method of adding substantial intelligence to instrumentation systems.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116412309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794875
P. Sullivan, B. Liebert
Electrode Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a new technology presently being investigated for its usefulness in measuring biofouling in seawater cooled power plants. EIS is based on the hypothesis that biofouling can be characterized by observing its steady state response to a small amplitude sinusoidal perturbing potential imposed on the biofilm material. From the change in phase and amplitude of the response signal a real-time characterization of the biofilm can be determined.
{"title":"Impedence measurements of bipoling in seawater condensers: an update","authors":"P. Sullivan, B. Liebert","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794875","url":null,"abstract":"Electrode Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a new technology presently being investigated for its usefulness in measuring biofouling in seawater cooled power plants. EIS is based on the hypothesis that biofouling can be characterized by observing its steady state response to a small amplitude sinusoidal perturbing potential imposed on the biofilm material. From the change in phase and amplitude of the response signal a real-time characterization of the biofilm can be determined.","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116833370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794818
D. Cottingham
In response to increasing concern over plastic pdllution in the oceans, the Administration formed the Interagency Task Force on Persistent Marine Debris. Eleven Federal agencies participatd on the Task Force, which the National Ocean ic and Atmospheric Admhstration (NOAA) led. The Task Force assessed existing information and programs, and recommended additional activities to reduce problemscaused by marine debris. Marine debris causes three types of problems: 1) it affects fish and wildlife by entangling them and they ingest it; 2) it fitters beaches, and can create human health problems i f it has stored toxic or infectious substances; and 3) it chqs vessel in take ports and peopellors. The Task Force recommended tha t Federal agencies expand public awarenes campaigns, continue research on effects plastic debris c a w , and support local activities to remove debris. In December 1987, the President signed a Law which w i l l prohibit disposal of plastic m ateridls in oceans prbr to January 1,1989.
{"title":"Federal programs and plastics in the oceans","authors":"D. Cottingham","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794818","url":null,"abstract":"In response to increasing concern over plastic pdllution in the oceans, the Administration formed the Interagency Task Force on Persistent Marine Debris. Eleven Federal agencies participatd on the Task Force, which the National Ocean ic and Atmospheric Admhstration (NOAA) led. The Task Force assessed existing information and programs, and recommended additional activities to reduce problemscaused by marine debris. Marine debris causes three types of problems: 1) it affects fish and wildlife by entangling them and they ingest it; 2) it fitters beaches, and can create human health problems i f it has stored toxic or infectious substances; and 3) it chqs vessel in take ports and peopellors. The Task Force recommended tha t Federal agencies expand public awarenes campaigns, continue research on effects plastic debris c a w , and support local activities to remove debris. In December 1987, the President signed a Law which w i l l prohibit disposal of plastic m ateridls in oceans prbr to January 1,1989.","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"801 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117045198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794859
D. Meyerson
{"title":"Pre-lease geophysical permitting for the pacific OCS; procedures, problems, and solutions","authors":"D. Meyerson","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.794859","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123501766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-31DOI: 10.1109/OCEANS.1988.23546
Charles R. Bostater, V. Klemas
Estuarine remote sensing instruments are described with respect to their state-of-the-art capabilities. Remote sensing studies of estuaries can be considered as being of two different types: estuarine intercomparisons (between estuaries) and intraestuarine (within estuary assessments). Current research has allowed initial efforts of estuarine intercomparisons of light attenuation and suspended sediments. Remote sensing can provide inputs to mathematical models used for research and management of estuaries and near coastal waters. The in situ optical profiling approach is transferable to other estuarine studies.<>
{"title":"Remote sensing of physical and biological properties of estuaries","authors":"Charles R. Bostater, V. Klemas","doi":"10.1109/OCEANS.1988.23546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.1988.23546","url":null,"abstract":"Estuarine remote sensing instruments are described with respect to their state-of-the-art capabilities. Remote sensing studies of estuaries can be considered as being of two different types: estuarine intercomparisons (between estuaries) and intraestuarine (within estuary assessments). Current research has allowed initial efforts of estuarine intercomparisons of light attenuation and suspended sediments. Remote sensing can provide inputs to mathematical models used for research and management of estuaries and near coastal waters. The in situ optical profiling approach is transferable to other estuarine studies.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":435174,"journal":{"name":"OCEANS '88. 'A Partnership of Marine Interests'. Proceedings","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123933413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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