Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S1537781422000093
V. Daniel
response to a request for a list ofWalker’s philanthropic activities proved especially useful. “The letter,” Freeman writes, “provides an important record of Walker’s donations, but it also bears witness to Walker’s understanding of her community’s needs, her responsibilities to others, and the most feasible methods for her to meet such needs and obligations” (144). Moreover, he makes clear that Black philanthropic history not only considered the needs of strangers but those of family and friends as well. Chapter Six brings Walker’s legacy full-circle with another revealing document: Walker’s last will and testament. Freeman outlines virtually every detail of where she gave and to whom in exacting amounts, and explains how those gifts alignedwithWalker’s gospel of giving. In particular, Freeman outlines Walker’s detailed instructions when it came to how she wanted her wealth divided and also points to howWalker intentionally used her last will and testament to shape her own legacy. This further demonstrates how wills written by women often served to sketch out their legacies in narrative form. “Walker left a blueprint for her legacy,” Freeman concludes, “that perpetuated her gospel of giving. Her testamentary documents revealed that hermemento morimoments enhanced her generosity and led to greater provisions of gifts to individuals and institutions in service to the race” (182). Madam C. J. Walker’s Gospel of Giving compels us to reflect on the impact of Black entrepreneurs beyond using their examples to demonstrate their economic success against the odds. Instead, this book shows how Walker’s success ensured that the Black community would be taken care of in a multiplicity of ways beyond her financial capabilities. The book is a significant contribution to Black philanthropic history, Black women’s history, American philanthropic history, African American history, and Black business history that will influence practitioners, scholars, students, and people interested in understanding their own giving practices and relevance to the broader society.
{"title":"Soldiers, Death, and National Identity","authors":"V. Daniel","doi":"10.1017/S1537781422000093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781422000093","url":null,"abstract":"response to a request for a list ofWalker’s philanthropic activities proved especially useful. “The letter,” Freeman writes, “provides an important record of Walker’s donations, but it also bears witness to Walker’s understanding of her community’s needs, her responsibilities to others, and the most feasible methods for her to meet such needs and obligations” (144). Moreover, he makes clear that Black philanthropic history not only considered the needs of strangers but those of family and friends as well. Chapter Six brings Walker’s legacy full-circle with another revealing document: Walker’s last will and testament. Freeman outlines virtually every detail of where she gave and to whom in exacting amounts, and explains how those gifts alignedwithWalker’s gospel of giving. In particular, Freeman outlines Walker’s detailed instructions when it came to how she wanted her wealth divided and also points to howWalker intentionally used her last will and testament to shape her own legacy. This further demonstrates how wills written by women often served to sketch out their legacies in narrative form. “Walker left a blueprint for her legacy,” Freeman concludes, “that perpetuated her gospel of giving. Her testamentary documents revealed that hermemento morimoments enhanced her generosity and led to greater provisions of gifts to individuals and institutions in service to the race” (182). Madam C. J. Walker’s Gospel of Giving compels us to reflect on the impact of Black entrepreneurs beyond using their examples to demonstrate their economic success against the odds. Instead, this book shows how Walker’s success ensured that the Black community would be taken care of in a multiplicity of ways beyond her financial capabilities. The book is a significant contribution to Black philanthropic history, Black women’s history, American philanthropic history, African American history, and Black business history that will influence practitioners, scholars, students, and people interested in understanding their own giving practices and relevance to the broader society.","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"154 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43062182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1017/s153778142200010x
D. Godshalk
American soldiers to symbolically claim the West. It also erased a village of emancipated freemen at Arlington to create an imperialistic “Valhalla” that reframed the CivilWar as a conflict of reunification rather than emancipation. Abroad, the military tried unsuccessfully to claim the Philippines through the burial of slain soldiers (their bodies were eventually repatriated). Bontrager shows the domestic and colonial politics of race and citizenship to be one and the same, highlighting why historians need to be clear about who is included in the term “American.” The complexity ofDeath at the Edges of Empire, however, means that stories of alternative cultural memories (or even contests over memory) are only occasionally discussed. Still, Bontrager’s wide sweepmeans that scholars with different specialties will find this book valuable. Military historians will benefit from Bontrager’s tracing of the ideological link between Lincoln’s Gettysburg promise and the imperialistic successes and failures of the Spanish-AmericanWar andWorldWar I. Methodologically, the book also highlights how memory studies allow us to locate new relationships between war, national identity, citizenship, and imperialism in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Finally, scholars in death studies will be especially interested in the debates and struggles that accompanied the military’s physical handling of soldiers’ remains and the debates that surrounded the decision to bury World War I soldiers in France.
{"title":"History and the Robert Charles Riot of 1900","authors":"D. Godshalk","doi":"10.1017/s153778142200010x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s153778142200010x","url":null,"abstract":"American soldiers to symbolically claim the West. It also erased a village of emancipated freemen at Arlington to create an imperialistic “Valhalla” that reframed the CivilWar as a conflict of reunification rather than emancipation. Abroad, the military tried unsuccessfully to claim the Philippines through the burial of slain soldiers (their bodies were eventually repatriated). Bontrager shows the domestic and colonial politics of race and citizenship to be one and the same, highlighting why historians need to be clear about who is included in the term “American.” The complexity ofDeath at the Edges of Empire, however, means that stories of alternative cultural memories (or even contests over memory) are only occasionally discussed. Still, Bontrager’s wide sweepmeans that scholars with different specialties will find this book valuable. Military historians will benefit from Bontrager’s tracing of the ideological link between Lincoln’s Gettysburg promise and the imperialistic successes and failures of the Spanish-AmericanWar andWorldWar I. Methodologically, the book also highlights how memory studies allow us to locate new relationships between war, national identity, citizenship, and imperialism in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Finally, scholars in death studies will be especially interested in the debates and struggles that accompanied the military’s physical handling of soldiers’ remains and the debates that surrounded the decision to bury World War I soldiers in France.","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"156 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48244903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S1537781421000669
Eric Setzekorn
Abstract In January 1918, Congress began public hearings on the American war effort in World War I due to widespread reports of gross inefficiency and incompetence within the War Department. In particular, unhealthy conditions and the outbreak of disease at hastily constructed training camps led to the deaths of thousands of newly drafted soldiers and prompted a public outcry. The criticism was led by Democratic Senator George Chamberlain, and the adversarial response of Secretary of War Newton Baker and President Wilson established a cleavage between the legislative and the executive branches during the last year of World War I that carried over into the postwar period. Furthermore, it highlights tensions within the progressive movement, as the use of expanded federal authority led some progressive Democrats to emphasize loyalty to the Wilson administration, while others continued to emphasize reform and governmental transparency.
{"title":"Disease and Dissent: Progressives, Congress, and the WWI Army Training Camp Crisis","authors":"Eric Setzekorn","doi":"10.1017/S1537781421000669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781421000669","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In January 1918, Congress began public hearings on the American war effort in World War I due to widespread reports of gross inefficiency and incompetence within the War Department. In particular, unhealthy conditions and the outbreak of disease at hastily constructed training camps led to the deaths of thousands of newly drafted soldiers and prompted a public outcry. The criticism was led by Democratic Senator George Chamberlain, and the adversarial response of Secretary of War Newton Baker and President Wilson established a cleavage between the legislative and the executive branches during the last year of World War I that carried over into the postwar period. Furthermore, it highlights tensions within the progressive movement, as the use of expanded federal authority led some progressive Democrats to emphasize loyalty to the Wilson administration, while others continued to emphasize reform and governmental transparency.","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"93 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48280761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S1537781422000068
B. K. Winford
chapter, “Those LeftOut,” reveals themechanisms of exclusion and thereby the biases of the organizers about what it meant to be “Indian” in the late nineteenth century. In sum, Unfair Labor? uses the Columbian Exposition as a way of understanding the clash between non-Native’s assumptions about Indigenous peoples’ pasts and trajectories for the future and Native people’s own adaptations and plans for their communities. As with so many similar stories, Native Americans’ relationship to the United States, non-Native Americans, and the market economy was far more complicated than many late-nineteenth century European Americans could ever hope to understand.
{"title":"Redefining American Philanthropy Through the Archives of Black Philanthropy","authors":"B. K. Winford","doi":"10.1017/S1537781422000068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781422000068","url":null,"abstract":"chapter, “Those LeftOut,” reveals themechanisms of exclusion and thereby the biases of the organizers about what it meant to be “Indian” in the late nineteenth century. In sum, Unfair Labor? uses the Columbian Exposition as a way of understanding the clash between non-Native’s assumptions about Indigenous peoples’ pasts and trajectories for the future and Native people’s own adaptations and plans for their communities. As with so many similar stories, Native Americans’ relationship to the United States, non-Native Americans, and the market economy was far more complicated than many late-nineteenth century European Americans could ever hope to understand.","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"152 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48296711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S1537781421000682
Christopher McKnight Nichols, E. Ewing, K. Gaston, M. Marinari, A. Lessoff, David Huyssen
The causes for pessimism are many: despite modern medical knowledge and a robust public health infrastructure, in fall 2021 the United States tragically surpassed the 675,000 estimated total flu deaths in the 1918–19 pandemic (models suggest the United States will reach one million cumulative COVID-19 deaths early in 2022);too few are being or have been vaccinated, particularly among marginalized groups and the young, in a process that has taken longer than anticipated;in non-industrial, non-Western, non-urban, and less affluent areas, vaccine access had been woeful. In the United States, more than virtually anywhere else in the world, public health responses to the COVID-19 virus were politicized in new ways, weaponized to reject public health measures from closures policies and social distancing to mask and vaccine mandates. The wartime context in 1918 had generated a sort of patriotic language and push for homogeneity that, however problematic, also pressured citizens to conform to public health measures—casting those who rejected wearing masks as “mask slackers,” just as those who dodged the draft for World War I had been labeled and castigated as “draft slackers.” Over the following years, public health measures came and went, often pushed by special interests, but starting roughly after the winter season of 1920, when a fourth wave was more deadly than either the first or third waves, influenza became something to be managed and weathered without resorting to emergency public health measures.
{"title":"What Came Next?: Reflections on the Aftermath(s) of the 1918–19 Flu Pandemic in the Age of COVID","authors":"Christopher McKnight Nichols, E. Ewing, K. Gaston, M. Marinari, A. Lessoff, David Huyssen","doi":"10.1017/S1537781421000682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781421000682","url":null,"abstract":"The causes for pessimism are many: despite modern medical knowledge and a robust public health infrastructure, in fall 2021 the United States tragically surpassed the 675,000 estimated total flu deaths in the 1918–19 pandemic (models suggest the United States will reach one million cumulative COVID-19 deaths early in 2022);too few are being or have been vaccinated, particularly among marginalized groups and the young, in a process that has taken longer than anticipated;in non-industrial, non-Western, non-urban, and less affluent areas, vaccine access had been woeful. In the United States, more than virtually anywhere else in the world, public health responses to the COVID-19 virus were politicized in new ways, weaponized to reject public health measures from closures policies and social distancing to mask and vaccine mandates. The wartime context in 1918 had generated a sort of patriotic language and push for homogeneity that, however problematic, also pressured citizens to conform to public health measures—casting those who rejected wearing masks as “mask slackers,” just as those who dodged the draft for World War I had been labeled and castigated as “draft slackers.” Over the following years, public health measures came and went, often pushed by special interests, but starting roughly after the winter season of 1920, when a fourth wave was more deadly than either the first or third waves, influenza became something to be managed and weathered without resorting to emergency public health measures.","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"111 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43060712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S1537781422000081
Thomas J. Lappas
{"title":"Indigenous Americans, Capitalism, and the Columbian Exposition","authors":"Thomas J. Lappas","doi":"10.1017/S1537781422000081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781422000081","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"150 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42521760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1017/S1537781421000670
Julia B. Haager
Abstract This article argues that reformers’ racial nativism, belief in the power of eugenics to improve society, and desire to restrict US citizenship to certain racial groups contributed to reproductive and eugenic curriculum used by early public-school sex education programs. It utilizes newspaper accounts and archival records from the headquarters of the American Social Hygiene Association, Committee of Fourteen, United Neighborhood Houses, and Child Study Association in New York City to answer several crucial questions: What dangers did each organization attribute to adolescent sexuality and reproduction? How did each envision its role in societal improvement and in the sex education movement? What did these reform organizations consider as the ideal relationship between the home, school, and society? While the existing scholarship explains how each of these organizations fit into the larger historical context of progressive reform, examining them separately downplays the degree to which ideas about race, reproduction, immigration, and US citizenship circulated among reformers, especially as leaders of these groups worked across organizational lines to promote sex education.
{"title":"“Sex Education’s Many Sides”: Eugenics and Sex Education in New York City’s Progressive Reform Organizations","authors":"Julia B. Haager","doi":"10.1017/S1537781421000670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781421000670","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article argues that reformers’ racial nativism, belief in the power of eugenics to improve society, and desire to restrict US citizenship to certain racial groups contributed to reproductive and eugenic curriculum used by early public-school sex education programs. It utilizes newspaper accounts and archival records from the headquarters of the American Social Hygiene Association, Committee of Fourteen, United Neighborhood Houses, and Child Study Association in New York City to answer several crucial questions: What dangers did each organization attribute to adolescent sexuality and reproduction? How did each envision its role in societal improvement and in the sex education movement? What did these reform organizations consider as the ideal relationship between the home, school, and society? While the existing scholarship explains how each of these organizations fit into the larger historical context of progressive reform, examining them separately downplays the degree to which ideas about race, reproduction, immigration, and US citizenship circulated among reformers, especially as leaders of these groups worked across organizational lines to promote sex education.","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"74 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48748443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1017/s1537781422000019
{"title":"JGA volume 21 issue 2 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/s1537781422000019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537781422000019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"f1 - f5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45329889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1017/S1537781421000645
R. Gunter
{"title":"Propaganda and Public Relations: How Suffragists Pioneered Visual Campaigning","authors":"R. Gunter","doi":"10.1017/S1537781421000645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537781421000645","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"68 - 70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42807663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1017/s153778142100058x
Boyd Cothran, Rosanne Currarino
{"title":"Editors’ Note","authors":"Boyd Cothran, Rosanne Currarino","doi":"10.1017/s153778142100058x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s153778142100058x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43534,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era","volume":"21 1","pages":"1 - 1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49019883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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