{"title":"In memory of Derek Bickerton (1926–2018)","authors":"Emanuel J. Drechsel","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00038.obi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00038.obi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"34 1","pages":"185-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46293017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study investigates the expression of perfect meanings in thirty English-lexifier pidgins and creoles or related varieties, such as African American Vernacular English or Singlish. The data were elicited with the help of sixteen sentences and a short text from Dahl’s (1985: 198–206) typological tense-aspect questionnaire. The perfective, as the perfect’s ‘anti-prototype’ (Dahl 2014: 273), is also considered. The possession of a grammaticalized perfect category is particularly frequent in West Africa, where it is likely to constitute a case of substrate influence; moreover, the gram is considerably less frequent in English-lexifier pidgins and creoles than in non-creole languages, which may be related to recent grammaticalization processes.
{"title":"The perfect in English-lexifier pidgins and creoles","authors":"Stephanie Hackert","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00039.hac","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00039.hac","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study investigates the expression of perfect meanings in thirty English-lexifier pidgins and creoles or related varieties, such as African American Vernacular English or Singlish. The data were elicited with the help of sixteen sentences and a short text from Dahl’s (1985: 198–206) typological tense-aspect questionnaire. The perfective, as the perfect’s ‘anti-prototype’ (Dahl 2014: 273), is also considered. The possession of a grammaticalized perfect category is particularly frequent in West Africa, where it is likely to constitute a case of substrate influence; moreover, the gram is considerably less frequent in English-lexifier pidgins and creoles than in non-creole languages, which may be related to recent grammaticalization processes.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"34 1","pages":"195-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42878095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In addition to plurality, creole plural morphemes impart an additional meaning of definiteness or specificity to the nominal expressions they mark. As of yet, there is no precise characterization either empirical or theoretical of the semantic/pragmatic dimensions they convey. Furthermore, the question of whether this added meaning is largely fixed across distinct creoles and plural morphemes, or subject to variations has never been examined. With the goal of bringing new insights intothese questions, this paper reports the results of a comparativestudy of the properties of two creole plural morphemes in two distinct French-lexifier creoles, Haitian Creole (HC) and Mauritian Creole (MC). Besides relying on native speaker intuitions, a detailed comparative qualitative and quantitative study of the uses of these plural morphemes was conducted in a textual corpus in two adaptations of the story of the Little Prince by Antoine De St Exupery, in Haitian Creole and in Mauritian Creole respectively. The results of this comparative investigation clearly demonstrate that the use of plural morphemes in the two creoles, though similarin a number of respects, also differ quite systematically. We observe that the distinctions noted closely mirror the uses of the singular definite marker ‘la’ bv’ also argued to subtly diverge in these two creoles (Wespel 2008, Deprez 2016, in preparation). The paper analyzes this mirroring effect as a consequence of the positions that the plural morphemes come to occupy in the nominal structure and of the way the structure building operations are constrained in the different creoles. Concretely it is argued that the plural morphemes come to derivationally occupy the position of definite articles in each of the languages, and that this derivational process is obligatory in Haitian Creole due to the pronominal nature of its plural morpheme, but remains optional in Mauritian.
克里奥尔复数词素除了复数外，还赋予它们所标记的名词表达额外的明确性或特殊性的含义。到目前为止，对于它们所传达的语义/语用维度，无论是实证的还是理论的，都没有确切的特征。此外，这种附加意义是在很大程度上固定在不同的克里奥尔语和复数词素之间，还是受到变体的影响，这个问题从未被研究过。为了给这些问题带来新的见解，本文报道了对海地克里奥尔语和毛里求斯克里奥尔语这两种不同的法语克里奥尔语词汇中两个克里奥尔复数语素性质的比较研究结果。除了依赖母语者的直觉外，还分别在海地克里奥尔语和毛里求斯克里奥尔语中对Antoine De St Exupery的《小王子的故事》的两个改编作品中的这些复数语素的使用进行了详细的定性和定量比较研究。这项比较研究的结果清楚地表明，这两个克里奥尔语中复数语素的使用虽然在许多方面相似，但也有相当系统的差异。我们观察到，所注意到的区别密切反映了单数限定标记“la”bv的使用，也被认为在这两个克里奥尔语中存在微妙的差异（Wespel 2008，Deprez 2016，准备中）。本文分析了这种镜像效应，这是复数词素在名词结构中所占据的位置以及结构构建操作在不同克里奥尔中受到约束的结果。具体地说，复数语素在每种语言中都占据了定冠词的位置，并且由于其复数语素的代词性质，这种派生过程在海地克里奥尔语中是强制性的，但在毛里求斯语中仍然是可选的。
{"title":"Plurality and definiteness in Mauritian and Haitian creoles","authors":"V. Déprez","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00041.dep","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00041.dep","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In addition to plurality, creole plural morphemes impart an additional meaning of definiteness or specificity to the nominal expressions they mark. As of yet, there is no precise characterization either empirical or theoretical of the semantic/pragmatic dimensions they convey. Furthermore, the question of whether this added meaning is largely fixed across distinct creoles and plural morphemes, or subject to variations has never been examined. With the goal of bringing new insights intothese questions, this paper reports the results of a comparativestudy of the properties of two creole plural morphemes in two distinct French-lexifier creoles, Haitian Creole (HC) and Mauritian Creole (MC). Besides relying on native speaker intuitions, a detailed comparative qualitative and quantitative study of the uses of these plural morphemes was conducted in a textual corpus in two adaptations of the story of the Little Prince by Antoine De St Exupery, in Haitian Creole and in Mauritian Creole respectively. The results of this comparative investigation clearly demonstrate that the use of plural morphemes in the two creoles, though similarin a number of respects, also differ quite systematically. We observe that the distinctions noted closely mirror the uses of the singular definite marker ‘la’ bv’ also argued to subtly diverge in these two creoles (Wespel 2008, Deprez 2016, in preparation). The paper analyzes this mirroring effect as a consequence of the positions that the plural morphemes come to occupy in the nominal structure and of the way the structure building operations are constrained in the different creoles. Concretely it is argued that the plural morphemes come to derivationally occupy the position of definite articles in each of the languages, and that this derivational process is obligatory in Haitian Creole due to the pronominal nature of its plural morpheme, but remains optional in Mauritian.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"34 1","pages":"287-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47862232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Language contact in the early colonial Pacific. Maritime Polynesian Pidgin before Pidgin English. By\u0000 Emanuel J. Drechsel","authors":"P. Bakker","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00045.bak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00045.bak","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews Language contact in the early colonial Pacific. Maritime Polynesian Pidgin before Pidgin English 70.00$55.00","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"34 1","pages":"395-399"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43671725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the question of the formation of the mixed and secret Kallawaya language, spoken by traditional herbalists at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. The parental languages of Kallawaya are Southern Quechua (Quechua IIC), which provided the grammar, and now-extinct Pukina, which presumably supplied the lexicon. I argue that Kallawaya arose from lexical re-orientation, having been created by Quechua native speakers. As such it does not present an instance of selective replication (Matras 2000). To support this claim, I will discuss lexical, grammatical, and structural evidence. In contrast to what has been claimed by Stark (1972), only a small part of the Kallawaya lexicon links to Pukina. Moreover, the Kallawaya grammar is as good as identical to that of Southern Quechua but contains some grammatical markers that do not trace back to Quechua or Aymara. It is the aim of this paper to concentrate on these deviant markers, investigating possible relationships with Pukina. I will show that demonstrated links to Pukina are scarce and that the formation of Kallawaya is better explained as a case of lexical re-orientation.
{"title":"The formation of the Kallawaya language","authors":"K. Hannß","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00040.han","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00040.han","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the question of the formation of the mixed and secret Kallawaya language, spoken by traditional herbalists at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. The parental languages of Kallawaya are Southern Quechua (Quechua IIC), which provided the grammar, and now-extinct Pukina, which presumably supplied the lexicon. I argue that Kallawaya arose from lexical re-orientation, having been created by Quechua native speakers. As such it does not present an instance of selective replication (Matras 2000). To support this claim, I will discuss lexical, grammatical, and structural evidence. In contrast to what has been claimed by Stark (1972), only a small part of the Kallawaya lexicon links to Pukina. Moreover, the Kallawaya grammar is as good as identical to that of Southern Quechua but contains some grammatical markers that do not trace back to Quechua or Aymara. It is the aim of this paper to concentrate on these deviant markers, investigating possible relationships with Pukina. I will show that demonstrated links to Pukina are scarce and that the formation of Kallawaya is better explained as a case of lexical re-orientation.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"34 1","pages":"243-286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43903317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Obituary for Charles Gilman, 5 September 1941 – 3 October 2018","authors":"","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00037.obi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00037.obi","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45529518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guianese French Creole1 (GFC) is one of the least studied French Creoles, which is especially true with respect to its non-French-related input. Combining sociohistorical, demographic and linguistic data, this contribution gives a first lexico-etymological account of the GFC lexicon of non-French origin, including Amerindian and Portuguese influences and especially the quantitative and qualitative nature of the contribution made by different Niger-Congo languages. These findings are discussed in light of controversial hypotheses on the particular influence of early numerical and/or socially dominant ethnolinguistic groups on the creole lexicon (i.e. Baker 2012), as well as with regard to word classes and semantic domains to which the different groups contributed. Whereas Gbe and non-Gbe languages clearly diverge with regard to their semantic contribution, the early dominance of presumably Gbe-speaking slaves in French Guiana is not reflected in the numerical proportion of Gbe-related lexical items in GFC, at least on the basis of my still limited data. This study thus tentatively confirms the lesser explanatory power of the lexicon for creole genesis scenarios and points to the fact that sub- or adstrate-related lexical items may have taken very complex etymological routes, which clearly need further study.
{"title":"Non-French lexicon in Guianese French Creole","authors":"Evelyn Wiesinger","doi":"10.1075/JPCL.00027.WIE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JPCL.00027.WIE","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Guianese French Creole1 (GFC) is one of the least studied French Creoles,\u0000which is especially true with respect to its non-French-related input. Combining sociohistorical, demographic and linguistic data,\u0000this contribution gives a first lexico-etymological account of the GFC lexicon of non-French origin, including Amerindian and\u0000Portuguese influences and especially the quantitative and qualitative nature of the contribution made by different Niger-Congo\u0000languages. These findings are discussed in light of controversial hypotheses on the particular influence of early numerical and/or\u0000socially dominant ethnolinguistic groups on the creole lexicon (i.e. Baker 2012), as\u0000well as with regard to word classes and semantic domains to which the different groups contributed. Whereas Gbe and non-Gbe\u0000languages clearly diverge with regard to their semantic contribution, the early dominance of presumably Gbe-speaking slaves in\u0000French Guiana is not reflected in the numerical proportion of Gbe-related lexical items in GFC, at least on the basis of my still\u0000limited data. This study thus tentatively confirms the lesser explanatory power of the lexicon for creole genesis scenarios and\u0000points to the fact that sub- or adstrate-related lexical items may have taken very complex etymological routes, which clearly need\u0000further study.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44222061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the slave population in New Netherland (1614–1664) was small compared to that of other Dutch Atlantic colonies such as Curaçao, Dutch Brazil, and Suriname, it has traditionally received little attention by scholars, including creolists. It is, therefore, not well known that traces of Iberian languages can be found among the black population of seventeenth-century Manhattan. While the paucity of sources does not allow us to make any decisive claims with regard to the importance of Spanish and Portuguese for the colony’s black community, this article attempts to reconstruct the language use of this population group on the basis of an analysis of historical sources from New Netherland in a broader Atlantic context.
{"title":"Iberian linguistic elements among the black population in New Netherland (1614–1664)","authors":"J. Dewulf","doi":"10.1075/JPCL.00028.DEW","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JPCL.00028.DEW","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Since the slave population in New Netherland (1614–1664) was small compared to that of other Dutch Atlantic\u0000colonies such as Curaçao, Dutch Brazil, and Suriname, it has traditionally received little attention by scholars, including\u0000creolists. It is, therefore, not well known that traces of Iberian languages can be found among the black population of\u0000seventeenth-century Manhattan. While the paucity of sources does not allow us to make any decisive claims with regard to the\u0000importance of Spanish and Portuguese for the colony’s black community, this article attempts to reconstruct the language use of\u0000this population group on the basis of an analysis of historical sources from New Netherland in a broader Atlantic context.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43072081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reviews Language and Slavery: A social and linguistic history of the Suriname creoles €105$158
这篇文章回顾了语言和奴役:苏里南克里奥尔人的社会和语言历史
{"title":"Language and Slavery: A social and linguistic history of the Suriname creoles. By Jacques\u0000Arends","authors":"Bettina Migge","doi":"10.1075/JPCL.00034.MIG","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JPCL.00034.MIG","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews Language and Slavery: A social and linguistic history of the Suriname creoles €105$158","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58771599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The relationship between the Songhay and Mande language families has fascinated West Africanists. The typological similarities run deep, but the respective lexicons are noncognate. I focus here on a typological rarity, a bidirectional case marker (BCM), namely Proto-Songhay *nà and its descendants, and argue that it was most likely borrowed from Mande as part of the adoption by Songhay of the equally typologically rare Mande-type S(‑infl)‑O‑V‑X syntax, which reduces to S‑O‑V‑X when there is no post-subject inflectional morpheme (predicative marker). Apparently Songhay had little choice but to borrow the morpheme on the grounds that it did not previously possess the S(‑infl)‑O‑V‑X construction of which it is a key component, especially since a buffer between S and O prevents real-time mis-parsing of two adjacent NPs as possessor-possessum. The medial (‘caught in the middle’) position of the morpheme in the S‑BCM‑O sequence favored the borrowing, in spite of its abstract relational function which in some theoretical models should block borrowing.
{"title":"Caught in the middle","authors":"J. Heath","doi":"10.1075/JPCL.00030.HEA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/JPCL.00030.HEA","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The relationship between the Songhay and Mande language families has fascinated West Africanists. The typological\u0000 similarities run deep, but the respective lexicons are noncognate. I focus here on a typological rarity, a bidirectional case\u0000 marker (BCM), namely Proto-Songhay *nà and its descendants, and argue that it was most likely borrowed from Mande as part of the\u0000 adoption by Songhay of the equally typologically rare Mande-type S(‑infl)‑O‑V‑X syntax, which reduces to S‑O‑V‑X when there is no\u0000 post-subject inflectional morpheme (predicative marker). Apparently Songhay had little choice but to borrow the morpheme on the\u0000 grounds that it did not previously possess the S(‑infl)‑O‑V‑X construction of which it is a key component, especially since a\u0000 buffer between S and O prevents real-time mis-parsing of two adjacent NPs as possessor-possessum. The medial (‘caught in the\u0000 middle’) position of the morpheme in the S‑BCM‑O sequence favored the borrowing, in spite of its abstract relational function\u0000 which in some theoretical models should block borrowing.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2019-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49436513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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