Linguistic research with Indigenous communities over several decades has shown that Indigenous contact languages have a large presence in the contemporary Indigenous landscapes of Australia, but this is not reflected in an equitable presence in policy or programs. Policy has not taken up or responded to the available language research and recommendations, nor is policy reliably informed by solid government language data. As a response to such issues, the Indigenous Language Ecologies framework has been developed. It is designed as a tool to assist policy makers to see and include the needs of contact language-speaking communities. The simple framework differentiates the main configurations of multilingualism in Indigenous communities in Australia today, comparing and contrasting the typical repertoires of speakers of contact languages, of Englishes and of traditional languages. It is intended to function as a useful heuristic and, as such, represents an example of translational research where specialist linguistic knowledge has been distilled for a non-specialist policy audience. The paper lays out the rationale for, and design of, this language ecologies approach, and its impact on policy and research to date.
{"title":"Indigenous Language Ecologies framework","authors":"Denise Angelo","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00138.ang","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00138.ang","url":null,"abstract":"Linguistic research with Indigenous communities over several decades has shown that Indigenous contact languages have a large presence in the contemporary Indigenous landscapes of Australia, but this is not reflected in an equitable presence in policy or programs. Policy has not taken up or responded to the available language research and recommendations, nor is policy reliably informed by solid government language data. As a response to such issues, the Indigenous Language Ecologies framework has been developed. It is designed as a tool to assist policy makers to see and include the needs of contact language-speaking communities. The simple framework differentiates the main configurations of multilingualism in Indigenous communities in Australia today, comparing and contrasting the typical repertoires of speakers of contact languages, of Englishes and of traditional languages. It is intended to function as a useful heuristic and, as such, represents an example of translational research where specialist linguistic knowledge has been distilled for a non-specialist policy audience. The paper lays out the rationale for, and design of, this language ecologies approach, and its impact on policy and research to date.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140841924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The reconstruction of the kinship terminology of the now-extinct Tugu Creole Portuguese (TCP) results from the triangulation between TCP’s available kinship terminology, the complete mapping for Malacca Creole Portuguese (MCP), and the terminology used currently by the Tugu community, which experienced a language shift towards Indonesian Malay and Betawi Malay. By examining the Tugu Village community in Jakarta, Indonesia, this paper adds more evidence for the existence of parallel kinship structures within one community and establishes linguistic and anthropological evidence for markers of inclusion and distinction among Jakarta’s ethnic groups. Thus, the Malay variety spoken in Tugu (TuM) possesses sociohistorical and linguistic elements that distinguish the community from other local communities, together with elements that bind the community to other Asian-Portuguese creole communities.
{"title":"‘It runs in the family’","authors":"R. Tan, Silvio Moreira De Sousa","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00127.tan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00127.tan","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The reconstruction of the kinship terminology of the now-extinct Tugu Creole Portuguese (TCP) results from the\u0000 triangulation between TCP’s available kinship terminology, the complete mapping for Malacca Creole Portuguese (MCP), and the\u0000 terminology used currently by the Tugu community, which experienced a language shift towards Indonesian Malay and Betawi Malay. By\u0000 examining the Tugu Village community in Jakarta, Indonesia, this paper adds more evidence for the existence of parallel kinship\u0000 structures within one community and establishes linguistic and anthropological evidence for markers of inclusion and distinction\u0000 among Jakarta’s ethnic groups. Thus, the Malay variety spoken in Tugu (TuM) possesses sociohistorical and linguistic elements that\u0000 distinguish the community from other local communities, together with elements that bind the community to other Asian-Portuguese\u0000 creole communities.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"1 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baba Malay today is an endangered creole perceived to be a less flexible, easily identifiable language entity with static ascribed qualities. An investigation of resources from the late 1800s and early 1900s shows that such a characterization of early Baba Malay is not possible. Three novels and twenty letters demonstrate a wide range of variation, lexically and grammatically, emphasizing a wide creole continuum that plausibly existed in the heydays of the language. The wide range of variation can be understood to be detracting from, and aligning with the creole’s substrate and lexifier languages, or with the language that was gaining dominance during that time, English. The linguistic ideologies of early Baba Malay speakers and competing pressures in their group identities explain the considerable variation found.
{"title":"The early Baba Malay continuum","authors":"Nala H. Lee","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00129.nal","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00129.nal","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Baba Malay today is an endangered creole perceived to be a less flexible, easily identifiable language entity with static ascribed qualities. An investigation of resources from the late 1800s and early 1900s shows that such a characterization of early Baba Malay is not possible. Three novels and twenty letters demonstrate a wide range of variation, lexically and grammatically, emphasizing a wide creole continuum that plausibly existed in the heydays of the language. The wide range of variation can be understood to be detracting from, and aligning with the creole’s substrate and lexifier languages, or with the language that was gaining dominance during that time, English. The linguistic ideologies of early Baba Malay speakers and competing pressures in their group identities explain the considerable variation found.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138960663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The verbal suffix ‑(a)bad is a frequent form in Australian Kriol and is well attested across all described varieties of the language. Despite the prevalence of this suffix, its precise semantics have so far gone undescribed in the literature. In this article, we present a semantic analysis of this suffix, drawing on data from a variety of Kriol spoken in the north-east Kimberley region of Western Australia. We argue that the diverse set of readings associated with ‑(a)bad can be best unified under an analysis of this form as a marker of verbal plurality (i.e. pluractionality). The suffix derives a set of plural events from a modified verb stem, which then interacts with aspect and argument structure to produce a wide range of readings, particularly readings of temporal, participant, and spatial plurality.
{"title":"Event plurality and the verbal suffix ‑(a)bad in Australian Kriol","authors":"Connor Brown, Maïa Ponsonnet","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00126.bro","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00126.bro","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The verbal suffix ‑(a)bad is a frequent form in Australian Kriol and is well attested across all\u0000 described varieties of the language. Despite the prevalence of this suffix, its precise semantics have so far gone undescribed in\u0000 the literature. In this article, we present a semantic analysis of this suffix, drawing on data from a variety of Kriol spoken in\u0000 the north-east Kimberley region of Western Australia. We argue that the diverse set of readings associated with\u0000 ‑(a)bad can be best unified under an analysis of this form as a marker of verbal plurality (i.e.\u0000 pluractionality). The suffix derives a set of plural events from a modified verb stem, which then interacts with aspect and\u0000 argument structure to produce a wide range of readings, particularly readings of temporal, participant, and spatial plurality.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"134 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139002389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores Alyawarr English, a new contact language spoken in Ipmangker, a remote Alyawarr community of Central Australia. Focusing on language use by children and drawing on a corpus of 50+ hrs of naturalistic video recordings, several aspects of Alyawarr English are examined in detail. The analysis centres on the origins of nominal and verbal morphology, with comparison to the patterns of replication evidenced in other new Australian contact languages. This reveals that children’s Alyawarr English has several points of symmetry with these languages. Nominal inflectional morphology is primarily derived from Alyawarr sources. Verb morphology is primarily derived from Kriol/English sources. The lexicon is derived from both Kriol/English and Alyawarr sources. Variation between morphology of Alyawarr and Kriol/English sources is also considered in each domain, to further elucidate what gets replicated and why in the ongoing development of new Australian contact languages.
{"title":"Alyawarr English","authors":"Sally Dixon","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00128.dix","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00128.dix","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper explores Alyawarr English, a new contact language spoken in Ipmangker, a remote Alyawarr community of\u0000 Central Australia. Focusing on language use by children and drawing on a corpus of 50+ hrs of naturalistic video recordings,\u0000 several aspects of Alyawarr English are examined in detail. The analysis centres on the origins of nominal and verbal morphology,\u0000 with comparison to the patterns of replication evidenced in other new Australian contact languages. This reveals that children’s\u0000 Alyawarr English has several points of symmetry with these languages. Nominal inflectional morphology is primarily derived from\u0000 Alyawarr sources. Verb morphology is primarily derived from Kriol/English sources. The lexicon is derived from both Kriol/English\u0000 and Alyawarr sources. Variation between morphology of Alyawarr and Kriol/English sources is also considered in each domain, to\u0000 further elucidate what gets replicated and why in the ongoing development of new Australian contact languages.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139010551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper is concerned with the grammar and origins of a focusing rule in Malacca Creole Portuguese, (MCP) whereby an adjectival phrase (AdjP) may be extracted from the right branch of a noun phrase and fronted to a position prior to the determiner. It begins by describing the characteristics of AdjP-fronting in MCP, according to determiner type, syntactic role of the fronted adjective, syntactic role of the determiner phrase, and the structural complexity of the AdjP. Subsequently, it considers the presence of AdjP-fronting in 19th and 20th century data of the Creole Portuguese of Tugu/Batavia, Mangalore, Cannanore, Cochin and Sri Lanka. Building on these comparisons, it then addresses the potential influences of Dravidian (Malayalam, Tamil) and Indo-Aryan (Bangla) substrates, and Dutch and English adstrates. The paper concludes that AdjP-fronting in MCP may be added to the list of typological features that demonstrate the connection between the southern Indo-Portuguese creoles and the Malayo-Portuguese creoles.
{"title":"Adjective phrase fronting in the Malacca Creole Portuguese noun phrase","authors":"Alan N Baxter","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00123.ala","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00123.ala","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is concerned with the grammar and origins of a focusing rule in Malacca Creole Portuguese, (MCP) whereby an adjectival phrase (AdjP) may be extracted from the right branch of a noun phrase and fronted to a position prior to the determiner. It begins by describing the characteristics of AdjP-fronting in MCP, according to determiner type, syntactic role of the fronted adjective, syntactic role of the determiner phrase, and the structural complexity of the AdjP. Subsequently, it considers the presence of AdjP-fronting in 19th and 20th century data of the Creole Portuguese of Tugu/Batavia, Mangalore, Cannanore, Cochin and Sri Lanka. Building on these comparisons, it then addresses the potential influences of Dravidian (Malayalam, Tamil) and Indo-Aryan (Bangla) substrates, and Dutch and English adstrates. The paper concludes that AdjP-fronting in MCP may be added to the list of typological features that demonstrate the connection between the southern Indo-Portuguese creoles and the Malayo-Portuguese creoles.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136113907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In this paper, we add to the body of existing literature on Arabic-based pidgins. We focus on the verbal system because the structure of this phrasal category and how it is used in discourse remain inconclusive. For instance, while some claim these speakers prefer the imperfective form which is marked for male third person singular (e.g. y-iji ‘3 sg.m -come. ipf ’), others claim it is the imperative that is most preferred (e.g. rūh ‘2. sg.m -go. imp ’). Equally, while some argue the choice between either verb forms is pragmatically motivated, others claim it is phonologically motivated. To add to this mix, a third group claims there is a systematic division of labor in that non-state verbs usually follow the prefixed type while the state verbs follow the unprefixed type. We evaluate these proposals. Analysis of ‘frog story’ narratives by 10 GPA speakers in the United Arab Emirates reveal the prefixed form to be the most preferred and this preference is influenced by the contriving of phonological, semantic, and pragmatic factors. Frequency as well as item-based analogy as understood within usage-based theories of learning provide a viable framework in which the apparent inconsistencies between the competing proposals are resolved.
{"title":"On the etymology and distribution of verb forms in Arabic-based pidgins","authors":"Imed Louhichi","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00120.lou","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00120.lou","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we add to the body of existing literature on Arabic-based pidgins. We focus on the verbal system because the structure of this phrasal category and how it is used in discourse remain inconclusive. For instance, while some claim these speakers prefer the imperfective form which is marked for male third person singular (e.g. y-iji ‘3 sg.m -come. ipf ’), others claim it is the imperative that is most preferred (e.g. rūh ‘2. sg.m -go. imp ’). Equally, while some argue the choice between either verb forms is pragmatically motivated, others claim it is phonologically motivated. To add to this mix, a third group claims there is a systematic division of labor in that non-state verbs usually follow the prefixed type while the state verbs follow the unprefixed type. We evaluate these proposals. Analysis of ‘frog story’ narratives by 10 GPA speakers in the United Arab Emirates reveal the prefixed form to be the most preferred and this preference is influenced by the contriving of phonological, semantic, and pragmatic factors. Frequency as well as item-based analogy as understood within usage-based theories of learning provide a viable framework in which the apparent inconsistencies between the competing proposals are resolved.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"208 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135695810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Motion event description has received little attention in contact linguistics as compared to other branches of linguistics. To address this gap, I provide an overview of the grammatical and lexical resources for the encoding of motion events in Gulf Pidgin Arabic (GPA). 10 GPA speakers narrated the story of a boy, his dog, and his missing pet frog. The results revealed: (a) the participants used a relatively large number of path verbs and a comprehensive number of spatial particles; (b) they showed an overwhelming aversion to the description of manner in boundary-crossing and caused motion situations; and (c) they engineered coercive constructions to deal with semantically complex situations. Taken together, the linguistic evidence suggests GPA is developing into a verb-framed language type. This study adds a significant methodological and empirical weight to the existing literature and has the potential to encourage intra- and inter-disciplinary comparative work on motion event description.
{"title":"What can the stories of a frog tell us about motion event description in Gulf Pidgin Arabic?","authors":"Imed Louhichi","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00122.lou","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00122.lou","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Motion event description has received little attention in contact linguistics as compared to other branches of linguistics. To address this gap, I provide an overview of the grammatical and lexical resources for the encoding of motion events in Gulf Pidgin Arabic (GPA). 10 GPA speakers narrated the story of a boy, his dog, and his missing pet frog. The results revealed: (a) the participants used a relatively large number of path verbs and a comprehensive number of spatial particles; (b) they showed an overwhelming aversion to the description of manner in boundary-crossing and caused motion situations; and (c) they engineered coercive constructions to deal with semantically complex situations. Taken together, the linguistic evidence suggests GPA is developing into a verb-framed language type. This study adds a significant methodological and empirical weight to the existing literature and has the potential to encourage intra- and inter-disciplinary comparative work on motion event description.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135830191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Barrière, Blandine Joseph, Katsiaryna Aharodnik, Sarah Kresh, Guetjens Prince Fleurio, G. Legendre, T. Nazzi
The present multidimensional study investigates the acquisition of pronominal subject-verb dependencies in Standard Haitian Creole (HC). A corpus analysis confirms that HC subject pronouns are phonological clitics in the target grammar and that their reduction is optional and unpredictable. The comprehension and production of dependencies involving these subject pronouns in 20 preschoolers acquiring HC as their first language were investigated. While the production of third person singular and plural subject pronouns l(i) and y(o) reveals early mastery of adult constraints on their phonological reductions, the systematic assignments of l(i) to singular subjects vs. y(o) to plural subjects of the verb in the syntactic dependency emerge later, in both production and comprehension. The few syntactic contexts in which HC-learning children show evidence of comprehension involve full forms, rather than phonological reductions. Possible factors that explain these findings include the relative unpredictability of their forms and the linguistic status of HC pronouns.
{"title":"A multidimensional perspective on the acquisition of subject-verb dependencies by Haitian-Creole speaking children","authors":"I. Barrière, Blandine Joseph, Katsiaryna Aharodnik, Sarah Kresh, Guetjens Prince Fleurio, G. Legendre, T. Nazzi","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.22001.bar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.22001.bar","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present multidimensional study investigates the acquisition of pronominal subject-verb dependencies in\u0000 Standard Haitian Creole (HC). A corpus analysis confirms that HC subject pronouns are phonological clitics in the target grammar\u0000 and that their reduction is optional and unpredictable. The comprehension and production of dependencies involving these subject\u0000 pronouns in 20 preschoolers acquiring HC as their first language were investigated. While the production of third person singular\u0000 and plural subject pronouns l(i) and y(o) reveals early mastery of adult constraints on their\u0000 phonological reductions, the systematic assignments of l(i) to singular subjects vs. y(o) to\u0000 plural subjects of the verb in the syntactic dependency emerge later, in both production and comprehension. The few syntactic\u0000 contexts in which HC-learning children show evidence of comprehension involve full forms, rather than phonological reductions.\u0000 Possible factors that explain these findings include the relative unpredictability of their forms and the linguistic status of HC\u0000 pronouns.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41802088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large scale typological studies have been criticized for being unscientific, biased, methodologically unsound and as perpetrating neocolonial attitudes. Meakins (2022) echoes these views in her first JPCL column. The conclusions of all studies using large typological datasets, however, point in the direction that creoles do have structural properties that distinguish them from their lexifiers and the languages of the world, including a dozen not mentioned in Meakins’ column. Opponents use data that are a factor of thousand less extensive, yet apparently more credible. Creoles developed in adverse circumstances, and the flexibility of human genius led to new structural properties, apparently shared across the world. The opposite view, that creoles are continuations of their lexifiers, runs the risk of justifying colonialism, as if forced deportation, blackbirding, slavery, imperialism and colonialism could not have had catastrophic consequences for the continuation of languages. Devastating sociohistorical circumstances led to the creation of new societies, and human ingenuity created their fully-fledged natural languages.
{"title":"Empiricism against imperialism","authors":"P. Bakker","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00119.bak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00119.bak","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Large scale typological studies have been criticized for being unscientific, biased, methodologically unsound and\u0000 as perpetrating neocolonial attitudes. Meakins (2022) echoes these views in her first\u0000 JPCL column. The conclusions of all studies using large typological datasets, however, point in the direction\u0000 that creoles do have structural properties that distinguish them from their lexifiers and the languages of the world, including a\u0000 dozen not mentioned in Meakins’ column. Opponents use data that are a factor of thousand less extensive, yet apparently more\u0000 credible. Creoles developed in adverse circumstances, and the flexibility of human genius led to new structural properties,\u0000 apparently shared across the world. The opposite view, that creoles are continuations of their lexifiers, runs the risk of\u0000 justifying colonialism, as if forced deportation, blackbirding, slavery, imperialism and colonialism could not have had\u0000 catastrophic consequences for the continuation of languages. Devastating sociohistorical circumstances led to the creation of new\u0000 societies, and human ingenuity created their fully-fledged natural languages.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41445299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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