Abstract This study analyzes the borrowing of Dutch reciprocal pronouns in a corpus of primary field data of Sranan, Sarnami, and Surinamese Javanese, three languages of Suriname. The expression of reciprocity in relevant African and Asian substrates of the languages under study is also presented and discussed. I suggest cognitive and sociolinguistic explanations for the preference of Dutch-sourced reciprocal pronouns during multilingual contact. The three languages show convergent borrowing processes favoring the dedicated Dutch reciprocal pronoun over ‘scattered’ native strategies. Further, Suriname is a hierarchical post-colonial language ecology in which borrowing proceeds mostly in one direction, either directly from Dutch, or from Dutch via Sranan. The parallel multilingual trajectory of contact-induced change in the expression of a complex notion like reciprocity showcases the attractiveness for borrowing of forms and structures with transparent relations between form and content.
{"title":"Reciprocal constructions","authors":"Kofi Yakpo","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00118.yak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00118.yak","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study analyzes the borrowing of Dutch reciprocal pronouns in a corpus of primary field data of Sranan, Sarnami, and Surinamese Javanese, three languages of Suriname. The expression of reciprocity in relevant African and Asian substrates of the languages under study is also presented and discussed. I suggest cognitive and sociolinguistic explanations for the preference of Dutch-sourced reciprocal pronouns during multilingual contact. The three languages show convergent borrowing processes favoring the dedicated Dutch reciprocal pronoun over ‘scattered’ native strategies. Further, Suriname is a hierarchical post-colonial language ecology in which borrowing proceeds mostly in one direction, either directly from Dutch, or from Dutch via Sranan. The parallel multilingual trajectory of contact-induced change in the expression of a complex notion like reciprocity showcases the attractiveness for borrowing of forms and structures with transparent relations between form and content.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135165382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyzes the borrowing of Dutch reciprocal pronouns in a corpus of primary field data of Sranan, Sarnami, and Surinamese Javanese, three languages of Suriname. The expression of reciprocity in relevant African and Asian substrates of the languages under study is also presented and discussed. I suggest cognitive and sociolinguistic explanations for the preference of Dutch-sourced reciprocal pronouns during multilingual contact. The three languages show convergent borrowing processes favoring the dedicated Dutch reciprocal pronoun over ‘scattered’ native strategies. Further, Suriname is a hierarchical post-colonial language ecology in which borrowing proceeds mostly in one direction, either directly from Dutch, or from Dutch via Sranan. The parallel multilingual trajectory of contact-induced change in the expression of a complex notion like reciprocity showcases the attractiveness for borrowing of forms and structures with transparent relations between form and content.
{"title":"Reciprocal constructions","authors":"K. Yakpo","doi":"10.1075/tsl.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/tsl.71","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study analyzes the borrowing of Dutch reciprocal pronouns in a corpus of primary field data of Sranan,\u0000 Sarnami, and Surinamese Javanese, three languages of Suriname. The expression of reciprocity in relevant African and Asian\u0000 substrates of the languages under study is also presented and discussed. I suggest cognitive and sociolinguistic explanations for\u0000 the preference of Dutch-sourced reciprocal pronouns during multilingual contact. The three languages show convergent borrowing\u0000 processes favoring the dedicated Dutch reciprocal pronoun over ‘scattered’ native strategies. Further, Suriname is a hierarchical\u0000 post-colonial language ecology in which borrowing proceeds mostly in one direction, either directly from Dutch, or from Dutch via\u0000 Sranan. The parallel multilingual trajectory of contact-induced change in the expression of a complex notion like reciprocity\u0000 showcases the attractiveness for borrowing of forms and structures with transparent relations between form and content.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42940192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents new Skepi Creole Dutch data from the late-18th century, found in the work of the German scholar Ernst Karl Rodschied. The creole data include pronominal and verbal paradigms, a short 60-word excerpt from a private letter, and around two dozen names for local flora. After briefly introducing Rodschied, we present the data and compare them to the existing Skepi corpus.
本文介绍了18世纪末德国学者恩斯特·卡尔·罗奇德(Ernst Karl Rodschied)著作中发现的新的斯皮·克里奥尔荷兰语数据。克里奥尔语的数据包括代词和动词范例，一封私人信件的60字摘录，以及大约24个当地植物的名称。在简要介绍Rodschied之后，我们展示了数据并将它们与现有的Skepi语料库进行了比较。
{"title":"Skepi Creole Dutch","authors":"B. Jacobs, Mikael Parkvall","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00116.jac","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00116.jac","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents new Skepi Creole Dutch data from the late-18th century, found in the work of the German\u0000 scholar Ernst Karl Rodschied. The creole data include pronominal and verbal paradigms, a short 60-word excerpt from a private\u0000 letter, and around two dozen names for local flora. After briefly introducing Rodschied, we present the data and compare them to\u0000 the existing Skepi corpus.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45102410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines the choices made at the levels of Ausbau (‘language by development’, Kloss 1967: 29–30) and Abstand (‘language by distance’, ibid) during the codification phase of Mauritian Creole. Using the document Lortograf Kreol Morisien (Ministry of Education and Human Resources 2011) as its focal point, it studies the co-association between Ausbau and Abstand and connects the choices made to a broader ideological framework which sets out to ‘promot[e] our country’s language’ (Hookoomsing 2011: 9). It explores the implication of adopting a linguistic form which a user can ‘intimately connect with loved ones, community and personal identity’ (Delpit 2006: 95) while simultaneously providing it with the stature traditionally enjoyed by the lexifier. In the final instance it views the decreasing Abstand of Mauritian Creole as a form of prestige planning (Haarmann 1986) carried out with the possible intention of enhancing its public image.
{"title":"Orthography, ideology and the codification of Mauritian Creole","authors":"Tejshree Auckle","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.22018.auc","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.22018.auc","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper examines the choices made at the levels of Ausbau (‘language by development’, Kloss 1967: 29–30) and Abstand (‘language by distance’, ibid) during the codification phase of Mauritian\u0000 Creole. Using the document Lortograf Kreol Morisien (Ministry of Education\u0000 and Human Resources 2011) as its focal point, it studies the co-association between Ausbau and Abstand and connects the\u0000 choices made to a broader ideological framework which sets out to ‘promot[e] our country’s language’ (Hookoomsing 2011: 9). It explores the implication of adopting a linguistic form which a user can\u0000 ‘intimately connect with loved ones, community and personal identity’ (Delpit 2006: 95)\u0000 while simultaneously providing it with the stature traditionally enjoyed by the lexifier. In the final instance it views the\u0000 decreasing Abstand of Mauritian Creole as a form of prestige planning (Haarmann 1986)\u0000 carried out with the possible intention of enhancing its public image.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45376855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the language situation in Aruba, a Caribbean island that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The main home language in Aruba is Papiamento, a Spanish/Portuguese lexifier creole, but Dutch was the only official language for centuries. English and Spanish are also widely used due to immigration, tourism, and the media. Carroll (2009, 2010, 2015) observes that Papiamento has high vitality, but also signals that speakers think that the language is under threat due to the increase in the use of English and Spanish. The aim of this study is to examine to what extent Carroll’s findings may be corroborated by a quantitative survey that accessed the views of a large group of people (809) from all over the island. The results indicate that Papiamento is the most frequently cited language regardless of backgrounds. People hold positive attitudes toward Papiamento and Aruban identity. Hence, our findings corroborate Carroll’s hypothesis that sentiments of language threat are mostly based in perception rather than in actual language use and attitudes.
{"title":"Language use, language attitudes, and identity in Aruba","authors":"Ellen-Petra Kester, Samantha Buijink","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.22010.kes","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.22010.kes","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study investigates the language situation in Aruba, a Caribbean island that is part of the Kingdom of the\u0000 Netherlands. The main home language in Aruba is Papiamento, a Spanish/Portuguese lexifier creole, but Dutch was the only official\u0000 language for centuries. English and Spanish are also widely used due to immigration, tourism, and the media.\u0000 Carroll (2009, 2010, 2015) observes that Papiamento has high vitality, but also signals that speakers think\u0000 that the language is under threat due to the increase in the use of English and Spanish. The aim of this study is to examine to\u0000 what extent Carroll’s findings may be corroborated by a quantitative survey that accessed the views of a large group of people\u0000 (809) from all over the island. The results indicate that Papiamento is the most frequently cited language regardless of\u0000 backgrounds. People hold positive attitudes toward Papiamento and Aruban identity. Hence, our findings corroborate Carroll’s\u0000 hypothesis that sentiments of language threat are mostly based in perception rather than in actual language use and attitudes.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47438712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The third space in the fourth column","authors":"F. Meakins","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00117.mea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00117.mea","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43008590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In multilingual Taiwan, a language variety spoken in I-Lan County of northeastern Taiwan has been dubbed ‘Yilan Creole’ and analyzed as a creole by scholars because it contains features from Japanese and Austronesian languages. This article revisits the question of whether it is indeed a creole. I scrutinize its sociohistorical background as well as aspects of its lexicon and grammar, which I compare with those of Japanese and (Squliq) Atayal to provide a solid foundation for assessing its creole status. I conclude that ‘Yilan Creole’ is by no means a creole.
{"title":"A new view on ‘Yilan Creole’","authors":"Gan-ling Tan","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00115.tan","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00115.tan","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In multilingual Taiwan, a language variety spoken in I-Lan County of northeastern Taiwan has been dubbed ‘Yilan Creole’ and analyzed as a creole by scholars because it contains features from Japanese and Austronesian languages. This article revisits the question of whether it is indeed a creole. I scrutinize its sociohistorical background as well as aspects of its lexicon and grammar, which I compare with those of Japanese and (Squliq) Atayal to provide a solid foundation for assessing its creole status. I conclude that ‘Yilan Creole’ is by no means a creole.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136356129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Widely attested in both creole and non-creole languages of the Atlantic basin, the function word o has been traditionally described as a ‘sentence/phrase final particle’, owing to its typical syntactic behaviour, rather than to its multiple grammatical meanings. Based on the corpus-driven analysis of the NaijaSynCor, a ~400K words corpus of spoken Naijá (i.e., Nigerian Pidgin), this study suggests that sentence-final o can be better described as an ‘illocutionary force indicator’ whose main pragmatic function is to modify the illocutionary force associated with directive and assertive speech acts. The study also provides evidence for the emergence of new coordinating and subordinating functions of o in intra-sentential position that are semantically harmonic with its assertive (i.e. epistemic) meaning in sentence-final position. The corpus-driven analysis further shows that the higher occurrence of sentence-final o in (formal and informal) dialogic texts in comparison to monologic texts is a reflex of its basic illocutionary function.
{"title":"A corpus-driven description of o in Naijá (Nigerian Pidgin)","authors":"S. Manfredi, Slavomír Čéplö","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.22016.man","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.22016.man","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Widely attested in both creole and non-creole languages of the Atlantic basin, the function word o has\u0000 been traditionally described as a ‘sentence/phrase final particle’, owing to its typical syntactic behaviour, rather than to its multiple\u0000 grammatical meanings. Based on the corpus-driven analysis of the NaijaSynCor, a ~400K words corpus of spoken Naijá (i.e., Nigerian Pidgin),\u0000 this study suggests that sentence-final o can be better described as an ‘illocutionary force indicator’ whose main\u0000 pragmatic function is to modify the illocutionary force associated with directive and assertive speech acts. The study also provides\u0000 evidence for the emergence of new coordinating and subordinating functions of o in intra-sentential position that are\u0000 semantically harmonic with its assertive (i.e. epistemic) meaning in sentence-final position. The corpus-driven analysis further shows that\u0000 the higher occurrence of sentence-final o in (formal and informal) dialogic texts in comparison to monologic texts is a\u0000 reflex of its basic illocutionary function.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48467594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Ei language (or Wu-se) is a mixed language derived from Chinese and the Kam-Tai languages. This paper focuses on the status of Ei and its formation process. The ancestors of the Ei people were soldiers and their families from different ethnic groups, who were sent to the Patrol Division of E’jing Town, Rong County, Guangxi Province in the Ming Dynasty, some 600 years ago. They are a multi-ethnic fusion of Chinese, Zhuang, Kam, and Sui peoples. The Ei language resulted from contact between Chinese and Kam-Tai languages. Its core words are mainly Kam-Tai, and the commonly-used words are mainly Chinese. The word order is basically the same as Chinese, and its voiceless sonorants are consistent with Kam-Sui phonology. The root causes of its formation are the Ei speakers’ ethnic identity as well as their stable and relatively closed life circles.
{"title":"On the formation of the Ei language","authors":"Xiaoyu Zeng","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00106.zen","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00106.zen","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Ei language (or Wu-se) is a mixed language derived from\u0000 Chinese and the Kam-Tai languages. This paper focuses on the status of Ei and\u0000 its formation process. The ancestors of the Ei people were soldiers and their\u0000 families from different ethnic groups, who were sent to the Patrol Division of\u0000 E’jing Town, Rong County, Guangxi Province in the Ming Dynasty, some 600 years\u0000 ago. They are a multi-ethnic fusion of Chinese, Zhuang, Kam, and Sui peoples.\u0000 The Ei language resulted from contact between Chinese and Kam-Tai languages. Its\u0000 core words are mainly Kam-Tai, and the commonly-used words are mainly Chinese.\u0000 The word order is basically the same as Chinese, and its voiceless sonorants are\u0000 consistent with Kam-Sui phonology. The root causes of its formation are the Ei\u0000 speakers’ ethnic identity as well as their stable and relatively closed life\u0000 circles.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43471265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the semantic and syntactic properties of converb markers =Shi, =Zhe, and =Tala in Sinitic varieties in the Qīnghǎi-Gānsù Linguistic Area (qgla), and defines them as converb enclitics rather than conjunctions, modal particles, or other functional words. =Shi is a conditional converb enclitic while =Tala is a terminative converb enclitic; both enclitics derive their respective properties from Altaic languages. The enclitic =Zhe expresses the coordinative and narrative functions, derived from its Altaic source, and the conjunctional function, which is an innovation. The productive use of the converbs coincides with the sharp decline of serial verbs in Sinitic varieties in qgla, and such a phenomenon emerges through intense contact among the Altaic, Sinitic and Tibetan languages in the area.
{"title":"Converbs of Sinitic varieties in Qīnghǎi‑Gānsù linguistic\u0000 area","authors":"Mingyuan Shao, Xuna Lin","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00102.sha","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00102.sha","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article discusses the semantic and syntactic properties of\u0000 converb markers =Shi, =Zhe, and\u0000 =Tala in Sinitic varieties in the Qīnghǎi-Gānsù Linguistic\u0000 Area (qgla), and defines them as converb enclitics rather than\u0000 conjunctions, modal particles, or other functional words. =Shi\u0000 is a conditional converb enclitic while =Tala is a terminative\u0000 converb enclitic; both enclitics derive their respective properties from Altaic\u0000 languages. The enclitic =Zhe expresses the coordinative and\u0000 narrative functions, derived from its Altaic source, and the conjunctional\u0000 function, which is an innovation. The productive use of the converbs coincides\u0000 with the sharp decline of serial verbs in Sinitic varieties in qgla, and such a phenomenon emerges through intense contact among the Altaic,\u0000 Sinitic and Tibetan languages in the area.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43718692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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