The Modern Uyghur language has a large number of lexemes copied from Chinese in different periods of Uyghur. Amongst them, there is a special group of lexemes globally copied from Chinese first into the Old Uyghur literary language which is documented in the texts written in various scripts from the 8th to the 14th centuries. Some of these global lexical copies were transmitted to the next stages of Uyghur and are established in Modern Uyghur as part of its lexicon. This paper discusses aspects of this special group of lexemes from the four points, semantic reinterpretation, fusion in form and meaning, multiple copying of the same lexeme, and additions to the lexicon. The aim is to illustrate some important aspects of the historical Sino-Uyghur linguistic and cultural contact reflected in these copies and to provide Uyghur examples to understand aspects of diachronic development of copied lexemes in the recipient language.
{"title":"Aspects of early Chinese global lexical copies surviving in Modern\u0000 Uyghur","authors":"A. Yakup","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00105.yak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00105.yak","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Modern Uyghur language has a large number of lexemes copied\u0000 from Chinese in different periods of Uyghur. Amongst them, there is a special\u0000 group of lexemes globally copied from Chinese first into the Old Uyghur literary\u0000 language which is documented in the texts written in various scripts from the\u0000 8th to the 14th centuries. Some of these global lexical copies were transmitted\u0000 to the next stages of Uyghur and are established in Modern Uyghur as part of its\u0000 lexicon. This paper discusses aspects of this special group of lexemes from the\u0000 four points, semantic reinterpretation, fusion in form and meaning, multiple\u0000 copying of the same lexeme, and additions to the lexicon. The aim is to\u0000 illustrate some important aspects of the historical Sino-Uyghur linguistic and\u0000 cultural contact reflected in these copies and to provide Uyghur examples to\u0000 understand aspects of diachronic development of copied lexemes in the recipient\u0000 language.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43002215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Mandarin dialects spoken in former garrison towns and the surrounding Southern Min and Cantonese dialects in the island of Hainan are affected by the voiced implosive initials of the local indigenous Kra-Dai languages in different ways. The garrison dialects with low social status developed the implosives, like the Southern Min and Cantonese dialects that pre-dated the establishment of the garrison towns. The garrison dialects with high social status did not develop the implosives, blocking the Chinese dialects that arrived later from getting them. The prestigious garrison dialects also serve as the source of loanwords for the regional Southern Min and Cantonese dialects.
{"title":"Social status, contact history and the implosives in the Chinese\u0000 dialects of Hainan","authors":"Chun-jo Liu","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00107.liu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00107.liu","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Mandarin dialects spoken in former garrison towns and the\u0000 surrounding Southern Min and Cantonese dialects in the island of Hainan are\u0000 affected by the voiced implosive initials of the local indigenous Kra-Dai\u0000 languages in different ways. The garrison dialects with low social status\u0000 developed the implosives, like the Southern Min and Cantonese dialects that\u0000 pre-dated the establishment of the garrison towns. The garrison dialects with\u0000 high social status did not develop the implosives, blocking the Chinese dialects\u0000 that arrived later from getting them. The prestigious garrison dialects also\u0000 serve as the source of loanwords for the regional Southern Min and Cantonese\u0000 dialects.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44743675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper I discuss the various functions of nominalization in Wutun, a mixed Sinitic language spoken by ca. 4000 people in Qinghai Province, Northwest China. Nominalization in Wutun is expressed by the multi-purpose marker -de (cognate to Standard Mandarin de 的), which functions on both the lexical and clausal levels. Lexical nominalization takes the verb as its domain to derive nouns or adjectives, while clausal nominalization takes the entire clause as its domain and allows the clause to be treated as a noun phrase. Clausal nominalization in Wutun is used to form nominal complement clauses, relative clauses and adverbial subordinate clauses. In addition, the multi-purpose marker -de in Wutun has functions that go beyond nominalization, including pronominal function, pre-nominal modification and stand-alone usage, which is related to aspect and emphasis and plays an important role in stance-taking.
{"title":"Nominalization in Wutun","authors":"Erika Sandman","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00103.san","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00103.san","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper I discuss the various functions of nominalization in Wutun, a mixed Sinitic language spoken by ca.\u0000 4000 people in Qinghai Province, Northwest China. Nominalization in Wutun is expressed by the multi-purpose marker\u0000 -de (cognate to Standard Mandarin de 的), which functions on both the lexical and clausal levels. Lexical nominalization takes the\u0000 verb as its domain to derive nouns or adjectives, while clausal nominalization takes the entire clause as its domain and allows\u0000 the clause to be treated as a noun phrase. Clausal nominalization in Wutun is used to form nominal complement clauses, relative\u0000 clauses and adverbial subordinate clauses. In addition, the multi-purpose marker -de in Wutun has functions that\u0000 go beyond nominalization, including pronominal function, pre-nominal modification and stand-alone usage, which is related to\u0000 aspect and emphasis and plays an important role in stance-taking.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43659366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China is ethnically and linguistically diverse. There are 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in the country, including the majority Han, with a 1.2 billion-strong population and Tatar, the smallest minority group with only 3,556 people residing in Xinjiang, according to the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China, the latest census data available on the government’s website (www.stats.gov.cn). The Han accounts for 91.6% of the population, with the minorities taking up the balance of 8.4%. Most ethnic groups have their own languages, which fall into typologically distinct language families, the largest being Altaic and Sino-Tibetan. Ethnologue lists 299 languages in China and rates the country 0.521 in linguistic diversity, compared with 0.035 for Japan and 0.010 for South Korea (Simons & Fennig 2017). A few ethnic groups, such as the Hui (Chinese Muslims) and the Manchus, who founded the last imperial dynasty of Qing (1644–1912), have lost their indigenous languages over the centuries. They speak the language of the Han majority. Linguistic diversity in China is manifested in two ways: across the ethnic groups and within the Han majority. In what follows, we give a schematic description of the languages and briefly summarize the papers in this issue that offer a snapshot of language contact in China.
{"title":"Languages and language contact in China","authors":"Z. Bao, Ruiqing Shen, Kunmei Han","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00101.bao","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00101.bao","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 China is ethnically and linguistically diverse. There are 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in the country,\u0000 including the majority Han, with a 1.2 billion-strong population and Tatar, the smallest minority group with only 3,556 people\u0000 residing in Xinjiang, according to the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China, the latest census data available\u0000 on the government’s website (www.stats.gov.cn). The Han accounts for 91.6% of the\u0000 population, with the minorities taking up the balance of 8.4%. Most ethnic groups have their own languages, which fall into\u0000 typologically distinct language families, the largest being Altaic and Sino-Tibetan. Ethnologue lists 299\u0000 languages in China and rates the country 0.521 in linguistic diversity, compared with 0.035 for Japan and 0.010 for South Korea\u0000 (Simons & Fennig 2017). A few ethnic groups, such as the Hui (Chinese Muslims)\u0000 and the Manchus, who founded the last imperial dynasty of Qing (1644–1912), have lost their indigenous languages over the\u0000 centuries. They speak the language of the Han majority.\u0000 Linguistic diversity in China is manifested in two ways: across the ethnic groups and within the Han majority. In\u0000 what follows, we give a schematic description of the languages and briefly summarize the papers in this issue that offer a\u0000 snapshot of language contact in China.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48566638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What have we missed?","authors":"F. Meakins","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00109.mea","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00109.mea","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46269849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Saad (2020): Variation and change in Abui: The impact of Alor Malay on an indigenous language of Indonesia","authors":"Jack E McWhorter","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00112.mcw","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00112.mcw","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43973521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Penang Hokkien was spoken by the early Hokkien settlers as a heritage language in a Malay dominant environment before it became a lingua franca of the Chinese communities in present-day Penang and its neighboring states in Northern Malaysia. Over two centuries, Penang Hokkien has assimilated Malay words and structures. This article discusses the forms and functions of pún and tio̍h, which have assimilated Malay elements as response strategies to two key triggers for deviation from the baseline Southern Min dialect: ambiguity and complex structure. Through a detailed study of pún and tio̍h, this article contributes to a better understanding of the development of a Malay-dominant heritage language that is based on a Chinese dialect spoken in the Malay peninsula.
{"title":"Pún and tio̍h in Penang\u0000 Hokkien","authors":"J. Hing","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00108.hin","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00108.hin","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Penang Hokkien was spoken by the early Hokkien settlers as a\u0000 heritage language in a Malay dominant environment before it became a lingua\u0000 franca of the Chinese communities in present-day Penang and its neighboring\u0000 states in Northern Malaysia. Over two centuries, Penang Hokkien has assimilated\u0000 Malay words and structures. This article discusses the forms and functions of\u0000 pún and tio̍h, which have assimilated\u0000 Malay elements as response strategies to two key triggers for deviation from the\u0000 baseline Southern Min dialect: ambiguity and complex structure. Through a\u0000 detailed study of pún and tio̍h, this article\u0000 contributes to a better understanding of the development of a Malay-dominant\u0000 heritage language that is based on a Chinese dialect spoken in the Malay\u0000 peninsula.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46624573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper, based on Chinese and Uyghur language contact data collected through fieldwork, discusses in detail Uyghur speakers’ acquisition of Mandarin tones. Uyghur speakers map the three native pitch accents from the Uyghur prosodic system, i.e. level, rise, and fall, to the four Mandarin tones. Initially, this mapping is random. As Chinese proficiency improves, the accent-tone mapping becomes stable. The pace, however, is not uniform for the four tones, due to competition among the three accents to map unto a given Mandarin tone. After accent-tone mapping becomes stable, the mapped accents will gradually approximate towards their target tones in pitch value, again at an uneven pace. This quantitative study reveals a two-step process in the emergence of Uyghur Chinese tones: (1) the phonological step of accent-tone mapping involving tonal categories, (2) the phonetic approximation to tonal target. A Uyghur accent does not map directly to a superficially similar tone based on pitch value.
{"title":"Uyghur speakers’ acquisition of Mandarin tones","authors":"Zhaojin Du, Baoya Chen","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00104.du","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00104.du","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper, based on Chinese and Uyghur language contact data\u0000 collected through fieldwork, discusses in detail Uyghur speakers’ acquisition of\u0000 Mandarin tones. Uyghur speakers map the three native pitch accents from the\u0000 Uyghur prosodic system, i.e. level, rise, and fall, to the four Mandarin tones.\u0000 Initially, this mapping is random. As Chinese proficiency improves, the\u0000 accent-tone mapping becomes stable. The pace, however, is not uniform for the\u0000 four tones, due to competition among the three accents to map unto a given\u0000 Mandarin tone. After accent-tone mapping becomes stable, the mapped accents will\u0000 gradually approximate towards their target tones in pitch value, again at an\u0000 uneven pace. This quantitative study reveals a two-step process in the emergence\u0000 of Uyghur Chinese tones: (1) the phonological step of accent-tone mapping\u0000 involving tonal categories, (2) the phonetic approximation to tonal target. A\u0000 Uyghur accent does not map directly to a superficially similar tone based on\u0000 pitch value.","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43794824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Fafulas (2020): Amazonian Spanish: Language contact and evolution","authors":"D. Perez","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00111.per","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00111.per","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47777903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Operstein (2021): The Lingua Franca: Contact-Induced Language Change in the Mediterranean","authors":"P. Bakker","doi":"10.1075/jpcl.00113.bak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.00113.bak","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43608,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45065432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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