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Do androids dream of informed consent? The need to understand the ethical implications of experimentation on simulated beings. 机器人梦想获得知情同意吗?了解对仿真人进行实验的伦理意义的必要性。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-08-31 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00210-5
Alexander Gariti

Creating simulations of the world can be a valuable way to test new ideas, predict the future, and broaden our understanding of a given topic. Presumably, the more similar the simulation is to the real world, the more transferable the knowledge generated in the simulation will be and, therefore, the more useful. As such, there is an incentive to create more advanced and representative simulations of the real world. Simultaneously, there are ethical and practical limitation to what can be done in human and animal research, so creating simulated beings to stand in their place could be a way of advancing research while avoiding some of these issues. However, the value of representativeness implies that there will be an incentive to create simulated beings as similar to real-world humans as possible to better transfer the knowledge gained from that research. This raises important ethical questions related to how we ought to treat advanced simulated beings and consider if they might have autonomy and wellbeing concerns that ought to be respected. As such, the uncertainty and potential of this line of research should be carefully considered before the simulation begins.

对世界进行模拟,是检验新想法、预测未来和拓宽我们对特定主题的理解的重要途径。据推测,模拟与现实世界越相似,模拟中产生的知识就越容易迁移,因此也就越有用。因此,创建更先进、更具代表性的真实世界模拟就有了动力。与此同时,人类和动物研究在伦理和实践上都有局限性,因此,创造模拟生物来代替人类和动物,既能推进研究,又能避免其中的一些问题。然而,代表性的价值意味着,人们有动力创造出与现实世界中的人类尽可能相似的仿真人,以便更好地传递从研究中获得的知识。这就提出了一个重要的伦理问题,即我们应该如何对待高级仿真人,并考虑他们是否可能有自主权和福祉问题,而这些问题应该得到尊重。因此,在模拟开始之前,应仔细考虑这一研究方向的不确定性和潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Health beyond biology: the extended health hypothesis and technology. 超越生物学的健康:扩展健康假设与技术。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00206-1
Maja Baretić, David de Bruijn

There are ethical dilemmas faced by clinicians when responding to using unregistered medical devices, such as innovative internet technologies for managing type 1 diabetes mellitus. This chronic disease significantly impacts patients' health, requiring intensive daily activities like blood glucose monitoring, insulin injections, and specific dietary recommendations. Recent technological advances, including continuous glucose monitors and insulin pumps, have been shown to improve glycemic control. Di-it Yourself Artificial Pancreas Systems are emerging open-source automated delivery methods initiated by the diabetes community, although they are not clinically evaluated and present a liability challenge for healthcare providers. To use them or not? Should parents and healthcare providers use such technology that helps, but is not proven?Having all of that in mind, we argue that the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health is outdated, advocating for the "Extended Health Hypothesis". This hypothesis claims that health extends beyond traditional biological boundaries to include essential functional structures like diabetes-related technology, making technology a part of a patient's health. This view aligns with the "Extended Mind Hypothesis," suggesting that health should include elements beyond organic material if they are vital to a patient's functions.In the commentary, we highlight that both naturalist and normative conceptions of health support the extended health hypothesis, emphasizing that human health is not confined to organic material. This perspective raises critical questions about whether devices like insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitors are integral to a patient's health and whether their malfunction constitutes a form of disease. Devices are considered integral to health, there is no ethical dilemma in using unregistered medical devices for managing type 1 diabetes. Finally, we call for reevaluating the definitions of health and patients, particularly for children with type 1 diabetes using advanced technologies. It asserts that the optimal use of such devices represents a new form of health, creating a health-device symbiosis that should be evaluated with the child's best interests in mind.

临床医生在应对使用未注册医疗设备(如用于管理 1 型糖尿病的创新互联网技术)时面临着伦理困境。这种慢性疾病严重影响患者的健康,需要进行密集的日常活动,如血糖监测、注射胰岛素和特定的饮食建议。最近的技术进步,包括连续血糖监测仪和胰岛素泵,已被证明可以改善血糖控制。Di-it Yourself 人工胰腺系统是由糖尿病社区发起的新兴开源自动给药方法,但尚未经过临床评估,对医疗服务提供者来说是一项责任挑战。用还是不用?家长和医疗服务提供者是否应该使用这种有帮助但未经证实的技术?考虑到这一切,我们认为世界卫生组织(WHO)对健康的定义已经过时,并倡导 "扩展健康假说"。这一假说认为,健康超越了传统的生物学界限,包括了糖尿病相关技术等基本功能结构,使技术成为患者健康的一部分。这一观点与 "扩展心智假说 "相一致,即如果健康元素对患者的功能至关重要,则应包括有机物质以外的元素。在评论中,我们强调自然主义和规范主义的健康概念都支持扩展健康假说,强调人类健康并不局限于有机物质。这一观点提出了一些关键问题:胰岛素泵和连续血糖监测仪等设备是否与患者的健康密不可分,它们的故障是否构成一种疾病。如果设备被认为是健康不可或缺的组成部分,那么使用未经注册的医疗设备来管理 1 型糖尿病就不存在伦理困境。最后,我们呼吁重新评估健康和患者的定义,尤其是使用先进技术的 1 型糖尿病患儿。该报告认为,优化使用这些设备代表了一种新的健康形式,创造了一种健康与设备的共生关系,在评估时应考虑到儿童的最佳利益。
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引用次数: 0
Treating Mycoplasma genitalium (in pregnancy): a social and reproductive justice concern. 治疗(孕期)生殖器支原体:社会和生殖正义问题。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00200-7
Ulla McKnight, Bobbie Farsides, Suneeta Soni, Catherine Will

Antimicrobial Resistance is a threat to individual and to population health and to future generations, requiring "collective sacrifices" in order to preserve antibiotic efficacy. 'Who should make the sacrifices?' and 'Who will most likely make them?' are ethical concerns posited as potentially manageable through Antimicrobial Stewardship. Antimicrobial stewardship almost inevitably involves a form of clinical cost-benefit analysis that assesses the possible effects of antibiotics to treat a diagnosed infection in a particular patient. However, this process rarely accounts properly for patients - above and beyond assessments of potential (non)compliance or adherence to care regimes. Drawing on a vignette of a pregnant woman of colour and migrant diagnosed with Mycoplasma genitalium, a sexually transmissible bacterium, this article draws out some of the ethical, speculative, and practical tensions and complexities involved in Antimicrobial Stewardship. We argue that patients also engage in a form of cost-benefit analysis influenced by experiences of reproductive and social (in)justice and comprising speculative variables - to anticipate future possibilities. These processes have the potential to have effects above and beyond the specific infection antimicrobial stewardship was activated to address. We contend that efforts to practice and research antimicrobial stewardship should accommodate and incorporate these variables and acknowledge the structures they emerge with(in), even if their components remain unknown. This would involve recognising that antimicrobial stewardship is intricately connected to other social justice issues such as immigration policy, economic justice, access to appropriate medical care, racism, etc.

抗菌药耐药性是对个人和群体健康以及子孙后代的威胁,需要 "集体牺牲 "以保持抗生素的疗效。谁应该做出牺牲?"和 "谁最有可能做出牺牲?"是抗菌药物管理可能解决的伦理问题。抗菌药物管理几乎不可避免地涉及一种临床成本效益分析,即评估抗生素治疗特定患者确诊感染的可能效果。然而,除了对潜在的(不)依从性或对护理方案的依从性进行评估之外,这一过程很少对患者进行适当的考虑。本文以一位被诊断患有生殖支原体(一种性传播细菌)的有色人种和移民孕妇为例,引出了抗菌药物管理所涉及的一些伦理、推测和实践方面的矛盾和复杂性。我们认为,受生殖和社会(不)公正经验的影响,患者也会进行某种形式的成本效益分析,其中包括推测变量--预测未来的可能性。这些过程有可能产生超出抗菌药物管理所针对的特定感染的影响。我们认为,抗菌药物管理的实践和研究工作应适应并纳入这些变量,并承认它们所产生的结构,即使其组成部分仍然未知。这就需要认识到抗菌药物管理与其他社会公正问题(如移民政策、经济公正、获得适当的医疗护理、种族主义等)有着错综复杂的联系。
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引用次数: 0
From super-wicked problems to more-than-human justice: new bioethical frameworks for antimicrobial resistance and climate emergency. 从超级恶性问题到超越人类的正义:抗菌药耐药性和气候紧急情况的新生物伦理框架。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00197-z
Tiia Sudenkaarne, Andrea Butcher

In this article, building on our multidisciplinary expertise on philosophy, anthropology, and social study of microbes, we discuss and analyze new approaches to justice that have emerged in thinking with more-than-human contexts: microbes, animals, environments and ecosystems. We situate our analysis in theory of and practical engagements with antimicrobial resistance and climate emergency that both can be considered super-wicked problems. In offering solutions to such problems, we discuss a more-than-human justice orientation, seeking to displace human exceptionalism while still engaging with human social justice issues. We offer anthropological narratives to highlight how more-than-human actors already play an important role in environmental and climate politics. These narratives further justify the need for new ethical frameworks, out of which we, for further development outside the scope of this article, suggest a queer feminist posthumanist one.

在本文中,我们以哲学、人类学和微生物社会研究等多学科专业知识为基础,讨论并分析了在思考微生物、动物、环境和生态系统等非人类环境时出现的新的正义方法。我们的分析立足于抗菌药耐药性和气候紧急状况的理论和实践,这两个问题都可以被视为超级病态问题。在为这些问题提供解决方案的过程中,我们讨论了一种超越人类正义的取向,在寻求取代人类例外论的同时,仍然关注人类的社会正义问题。我们提供了人类学叙事,强调超人类行动者如何在环境和气候政治中发挥重要作用。这些叙事进一步证明了需要新的伦理框架,在此基础上,我们提出了一个同性恋女权主义者的后人类主义框架,但这一框架的进一步发展不在本文讨论范围之内。
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引用次数: 0
Distributive justice and value trade-offs in antibiotic use in aged care settings. 老年护理机构抗生素使用中的分配公正和价值权衡。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00191-5
Jane Williams, Sittichoke Chawraingern, Chris Degeling

Residential aged care facilities (RACF) are sites of high antibiotic use in Australia. Misuse of antimicrobial drugs in RACF contributes to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) burdens that accrue to individuals and the wider public, now and in the future. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) practices in RACF, e.g. requiring conformation of infection, are designed to minimise inappropriate use of antibiotics. We conducted dialogue groups with 46 participants with a parent receiving aged care to better understand families' perspectives on antibiotics and care in RACF. Participants grappled with value trade offs in thinking about their own parents' care, juggling imagined population and future harms with known short term comfort of individuals and prioritising the latter. Distributive justice in AMR relies on collective moral responsibility and action for the benefit of future generations and unknown others. In RACF, AMS requires value trade-offs and compromise on antimicrobial use in an environment that is heavily reliant on antimicrobial drugs to perform caring functions. In the context of aged care, AMS is a technical solution to a deeply relational and socio-structural problem and there is a risk that carers (workers, families) are morally burdened by system failures that are not addressed in AMS solutions.

养老院(RACF)是澳大利亚抗生素使用率较高的场所。在养老院中滥用抗菌药物会导致抗菌药物耐药性(AMR),给个人和广大公众带来现在和未来的负担。RACF 中的抗菌药物管理(AMS)措施(如要求提供感染信息)旨在最大限度地减少抗生素的不当使用。我们与 46 位父母正在接受老年护理的参与者进行了对话,以更好地了解家庭对抗生素和护理中心护理的看法。参与者在考虑自己父母的护理问题时努力进行价值权衡,在想象的人口和未来危害与已知的个人短期舒适度之间进行权衡,并优先考虑后者。AMR 中的分配正义依赖于集体的道德责任和行动,以造福子孙后代和未知的其他人。在康复和护理设施中,在严重依赖抗菌药物来履行护理功能的环境中,抗菌药物管理需要在抗菌药物的使用上进行价值权衡和妥协。在老年护理方面,抗菌药物管理系统是对一个深层关系和社会结构问题的技术解决方案,护理人员(工作人员、家庭)有可能因抗菌药物管理系统解决方案未解决的系统故障而背上道德负担。
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引用次数: 0
Where do families turn? Ethical dilemmas in the care of chronically critically Ill children. 家庭该何去何从?慢性重症儿童护理中的伦理困境。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00201-6
Johnson Pang, Lora Batson, Kathryn Detwiler, Mattea E Miller, Dörte Thorndike, Renee D Boss, Miriam C Shapiro

Advancements in early diagnosis and novel treatments for children with complex and chronic needs have improved their chances of survival. But many survive with complex medical needs and ongoing medical management in the setting of prognostic uncertainty. Their medical care relies more and more on preference-sensitive decisions, requiring medical team and family engagement in ethically challenging situations. Many families are unprepared as they face these ethical challenges and struggle to access relevant ethical resources. In this paper, Timmy's narrative, situated in the context of what is known about ethical challenges in the care of children with chronic critical illness (CCI), serves as a case study of the gap in available ethical resources to guide families in their approach to difficult decision making for children with significant medical complexity and CCI. Our author group, inclusive of parents of children with complex medical needs and medical professionals, identifies domains of ethical challenges facing families of children with CCI and we highlight the development of family/caregiver-oriented ethics resources as an essential expansion of pediatric bioethics.

针对有复杂和慢性需求的儿童的早期诊断和新型治疗方法的进步提高了他们的生存机会。但是,许多患儿在预后不确定的情况下,带着复杂的医疗需求和持续的医疗管理存活下来。他们的医疗护理越来越依赖于对偏好敏感的决定,这就要求医疗团队和家庭参与到具有伦理挑战性的情况中。许多家庭在面对这些伦理挑战时毫无准备,并且难以获得相关的伦理资源。在本文中,Timmy 的叙述以人们对慢性危重症(CCI)患儿护理过程中的伦理挑战的了解为背景,作为一个案例研究,说明在可用的伦理资源方面存在的差距,以指导家庭如何为患有严重医疗复杂性和慢性危重症的患儿做出艰难的决策。我们的作者群包括有复杂医疗需求儿童的家长和医疗专业人士,他们确定了 CCI 儿童家庭面临的伦理挑战领域,我们强调开发以家庭/护理人员为导向的伦理资源是儿科生命伦理学的重要扩展。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental risk and market approval for human pharmaceuticals. 人类药品的环境风险和市场审批。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00195-1
Davide Fumagalli

This paper contributes to the growing discussion about how to mitigate pharmaceutical pollution, which is a threat to human, animal, and environmental health as well as a potential driver of antimicrobial resistance. It identifies market approval of pharmaceuticals as one of the most powerful ways to shape producer behavior and highlights that applying this tool raises ethical issues given that it might impact patients' access to medicines. The paper identifies seven different policy options that progressively give environmental considerations increased priority in the approval process, identifies ethically relevant interests affected by such policies, and makes explicit tensions and necessary tradeoffs between these interests. While arguing that the current European regulation gives insufficient weight to environmental considerations, the paper highlights concerns with the strongest policy options, on the grounds that these may very well endanger patients' access to effective medication.

制药污染是对人类、动物和环境健康的威胁,也是抗菌药耐药性的潜在驱动因素。本文指出,药品的市场审批是影响生产者行为的最有力方法之一,并强调应用这一工具会引发道德问题,因为它可能会影响患者获得药品。本文提出了七种不同的政策选择,在审批过程中逐步提高环境因素的优先级,确定了受这些政策影响的伦理相关利益,并明确指出了这些利益之间的紧张关系和必要的权衡。本文认为现行的欧洲法规对环境因素的重视程度不够,同时强调了对最强有力的政策方案的担忧,理由是这些方案很可能会危及患者获得有效药物的机会。
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引用次数: 0
COVID-19 vaccines: history of the pandemic's great scientific success and flawed policy implementation. COVID-19 疫苗:大流行病的巨大科学成功与政策实施缺陷的历史。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-09 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00189-z
Vinay Prasad, Alyson Haslam

The COVID-19 vaccine has been a miraculous, life-saving advance, offering staggering efficacy in adults, and was developed with astonishing speed. The time from sequencing the virus to authorizing the first COVID-19 vaccine was so brisk even the optimists appear close-minded. Yet, simultaneously, United States' COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and related policies have contained missed opportunities, errors, run counter to evidence-based medicine, and revealed limitations in the judgment of public policymakers. Misplaced utilization, contradictory messaging, and poor deployment in those who would benefit most-the elderly and high-risk-alongside unrealistic messaging, exaggeration, and coercion in those who benefit least-young, healthy Americans-is at the heart. It is important to consider the history of COVID-19 vaccines to identify where we succeeded and where we failed, and the effects that these errors may have more broadly on vaccination hesitancy and routine childhood immunization programs in the decades to come.

COVID-19 疫苗是一项拯救生命的奇迹,它对成人的疗效惊人,而且研发速度惊人。从病毒测序到授权生产第一支 COVID-19 疫苗的时间如此之快,甚至连乐观主义者都显得心胸狭窄。然而,与此同时,美国 COVID-19 疫苗的推广和相关政策却错失良机,出现失误,与循证医学背道而驰,并暴露出公共政策制定者判断力的局限性。其核心问题是,对受益最大的人群--老年人和高危人群--使用不当、信息矛盾、部署不当,而对受益最小的人群--年轻、健康的美国人--则采取了不切实际的信息传递、夸大宣传和强制措施。回顾 COVID-19 疫苗的历史,找出我们成功的地方和失败的地方,以及这些错误在未来几十年中可能对疫苗接种犹豫不决和常规儿童免疫计划产生的更广泛的影响,这一点非常重要。
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引用次数: 0
Assisted dying in Swedish healthcare: a qualitative analysis of physicians' reasoning about physician-assisted suicide. 瑞典医疗保健中的协助死亡:对医生协助自杀推理的定性分析。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00202-5
Anna Lindblad, Niklas Juth, Ingemar Engström, Mikael Sandlund, Niels Lynøe

To explore Swedish physicians' arguments and values for and against physician-assisted suicide (PAS) extracted from the free-text comments in a postal survey. A random selection of approximately 240 physicians from each of the following specialties: general practice, geriatrics, internal medicine, oncology, surgery and psychiatry. All 123 palliative care physicians in Sweden. A qualitative content analysis of free-text comments in a postal questionnaire commissioned by the Swedish Medical Society in collaboration with the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm. The total response rate was 59.2%. Of the 933 respondents, 1107 comments were provided. The free-text comments entailed both normative and factual arguments for and against PAS. The analysis resulted in two main categories: (1) "Safe implementation of PAS is unachievable" (with subcategories "Criteria of PAS difficult to fulfil" and "PAS puts societal norms and values at risk") and (2) "The role of PAS in healthcare" (with subcategories "No medical need for PAS", "PAS is not a task for physicians", "No ethical difference to other end-of-life decisions" and "PAS is in the patient's best interest"). The respondents brought up well-known arguments from academic and public debate on the subject. Comments from physicians against PAS were more often emotionally charged and used devices like dysphemisms and slippery-slope arguments.

从一项邮寄调查的自由文本评论中提取瑞典医生支持和反对医生协助自杀(PAS)的论点和价值观。从以下各专科随机抽取约 240 名医生:全科、老年病科、内科、肿瘤科、外科和精神病科。瑞典所有 123 名姑息关怀医生。瑞典医学会与斯德哥尔摩卡罗林斯卡研究所合作,对邮寄问卷中的自由文本评论进行了定性内容分析。总回复率为 59.2%。在 933 位受访者中,有 1107 条评论。自由文本评论包括支持和反对 PAS 的规范性和事实性论据。分析结果分为两大类:(1) "无法安全实施临终关怀"(子类为 "临终关怀的标准难以实现 "和 "临终关怀使社会规范和价值观面临风险")和 (2) "临终关怀在医疗保健中的作用"(子类为 "临终关怀没有医疗需求"、"临终关怀不是医生的任务"、"与其他临终决定在伦理上没有区别 "和 "临终关怀符合患者的最佳利益")。受访者提出了学术界和公众辩论中众所周知的论点。医生反对临终关怀的评论则更多地带有情绪色彩,并使用了语病和滑坡论证等手段。
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引用次数: 0
The foundations of informed consent and bodily self-sovereignty: a positive suggestion. 知情同意和身体自我主权的基础:一个积极的建议。
IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-024-00203-4
Joanna Smolenski

In medical care, the obtaining of informed consent is taken to be required prior to treatment in order to ensure that patients sufficiently understand the potential risks and benefits of a given medical procedure. In this paper, I begin by looking at the history of informed consent and consider how the norms and laws in medicine have evolved away from benevolent paternalism and toward a blanket obligation to obtain informed consent. In so doing, I consider what values might be taken to underpin such a requirement. After dismissing some unsatisfactory answers, I offer a positive view as to the constellation of values I think informed consent ought to be protecting. I call these bodily self-sovereignty, which I take to be a coupling of two groups of values: autonomy and non-domination on the one hand, and self-ownership and personal integrity on the other. Given the connection between autonomy and responsibility, autonomy is both required for the act of consenting, and respected by allowing it. And, because of our special and inescapable relationship to our own bodies, this authorization is particularly important when our bodies are involved. So, I suggest that informed consent protects our self-sovereignty over our own bodies.

在医疗保健中,为了确保患者充分了解特定医疗程序的潜在风险和益处,在治疗前必须获得知情同意。在本文中,我首先回顾了知情同意的历史,并探讨了医学规范和法律是如何从仁慈的家长式管理演变为全面的知情同意义务的。在此过程中,我还考虑了支持这一要求的价值观是什么。在否定了一些不尽人意的答案之后,我提出了一个积极的观点,即我认为知情同意应当保护的价值观。我把这些价值称为身体的自我主权,我认为它是两组价值的结合:一方面是自主权和非统治权,另一方面是自我所有权和人格完整。鉴于自主与责任之间的联系,自主既是同意行为的必要条件,也是允许同意行为的尊重条件。而且,由于我们与自己的身体有着不可分割的特殊关系,当涉及到我们的身体时,这种授权就显得尤为重要。因此,我认为知情同意保护了我们对自己身体的自我主权。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Monash Bioethics Review
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