Pub Date : 2020-12-09DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2021.1860317
Manuel Díaz-Ordóñez, Antonio José Rodríguez-Hernández
Since the 16th century, the maritime empires of Spain and England faced a major logistical problem to supply their merchant and military fleets with materials made of hemp. This difficulty increased as both empires were incorporating the new American territories into their possessions, because of the impact that this expansion had on the increase in the number of vessels needed to keep the parts of the empire connected. Since most of Europe’s hemp came from the Russian Empire, what to do when trade with the Baltic was interrupted by the war, and, in addition, in the American biota, hemp did not exist? This article uses a comparative methodology to focus on and analyse the measures implemented to achieve the objective of sufficiency of a strategic commodity such as hemp.
{"title":"Cannabis Yarn in the Spanish and English Empires. Different Policies, but the Same Results?","authors":"Manuel Díaz-Ordóñez, Antonio José Rodríguez-Hernández","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2021.1860317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860317","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 16th century, the maritime empires of Spain and England faced a major logistical problem to supply their merchant and military fleets with materials made of hemp. This difficulty increased as both empires were incorporating the new American territories into their possessions, because of the impact that this expansion had on the increase in the number of vessels needed to keep the parts of the empire connected. Since most of Europe’s hemp came from the Russian Empire, what to do when trade with the Baltic was interrupted by the war, and, in addition, in the American biota, hemp did not exist? This article uses a comparative methodology to focus on and analyse the measures implemented to achieve the objective of sufficiency of a strategic commodity such as hemp.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2021.1860317","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42198227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-01DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2020.1811470
Brendan J. Hogan
Previous examinations of the relationship between British General Sir Alan Brooke and Canadian Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton have focussed on Brooke’s role in securing McNaughton’s dismissal as commander of First Canadian Army. This article examines their relationship from their time together on the artillery staff of Canadian Corps during the Great War until McNaughton resigned as commander of First Canadian Army in December 1943. It argues that only through an explanation of friendship can Brooke’s hesitancy in replacing McNaughton during the severe strains of 1941–1943, until forced to do so by necessity, not animosity, be explained.
{"title":"Broken Friendship: The Relationship between General Sir Alan Brooke and Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton, 1917–1943","authors":"Brendan J. Hogan","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2020.1811470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811470","url":null,"abstract":"Previous examinations of the relationship between British General Sir Alan Brooke and Canadian Lieutenant-General Andrew McNaughton have focussed on Brooke’s role in securing McNaughton’s dismissal as commander of First Canadian Army. This article examines their relationship from their time together on the artillery staff of Canadian Corps during the Great War until McNaughton resigned as commander of First Canadian Army in December 1943. It argues that only through an explanation of friendship can Brooke’s hesitancy in replacing McNaughton during the severe strains of 1941–1943, until forced to do so by necessity, not animosity, be explained.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44939905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-31DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2020.1811472
Tamara P. Trošt, Jovana Mihajlović Trbovc
While most studies of war propaganda assume a consistent nationalist ideology, 1990s war propaganda in the former Yugoslavia was produced against a backdrop of a yet-undismantled socialist ideological system. This article examines the strategies employed in transforming and manipulating Second World War (SWW) narratives in order to spread propaganda in three of the former Yugoslav republics (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia) during the 1990s wars. It outlines five discursive strategies used by textbook authors in tweaking SWW narratives to fit present-day objectives. Despite an obvious effort invested by elites, we find that the revisions were done far from a systematic manner, often resulting in chronologically and ideologically incoherent narratives. We demonstrate that history rewriting in war-time is frequently a piecemeal, haphazard project, and point to the relevance of examining the broader structural transformations within which narrative rewriting occurs.
{"title":"History textbooks in war-time: The use of Second World War narratives in 1990s war propaganda in the former Yugoslavia","authors":"Tamara P. Trošt, Jovana Mihajlović Trbovc","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2020.1811472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811472","url":null,"abstract":"While most studies of war propaganda assume a consistent nationalist ideology, 1990s war propaganda in the former Yugoslavia was produced against a backdrop of a yet-undismantled socialist ideological system. This article examines the strategies employed in transforming and manipulating Second World War (SWW) narratives in order to spread propaganda in three of the former Yugoslav republics (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia) during the 1990s wars. It outlines five discursive strategies used by textbook authors in tweaking SWW narratives to fit present-day objectives. Despite an obvious effort invested by elites, we find that the revisions were done far from a systematic manner, often resulting in chronologically and ideologically incoherent narratives. We demonstrate that history rewriting in war-time is frequently a piecemeal, haphazard project, and point to the relevance of examining the broader structural transformations within which narrative rewriting occurs.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811472","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45660341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-27DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2020.1811473
S. Mackenzie
The history of the Royal Air Force has been chronicled and analysed extensively in recent decades. Popular writers, niche experts, and academic scholars have all made contributions of one kind or another. There remains, however, an overall tendency to concentrate on the Second World War and a strong inclination to focus on operational matters. Academics thinking about studying the RAF might consider applying some of the approaches already adopted within the broader historical profession to studying the past of the world’s first independent air force.
{"title":"Per Ardua: Achievements, issues, and opportunities in writing the history of the Royal Air Force","authors":"S. Mackenzie","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2020.1811473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811473","url":null,"abstract":"The history of the Royal Air Force has been chronicled and analysed extensively in recent decades. Popular writers, niche experts, and academic scholars have all made contributions of one kind or another. There remains, however, an overall tendency to concentrate on the Second World War and a strong inclination to focus on operational matters. Academics thinking about studying the RAF might consider applying some of the approaches already adopted within the broader historical profession to studying the past of the world’s first independent air force.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43220625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-27DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2020.1811471
D. Littlewood
A key impetus behind establishing the New Zealand Labour Party during 1916 had been to present a more unified front against conscription. Yet in 1940, it was the First Labour Government – comprising several leaders of the 1916–1918 resistance – that decided men should again be compelled to serve. While recent studies have described this as a swift and reluctant change in attitudes occasioned by the Allied defeats in France, numerous documents and speeches suggest otherwise. Senior ministers had in fact accepted the notion of wartime conscription by 1938, before waiting for a moment when the political and military circumstances favoured its introduction.
{"title":"‘The Debates of the Past’: New Zealand’s First Labour Government and the Introduction of Conscription in 1940","authors":"D. Littlewood","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2020.1811471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811471","url":null,"abstract":"A key impetus behind establishing the New Zealand Labour Party during 1916 had been to present a more unified front against conscription. Yet in 1940, it was the First Labour Government – comprising several leaders of the 1916–1918 resistance – that decided men should again be compelled to serve. While recent studies have described this as a swift and reluctant change in attitudes occasioned by the Allied defeats in France, numerous documents and speeches suggest otherwise. Senior ministers had in fact accepted the notion of wartime conscription by 1938, before waiting for a moment when the political and military circumstances favoured its introduction.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42295465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-26DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2020.1811468
Miguel Dantas da Cruz
The regular army in colonial Brazil was simultaneously a tool of imperial policy (seen as a way to impose metropolitan will) and an institution that, like many others, integrated in its ranks, and in senior positions, settlers, sometimes disgruntled settlers. This article deals with this apparent ambiguity. It examines the prosopography of officers who served in late-eighteenth-century colonial Brazil, considering their origin, social standing, military experience and even political leanings. Its findings reveal an institution that, in spite of its imperial function and the looming internal tensions, seemed to have contributed to the cohesiveness of the Empire.
{"title":"The Portuguese Army in Late-Eighteenth-Century Brazil: A Colonial Elite or a Metropolitan Force?","authors":"Miguel Dantas da Cruz","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2020.1811468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811468","url":null,"abstract":"The regular army in colonial Brazil was simultaneously a tool of imperial policy (seen as a way to impose metropolitan will) and an institution that, like many others, integrated in its ranks, and in senior positions, settlers, sometimes disgruntled settlers. This article deals with this apparent ambiguity. It examines the prosopography of officers who served in late-eighteenth-century colonial Brazil, considering their origin, social standing, military experience and even political leanings. Its findings reveal an institution that, in spite of its imperial function and the looming internal tensions, seemed to have contributed to the cohesiveness of the Empire.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2020.1811468","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48917575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-11DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2020.1786890
J. Smith
Though often marginalised in histories of the Second World War, South Africa, in addition to contributing manpower and economic support to the Allied war effort, was a transport hub and a site for military training. Millions of Allied servicemen and women spent time in South Africa, which became an important node in both imperial and Allied wartime networks. Examining the varied experiences of Allied personnel of colour in South Africa, with a focus on the Māori battalion, this essay, working towards a transnational social history of the conflict, highlights the ways in which wartime hospitality both reflected and subverted ideologies and practices of racial segregation.
{"title":"Race and hospitality: Allied troops of colour on the South African home front during the Second World War","authors":"J. Smith","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2020.1786890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2020.1786890","url":null,"abstract":"Though often marginalised in histories of the Second World War, South Africa, in addition to contributing manpower and economic support to the Allied war effort, was a transport hub and a site for military training. Millions of Allied servicemen and women spent time in South Africa, which became an important node in both imperial and Allied wartime networks. Examining the varied experiences of Allied personnel of colour in South Africa, with a focus on the Māori battalion, this essay, working towards a transnational social history of the conflict, highlights the ways in which wartime hospitality both reflected and subverted ideologies and practices of racial segregation.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2020.1786890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46181361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-11DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2020.1786894
Y. Khan
This provocation stimulates reflection on the Eurocentricity of Second World War histories and reflects on how new work can extend the boundaries of the subjects of the war. It argues that women in the British Empire were affected by the war in ways which have, thus far, been under-appreciated.
{"title":"Women and War in the British Empire","authors":"Y. Khan","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2020.1786894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2020.1786894","url":null,"abstract":"This provocation stimulates reflection on the Eurocentricity of Second World War histories and reflects on how new work can extend the boundaries of the subjects of the war. It argues that women in the British Empire were affected by the war in ways which have, thus far, been under-appreciated.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2020.1786894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47012283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-09DOI: 10.1080/07292473.2020.1790473
Urvi Khaitan
In British India in 1943, a rapidly escalating Allied coal crisis resulted in the lifting of a six-year-old ban on women’s employment underground. Over 70,000 low-caste and adivasi (indigenous) women, battling the war-induced Bengal Famine, sustained production levels and prevented the monthly loss of 385,000 tons of coal between August 1943 and February 1946. Their employment sparked unprecedented outrage among the public, in the press, and in parliaments, generating a transnational discourse on Indian women workers for the very first time. Meanwhile the desperate colonial government disciplined miners through the threat of starvation, information that has so far remained concealed.
{"title":"Women beneath the Surface: Coal and the Colonial State in India during the Second World War","authors":"Urvi Khaitan","doi":"10.1080/07292473.2020.1790473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2020.1790473","url":null,"abstract":"In British India in 1943, a rapidly escalating Allied coal crisis resulted in the lifting of a six-year-old ban on women’s employment underground. Over 70,000 low-caste and adivasi (indigenous) women, battling the war-induced Bengal Famine, sustained production levels and prevented the monthly loss of 385,000 tons of coal between August 1943 and February 1946. Their employment sparked unprecedented outrage among the public, in the press, and in parliaments, generating a transnational discourse on Indian women workers for the very first time. Meanwhile the desperate colonial government disciplined miners through the threat of starvation, information that has so far remained concealed.","PeriodicalId":43656,"journal":{"name":"War & Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07292473.2020.1790473","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43566648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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