This article considers the political vision and imperial administration projects related to tasks and objectives of the Russian colonisation of Turkestan in the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth centuries. The author singles out categories of colonists and their objectives and discusses the difficulties behind the realisation of the imperial settlement project. Special attention is paid to the methods used to realise the development of conquered Turkestan, which combined the use of religious differences in population administration (the concept of “confessional state” by P. Werth) and emerging and expanding national discourse. Earlier studies closely examined the stages and numbers of the resettlement movement to Turkestan but did not consider how the imperial and Turkestan administration perceived the realisation of the region’s development. The research describes the points of view of imperial officials, supervisors, and inspectors of the resettlement processes to Turkestan and the adaptation of the imperial agents. The author refers to unpublished materials (recordkeeping, narrative, etc.) from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan, introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. They make it possible to show the difficulties faced by Russia in realising its colonisation strategies in Turkestan, different assessments of colonists’ potential, and problems which were the subject of departmental correspondence of the Turkestan civil authorities. The author concludes that there was a considerable discrepancy between the political objectives and tasks of the Russian settler movement in Turkestan defined by imperial administration and the implementation of the project connected with the social-economic and cultural adaptation of Orthodox settlers in the region. The analysis of documents makes it possible to reconstruct the complex problems of the imperial project of the use of religious and national identity as a cultural basis of the civilizing mission in Turkestan.
{"title":"“Fighting for the Russian Cause”: The Imperial Colonisation of Turkestan","authors":"Yulia Tsyryapkina","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.751","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the political vision and imperial administration projects related to tasks and objectives of the Russian colonisation of Turkestan in the second half of the nineteenth – early twentieth centuries. The author singles out categories of colonists and their objectives and discusses the difficulties behind the realisation of the imperial settlement project. Special attention is paid to the methods used to realise the development of conquered Turkestan, which combined the use of religious differences in population administration (the concept of “confessional state” by P. Werth) and emerging and expanding national discourse. Earlier studies closely examined the stages and numbers of the resettlement movement to Turkestan but did not consider how the imperial and Turkestan administration perceived the realisation of the region’s development. The research describes the points of view of imperial officials, supervisors, and inspectors of the resettlement processes to Turkestan and the adaptation of the imperial agents. The author refers to unpublished materials (recordkeeping, narrative, etc.) from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan, introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. They make it possible to show the difficulties faced by Russia in realising its colonisation strategies in Turkestan, different assessments of colonists’ potential, and problems which were the subject of departmental correspondence of the Turkestan civil authorities. The author concludes that there was a considerable discrepancy between the political objectives and tasks of the Russian settler movement in Turkestan defined by imperial administration and the implementation of the project connected with the social-economic and cultural adaptation of Orthodox settlers in the region. The analysis of documents makes it possible to reconstruct the complex problems of the imperial project of the use of religious and national identity as a cultural basis of the civilizing mission in Turkestan.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41374423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Shelestyuk, Altyngul Suyunbayeva, Marat Bukharbaev
This article analyses the sociocultural aspects of bilingualism and presents a specific case study of educational professional bilingualism in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In post-Soviet space, bilingualism/diglossia is functional rather than social, it is professionally conditioned and aimed at the conceptual-terminological and discourse-patterns mediation between the macro-mediator language and the national state language. Bilingualism is inevitable in multiethnic societies. Despite the complexity and additional stress associated with the need to learn 2–3 languages in a multiethnic society, bilingualism needs to be tolerated as a natural necessity. But in countries where the languages and cultures of ethnic minorities are not given due attention, bilingualism often spells semilingualism: L1 is hardly formally taught, and L2 is not fully acquired because of insufficient training. The alternative, common in the post-Soviet space, is the finely orchestrated linguistic education in both languages – a two-stage process, when macro-mediator L2 is taught as a subject in junior grades, and later instruction is conducted in it along with titular regional languages, as well as the inclusion of all languages in high domains of communication. It is also vital that such bilingualism be endoglossic, so that the original languages of those territories in which they existed for hundreds of years are studied, including the macro-mediator language. The objective laws of linguistic development in this process should be combined with guided targeted measures to ensure it. If a state language is not to date sophisticated enough to serve academic and official discourses, its quality, status, and weight should gradually change with the assistance of an endoglossic macro-mediator language.
{"title":"Professional Communication in the Republic of Kazakhstan in Conditions of Diglossia and Bilingualism","authors":"E. Shelestyuk, Altyngul Suyunbayeva, Marat Bukharbaev","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.752","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the sociocultural aspects of bilingualism and presents a specific case study of educational professional bilingualism in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In post-Soviet space, bilingualism/diglossia is functional rather than social, it is professionally conditioned and aimed at the conceptual-terminological and discourse-patterns mediation between the macro-mediator language and the national state language. Bilingualism is inevitable in multiethnic societies. Despite the complexity and additional stress associated with the need to learn 2–3 languages in a multiethnic society, bilingualism needs to be tolerated as a natural necessity. But in countries where the languages and cultures of ethnic minorities are not given due attention, bilingualism often spells semilingualism: L1 is hardly formally taught, and L2 is not fully acquired because of insufficient training. The alternative, common in the post-Soviet space, is the finely orchestrated linguistic education in both languages – a two-stage process, when macro-mediator L2 is taught as a subject in junior grades, and later instruction is conducted in it along with titular regional languages, as well as the inclusion of all languages in high domains of communication. It is also vital that such bilingualism be endoglossic, so that the original languages of those territories in which they existed for hundreds of years are studied, including the macro-mediator language. The objective laws of linguistic development in this process should be combined with guided targeted measures to ensure it. If a state language is not to date sophisticated enough to serve academic and official discourses, its quality, status, and weight should gradually change with the assistance of an endoglossic macro-mediator language.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45485235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article examines the personal qualities of Russian merchants who traded with Asian states in the nineteenth century. The author analyses the mental characteristics of entrepreneurs in demand in international trade and the correspondence of merchants’ behaviour to business conditions. The research methodology relies on the anthropological approach, which makes it possible to examine entrepreneurs’ personality traits and physical characteristics as the main elements of business success. The innovative character of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, the author considers the foreign trade activity of merchants in the Asian direction from the perspective of the moral, psychological, intellectual, and physical readiness of individuals to master the labour-intensive sphere of commerce. The lack of specialised works that detail the mental properties, specific skills, and knowledge intended to help merchants to solve business problems in the external arena makes the article relevant and innovative. Researchers have not considered the health and physical potential of entrepreneurs previously. The new sources introduced into scholarly circulation will help fill the research gaps and harmoniously supplement the existing historiographic block. In addition, the search for the most effective mechanisms to adapt to the rapidly changing realities of the modern market has made works reflecting the historical experience of developing labour-intensive areas of entrepreneurship relevant. This work refers to materials from the State Archives of Orenburg Region (GAOO) available in the fund of the Office of the Military Governor. Also, the author examines published sources of personal origin produced by direct participants and contemporaries of the events. The negative factors that turned foreign trade business operations into an extremely risky venture included robbery, severe natural and climatic conditions, the inconvenience of long journeys in a caravan, the need to temporarily get by without familiar food, and discrimination against Russian Christian merchants by Asian officials. Doing business in extreme conditions radically influenced the mentality of merchants. The desire to compensate for losses or gain excess profit sometimes pushed merchants to violate the law. At the same time, these same businesspeople had a high level of intelligence, courage, and unshakable willpower, which made them take on a seemingly hopeless business with renewed vigour. The high-level communication abilities of merchants, a combination of their skills, knowledge, and physical characteristics made them ideal actors for the Russian advancement into Asian markets in the nineteenth century.
{"title":"Merchants of the Russian Empire Trading with Central Asia: Cultural-Anthropological Aspects","authors":"K. Аbdrakhmanov","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.750","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the personal qualities of Russian merchants who traded with Asian states in the nineteenth century. The author analyses the mental characteristics of entrepreneurs in demand in international trade and the correspondence of merchants’ behaviour to business conditions. The research methodology relies on the anthropological approach, which makes it possible to examine entrepreneurs’ personality traits and physical characteristics as the main elements of business success. The innovative character of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, the author considers the foreign trade activity of merchants in the Asian direction from the perspective of the moral, psychological, intellectual, and physical readiness of individuals to master the labour-intensive sphere of commerce. The lack of specialised works that detail the mental properties, specific skills, and knowledge intended to help merchants to solve business problems in the external arena makes the article relevant and innovative. Researchers have not considered the health and physical potential of entrepreneurs previously. The new sources introduced into scholarly circulation will help fill the research gaps and harmoniously supplement the existing historiographic block. In addition, the search for the most effective mechanisms to adapt to the rapidly changing realities of the modern market has made works reflecting the historical experience of developing labour-intensive areas of entrepreneurship relevant. This work refers to materials from the State Archives of Orenburg Region (GAOO) available in the fund of the Office of the Military Governor. Also, the author examines published sources of personal origin produced by direct participants and contemporaries of the events. The negative factors that turned foreign trade business operations into an extremely risky venture included robbery, severe natural and climatic conditions, the inconvenience of long journeys in a caravan, the need to temporarily get by without familiar food, and discrimination against Russian Christian merchants by Asian officials. Doing business in extreme conditions radically influenced the mentality of merchants. The desire to compensate for losses or gain excess profit sometimes pushed merchants to violate the law. At the same time, these same businesspeople had a high level of intelligence, courage, and unshakable willpower, which made them take on a seemingly hopeless business with renewed vigour. The high-level communication abilities of merchants, a combination of their skills, knowledge, and physical characteristics made them ideal actors for the Russian advancement into Asian markets in the nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42738781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lyudmila N. Mazur, Natalya Gramatchikova, E. Pryamikova, N. Veselkova
This article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological problematisation of the role played by museums in the formation of memory cultures in small towns. The authors refer to materials from field expeditions (2021–2022) in ten Russian towns selected based on their geographical location, origin, age, and other parameters. The museum network is usually analysed regarding larger cultural centres but this concept applies to smaller towns, where, in addition to local history museums, there are museums of educational organisations and enterprises, art, memorial, and thematic museums. The article proposes a definition of the concept of a culture of memory and develops and describes a typology that includes scientific, memorial, and folklore types of “museum” culture, which realise various approaches to the preservation and formation of the memory of the past. The authors employ various research techniques to study memorisation practices. They use the database on museums of small towns created as part of the project for structural and functional analysis, which makes it possible to present a picture of the country as a whole. Stationary and mobile interviews with town residents clarify the description of museum practices.
{"title":"Russian Town Museums and Cultures of Memory","authors":"Lyudmila N. Mazur, Natalya Gramatchikova, E. Pryamikova, N. Veselkova","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.765","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the theoretical and methodological problematisation of the role played by museums in the formation of memory cultures in small towns. The authors refer to materials from field expeditions (2021–2022) in ten Russian towns selected based on their geographical location, origin, age, and other parameters. The museum network is usually analysed regarding larger cultural centres but this concept applies to smaller towns, where, in addition to local history museums, there are museums of educational organisations and enterprises, art, memorial, and thematic museums. The article proposes a definition of the concept of a culture of memory and develops and describes a typology that includes scientific, memorial, and folklore types of “museum” culture, which realise various approaches to the preservation and formation of the memory of the past. The authors employ various research techniques to study memorisation practices. They use the database on museums of small towns created as part of the project for structural and functional analysis, which makes it possible to present a picture of the country as a whole. Stationary and mobile interviews with town residents clarify the description of museum practices.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45576923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The editions of D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak’s works published so far, including the most representative 12‑volume collections, do not give a complete idea of the creative heritage of the writer. The article focuses on the problems of publishing the Complete Works of Mamin-Sibiryak in 20 volumes conceived based on the Bank Kulturnoy Informatsii publishing house in Yekaterinburg and carried out by the efforts of the research team of the Department of Russian and Foreign Literature of Ural Federal University in collaboration with the Centre of Russian Literature of the Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The author of the article considers three large sets of problems in the realisation of the project. Firstly, they concern the principles of arranging works in separate volumes. As is customary with complete collections of works, the chronological principle functions as the dominating one but with indispensable consideration of the genre-generic specifics and Mamin’s characteristic tendency to cyclising minor prose genres. The author examines issues related to the typology of documentary and journalistic works and their differences from purely fiction texts and topical issues behind the representation of the writer’s epistolary heritage in the planned edition. Secondly, the author singles out the complexities of the textological order in a separate group examining problems of attribution of unknown texts by Mamin-Sibiryak. He also considers the problems of working with the literary texts published in the writer’s lifetime under different names and in different versions and editions. Special attention is paid to the problem of the author’s punctuation, which is significant in terms of editorial practice. Thirdly, the article considers problems of commenting and reception of Mamin-Sibiryak’s oeuvre. The author provides a typology of comments to the planned scholarly and critical publication highlighting textual, historical, literary, and linguo-culturological comments. It is noted that the issues of reception of works of art – primarily in terms of their problems and poetics – should take their rightful place in summary articles for each volume. Finally, the article provides a list of a few promising projects, for example, the Reference Dictionary (a preliminary work for the future Mamin Encyclopaedia), the virtual scholarly laboratory Mamin-Sibiryak: Materials and Research which should be considered a necessary incentive and a logical consequence of work on the complete works of the writer.
迄今为止出版的D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak作品的版本，包括最具代表性的12卷集，并没有完整地了解这位作家的创作遗产。本文的重点是在叶卡捷琳堡kultury信息银行出版社的基础上，乌拉尔联邦大学俄罗斯和外国文学系研究小组与俄罗斯科学院乌拉尔分院历史和考古研究所俄罗斯文学中心合作，出版20卷本的《马明-西比利亚克全集》的问题。本文的作者考虑了项目实现中的三大类问题。首先，它们涉及将作品分卷整理的原则。与全集的惯例一样，时间顺序原则作为主导原则，但也不可缺少地考虑到体裁共性的特点和马民对小散文体裁的循环化的特点。作者研究了与纪录片和新闻作品的类型学相关的问题，以及它们与纯小说文本和专题问题背后的作家书信遗产在计划版中的表现的差异。其次，作者挑出复杂的考据顺序在一个单独的小组检查问题的归属未知的文本由马明-西比亚克。他还考虑了处理作家一生中以不同名字、不同版本和版本出版的文学文本的问题。本文特别关注作者的标点符号问题，这在编辑实践中具有重要意义。第三，本文探讨了马明-西比利亚克作品的评论和接受问题。作者提供了一个类型学的评论计划的学术和批判出版物突出文本，历史，文学和语言文化的评论。人们注意到，艺术作品的接受问题- -主要就其问题和诗学而言- -应在每卷的摘要文章中占有适当的位置。最后，文章列出了一些有前途的项目，例如，参考词典(未来马明百科全书的初步工作)，虚拟学术实验室马明-西比亚克:材料和研究，这应该被认为是对作者完整作品的必要激励和逻辑结果。
{"title":"The Authentic D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak: Publication Principles and the Reception of the Writer’s Oeuvre","authors":"Oleg V. Zyryanov","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.761","url":null,"abstract":"The editions of D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak’s works published so far, including the most representative 12‑volume collections, do not give a complete idea of the creative heritage of the writer. The article focuses on the problems of publishing the Complete Works of Mamin-Sibiryak in 20 volumes conceived based on the Bank Kulturnoy Informatsii publishing house in Yekaterinburg and carried out by the efforts of the research team of the Department of Russian and Foreign Literature of Ural Federal University in collaboration with the Centre of Russian Literature of the Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The author of the article considers three large sets of problems in the realisation of the project. Firstly, they concern the principles of arranging works in separate volumes. As is customary with complete collections of works, the chronological principle functions as the dominating one but with indispensable consideration of the genre-generic specifics and Mamin’s characteristic tendency to cyclising minor prose genres. The author examines issues related to the typology of documentary and journalistic works and their differences from purely fiction texts and topical issues behind the representation of the writer’s epistolary heritage in the planned edition. Secondly, the author singles out the complexities of the textological order in a separate group examining problems of attribution of unknown texts by Mamin-Sibiryak. He also considers the problems of working with the literary texts published in the writer’s lifetime under different names and in different versions and editions. Special attention is paid to the problem of the author’s punctuation, which is significant in terms of editorial practice. Thirdly, the article considers problems of commenting and reception of Mamin-Sibiryak’s oeuvre. The author provides a typology of comments to the planned scholarly and critical publication highlighting textual, historical, literary, and linguo-culturological comments. It is noted that the issues of reception of works of art – primarily in terms of their problems and poetics – should take their rightful place in summary articles for each volume. Finally, the article provides a list of a few promising projects, for example, the Reference Dictionary (a preliminary work for the future Mamin Encyclopaedia), the virtual scholarly laboratory Mamin-Sibiryak: Materials and Research which should be considered a necessary incentive and a logical consequence of work on the complete works of the writer.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45162254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to identify the main problems associated with the digitisation of a folklore archive and formulate some prospects of digitising materials. The authors analyse Internet archives, folklore and similar electronic resources, databases, and materials from Russian folklore laboratories. The second part of the article is devoted to the connection of technical procedures for labeling folklore texts with the possibility of using the interpretive techniques of this procedure to restore the logic of field research programmes and the contextual connections of the collected data. The concept of context understood as a variety of “horizontal connections” of a folklore text during its functioning in the space of local culture is becoming increasingly important. The conversion of archival data into a digital format can be of practical use not only as a structural ordering – creating a search engine marked with certain markers / tags, but also as an opportunity to reconstruct a partially lost research context. In the materials from the 1960s–2000s, it is often impossible to make up for context from live communication with specialists and members of expeditions due to intergenerational breaks in tradition that have occurred in Russian folklore studies. This article offers a solution which aims to develop one of the practical ways to use the digitisation of an array of field materials to clarify the history of local research schools and associations. The article contains an overview and assessment of the content of the available online folklore archives.
{"title":"A Folklore Archive Offline and Online: Digitisation Problems","authors":"Natalya Gramatchikova, Tatiana I. Khoruzhenko","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.766","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to identify the main problems associated with the digitisation of a folklore archive and formulate some prospects of digitising materials. The authors analyse Internet archives, folklore and similar electronic resources, databases, and materials from Russian folklore laboratories. The second part of the article is devoted to the connection of technical procedures for labeling folklore texts with the possibility of using the interpretive techniques of this procedure to restore the logic of field research programmes and the contextual connections of the collected data. The concept of context understood as a variety of “horizontal connections” of a folklore text during its functioning in the space of local culture is becoming increasingly important. The conversion of archival data into a digital format can be of practical use not only as a structural ordering – creating a search engine marked with certain markers / tags, but also as an opportunity to reconstruct a partially lost research context. In the materials from the 1960s–2000s, it is often impossible to make up for context from live communication with specialists and members of expeditions due to intergenerational breaks in tradition that have occurred in Russian folklore studies. This article offers a solution which aims to develop one of the practical ways to use the digitisation of an array of field materials to clarify the history of local research schools and associations. The article contains an overview and assessment of the content of the available online folklore archives.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46325139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article aims to contribute to the development of a more correct model of the relationship between East and West. The traditional view of Europe after 1945 with its opposite and mutually exclusive military and economic organizations is characterized in traditional historiography by the existence of a symmetrical and parallel development of two ideological blocs during the bipolar confrontation of the systems. In the context of modifying this model, the article proposes to consider the continent as a complex space where parallelism, asymmetry, and convergence coexist, and which has seen multi-level cooperation between a wide range of subjects in various fields. All this will allow a new assessment of the degree of involvement of the USSR in global economic relations. Particular attention is paid to the compensatory supply of goods in accordance with the State Treaty after 1955, as well as the attempts of the Soviet leadership to establish bilateral trade. A comparative analysis of the mechanisms for the implementation of Soviet-Austrian economic cooperation makes it possible to show more clearly how fundamentally different socio-economic systems could interact and how they adapted to the new economic reality. The author mostly refers to documents from the Russian State Archive of Economics and the Bruno Kreisky Archive Foundation, which have not been used previously, and are first introduced into scholarly circulation.
{"title":"Looking for Economic Cooperation between Austria and the Soviet Union during Khrushchev’s Thaw","authors":"A. Keller","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.754","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to contribute to the development of a more correct model of the relationship between East and West. The traditional view of Europe after 1945 with its opposite and mutually exclusive military and economic organizations is characterized in traditional historiography by the existence of a symmetrical and parallel development of two ideological blocs during the bipolar confrontation of the systems. In the context of modifying this model, the article proposes to consider the continent as a complex space where parallelism, asymmetry, and convergence coexist, and which has seen multi-level cooperation between a wide range of subjects in various fields. All this will allow a new assessment of the degree of involvement of the USSR in global economic relations. Particular attention is paid to the compensatory supply of goods in accordance with the State Treaty after 1955, as well as the attempts of the Soviet leadership to establish bilateral trade. A comparative analysis of the mechanisms for the implementation of Soviet-Austrian economic cooperation makes it possible to show more clearly how fundamentally different socio-economic systems could interact and how they adapted to the new economic reality. The author mostly refers to documents from the Russian State Archive of Economics and the Bruno Kreisky Archive Foundation, which have not been used previously, and are first introduced into scholarly circulation.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48114791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article analyses the prosopographic data concerning the fate of Navy Academy graduates. Based on information from archival documents found in the RGADA and GASO funds, the author examines the events of the life and career path of the academy graduates who served in the mining administration of the Urals in the 1720s‑50s. Also, the article presents data on the number of graduates, their descent, material status, conditions of service, successes, failures, and achievements by the end of their careers. Methods of historical genetic analysis and approaches of new biographical history make it possible to trace the mechanisms of adaptation of recent graduates to the realities of mining service and study the history of their education in mining sciences and the specifics of administration of the industrial economy of the region. The article also focuses on the graduates’ career strategies. Their success in moving up the career ladder was influenced not only by the knowledge and skills acquired at the academy but also by the personal talents and abilities of young specialists, as well as their social connections and material opportunities. An important topic is the history of the dismissal of mountain officers from service: the work presents a list of those who retired due to illness or injury and a list of those who died in the service. The author considers the hardships of mining service and mountain officers’ behavioural disorders resulting from it. Referring to specific biographies, the author studies the directions of mining service and the practice of using graduates’ talents and abilities in various areas. The author concludes that graduates of the Naval Academy, along with students of other military educational institutions in Russia, formed a stratum of competent mining managers in the Urals, who played a crucial role in the history of the modernisation of the mining industry in the region.
{"title":"Naval Academy Graduates at Ural Mining Plants: Service and Destiny","authors":"Svetlana Tsemenkova","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.759","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the prosopographic data concerning the fate of Navy Academy graduates. Based on information from archival documents found in the RGADA and GASO funds, the author examines the events of the life and career path of the academy graduates who served in the mining administration of the Urals in the 1720s‑50s. Also, the article presents data on the number of graduates, their descent, material status, conditions of service, successes, failures, and achievements by the end of their careers. Methods of historical genetic analysis and approaches of new biographical history make it possible to trace the mechanisms of adaptation of recent graduates to the realities of mining service and study the history of their education in mining sciences and the specifics of administration of the industrial economy of the region. The article also focuses on the graduates’ career strategies. Their success in moving up the career ladder was influenced not only by the knowledge and skills acquired at the academy but also by the personal talents and abilities of young specialists, as well as their social connections and material opportunities. An important topic is the history of the dismissal of mountain officers from service: the work presents a list of those who retired due to illness or injury and a list of those who died in the service. The author considers the hardships of mining service and mountain officers’ behavioural disorders resulting from it. Referring to specific biographies, the author studies the directions of mining service and the practice of using graduates’ talents and abilities in various areas. The author concludes that graduates of the Naval Academy, along with students of other military educational institutions in Russia, formed a stratum of competent mining managers in the Urals, who played a crucial role in the history of the modernisation of the mining industry in the region.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42815723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The book about Louis Henri de Nicolay, a German-speaking poet from Strasbourg, is much more than a reconstruction of the biography of a “German in Russia”. The multi-author book edited by Rodolphe Baudin and Alexandra Veselova reveals the mechanisms underlying the functioning of intellectual ties between Alsace and Russia. Also, it demonstrates the “exemplary” and unique features of the personal history of a graduate of the University of Strasbourg, who became a tutor of the future Emperor Paul I and then president of the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. The authors show the life trajectory of Nicolay in the broad context of the tripartite cultural transfer between France, Germany, and Russia and of the “circulation of knowledge and people” in Europe as a whole. The multifaceted image of the Strasbourg intellectual is recreated through the analysis of his epistolary and poetic heritage, sources on the history of Mon Repos Park (Nicolay's estate near Vyborg), and the study of the mythologisation of his personality in Russian and Soviet culture. The publication of sources of personal origin makes the book more valuable. They are letters of Louis Henri de Nicolay, introduced into scholarly circulation and extensively commented on by the authors of the edition. This research appears to be a landmark in the historiography of intellectual connections in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment.
{"title":"An Untypical Story of an Alsatian at the St Petersburg Court","authors":"O. Ermakova","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.770","url":null,"abstract":"The book about Louis Henri de Nicolay, a German-speaking poet from Strasbourg, is much more than a reconstruction of the biography of a “German in Russia”. The multi-author book edited by Rodolphe Baudin and Alexandra Veselova reveals the mechanisms underlying the functioning of intellectual ties between Alsace and Russia. Also, it demonstrates the “exemplary” and unique features of the personal history of a graduate of the University of Strasbourg, who became a tutor of the future Emperor Paul I and then president of the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. The authors show the life trajectory of Nicolay in the broad context of the tripartite cultural transfer between France, Germany, and Russia and of the “circulation of knowledge and people” in Europe as a whole. The multifaceted image of the Strasbourg intellectual is recreated through the analysis of his epistolary and poetic heritage, sources on the history of Mon Repos Park (Nicolay's estate near Vyborg), and the study of the mythologisation of his personality in Russian and Soviet culture. The publication of sources of personal origin makes the book more valuable. They are letters of Louis Henri de Nicolay, introduced into scholarly circulation and extensively commented on by the authors of the edition. This research appears to be a landmark in the historiography of intellectual connections in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45395008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interaction between the USSR and the US during the Cold War was not always of a pronounced confrontational nature. In the early 1970s, the turn from confrontation to detente seemed sensational, but its very possibility was the result of a long evolution of bilateral US-Soviet relations and the system of international relations as such. This article discusses the reasons that prompted the US leadership to expand scientific and research and technology contacts with the Soviet Union in the late 1960s – early 1970s, clarifies the place of scientific and research and technology issues in constructing the US strategy towards the USSR at the beginning of the detente. Although these issues are outlined in the works of some Russian and international authors on Cold War history, no special studies on this problem have appeared so far. The conclusion argues that détente did not mean the US leadership’s rejection of the Cold War, it only temporarily shifted its focus from the arms race and nuclear potentials to the areas where the advantages of the US were more pronounced at the time – to compare living standards, the degree of openness of societies and the quality of the consumer market. The complex of bilateral treaties of 1972–1974 determined the direction and parameters of competitive interaction of the powers in these areas but did not guarantee the convergence and interpenetration of socio-political systems.
{"title":"“The Way to the Rubicon”: American-Soviet Contacts in Science and Technology","authors":"V. Yungblud","doi":"10.15826/qr.2022.5.755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15826/qr.2022.5.755","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between the USSR and the US during the Cold War was not always of a pronounced confrontational nature. In the early 1970s, the turn from confrontation to detente seemed sensational, but its very possibility was the result of a long evolution of bilateral US-Soviet relations and the system of international relations as such. This article discusses the reasons that prompted the US leadership to expand scientific and research and technology contacts with the Soviet Union in the late 1960s – early 1970s, clarifies the place of scientific and research and technology issues in constructing the US strategy towards the USSR at the beginning of the detente. Although these issues are outlined in the works of some Russian and international authors on Cold War history, no special studies on this problem have appeared so far. The conclusion argues that détente did not mean the US leadership’s rejection of the Cold War, it only temporarily shifted its focus from the arms race and nuclear potentials to the areas where the advantages of the US were more pronounced at the time – to compare living standards, the degree of openness of societies and the quality of the consumer market. The complex of bilateral treaties of 1972–1974 determined the direction and parameters of competitive interaction of the powers in these areas but did not guarantee the convergence and interpenetration of socio-political systems.","PeriodicalId":43664,"journal":{"name":"Quaestio Rossica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41339333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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